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"Military Cross" Czechoslovakia (1939) Order of the Red Banner Order of "Victory" "Order of Lenin" "Order of Sukhbaatar" "Hero of Socialist Labor" "Hero of the Soviet Union" "Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic" "Medal "For Victory over Germany" in IN". “Medal “In Memory of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow” “For the Defense of Moscow” “Order of the White Lion” Medal “For Victory over Japan”

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Joseph Stalin was born into a poor Georgian family in house number 10 on Krasnogorskaya Street (formerly the Rusis-ubani quarter) in the city of Gori, Tiflis province of the Russian Empire. Father - Vissarion (Beso) Ivanovich Zhdugashvili - was a shoemaker by profession, later a worker at the Adelkhanov shoe factory in Tiflis. Mother - Ekaterina Katevan (Ketevan, Keke) Georgievna Dzhugashvili (nee Geladze) - came from the family of the serf peasant Geladze in the village of Gembareuli, worked as a day laborer. Joseph was the third son in the family; the first two (Mikhail and George) died in infancy. His native language was Georgian, a Russian language Stalin learned later, but always spoke with a noticeable Georgian accent. According to his daughter Svetlana, Stalin, however, sang in Russian with virtually no accent.

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Ekaterina Georgievna was known as a strict woman, but who dearly loved her son; she tried to give the boy an education and sought to make him a career, which she associated with the position of a priest. According to some evidence, Stalin treated his mother with extreme respect. According to other sources, his relationship with his mother was cool. Thus, the English publicist Simon Sebag-Montefiore, in particular, notes this in connection with the fact that Stalin did not come to his mother’s funeral in 1937, and only sent a wreath with the inscription in Russian and Georgian: “To my dear and beloved mother, from her son Joseph Dzhugashvili." Perhaps his absence was due to the trial of Tukhachevsky that unfolded in those days. Parents of Joseph Stalin - Vissarion Ivanovich and Ekaterina Georgievna Dzhugashvili House where J.V. Stalin was born (Gori, Georgia)

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In 1886, Joseph, on the initiative of his mother, tried to enroll in the Gori Orthodox Theological School. However, since the child did not know the Russian language at all, he was unable to enter the school. In 1886–1888, at the request of his mother, the children of the priest Christopher Charkviani began teaching Joseph Russian. The result of the training was that in 1888 Soso entered not the first preparatory class at the school, but immediately the second preparatory class. Many years later, on September 15, 1927, Stalin’s mother, Ekaterina Dzhugashvili, would write a letter of gratitude to the school’s Russian language teacher, Zakhary Alekseevich Davitashvili: “I remember well that you especially singled out my son Soso, and he said more than once that it was you who helped him to love learning and it is thanks to you that he knows the Russian language well... You taught children to treat ordinary people with love and think about those who are in trouble.”[In 1889, Joseph Dzhugashvili, having successfully completed the second preparatory class, was accepted into the school. In July 1894, upon graduating from college, Joseph was noted as the best student. His certificate contains “A” grades in many subjects [After graduating from college, Joseph was recommended for admission to a theological seminary.

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Stalin's first wife was Ekaterina Svanidze, whose brother studied with him at the Tiflis Seminary. The marriage took place either in 1904 (before the first exile in 1903) or in 1904 (after the exile) [but three years later the wife died of tuberculosis. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, she prayed at night for her husband to give up the nomadic life of a professional revolutionary and do something more fundamental. Their only son, Yakov, was captured by the Germans during World War II. In 1919 Stalin married a second time. His second wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva, a member of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, committed suicide in 1932. From his second marriage, Stalin had two children: Svetlana and Vasily. Ekaterina Svanidze Nadezhda Alliluyeva

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His son Vasily, an officer of the Soviet Air Force, participated in command positions in the Great Patriotic War, after its end he led the air defense of the Moscow region (lieutenant general), was arrested after Stalin’s death, and died shortly after liberation in 1960. Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva asked for political asylum at the United States Embassy in Delhi on March 6, 1967 and moved to the United States that same year. In addition to his own children, Stalin’s family raised an adopted son, Artem Sergeev (the son of the deceased revolutionary Fyodor Sergeev - “Comrade Artem”), until the age of 11. Stalin with children from his second marriage: Vasily (left) and Svetlana (center)

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On March 1, 1953, Stalin lying on the floor in the small dining room of the Near Dacha (one of Stalin’s residences) was discovered by security officer Lozgachev. On the morning of March 2, doctors arrived at Nizhnyaya Dacha and diagnosed paralysis on the right side of the body. On March 5 at 21:50, Stalin died. Stalin's death was announced on March 5, 1953. According to the medical report, death was caused by a cerebral hemorrhage. Stalin’s Leninist covenants... make it impossible for him to leave the coffin with his body in the Mausoleum.” On the night of October 31 to November 1, 1961, Stalin's body was taken out of the Mausoleum and buried in a grave near the Kremlin wall. Subsequently, a monument was unveiled at the grave (bust by N.V. Tomsky).

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Why is this particular person Stalin the most controversial person in our history today? Maybe the point is simply that we are accustomed (or we were taught) to consider the results of his affairs separately, and the price with which it was paid - separately? Let's try to look at the cause-and-effect relationships as a whole - what has been done and how it was ensured: “Stalin is not a person who can be buried. Stalin is a phenomenon, a disease.”

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The role of Stalin in history I.V. Stalin was the greatest statesman of the 20th century. They are now trying to “hang all the dogs” on J.V. Stalin, to accuse him of all conceivable and unimaginable crimes. This is the subject of a separate discussion... Nevertheless, J.V. Stalin has undeniable services to Russia. Victory in the Great Patriotic War (1945) Industrialization of the country (1937) Creation of the country's nuclear shield (1947) Ensuring strict control of production times and product quality in all industries. Raising the general level of culture of the population. Universal secondary education. Adoption of the Constitution of 1936, which established equal social rights for the population (valid until 1977). In fact, he made the country the second industrial power in the world (after the USA). I would like to draw your attention to one more indicator: the country’s gold reserves. 1914 - 1,400 tons, by October 1917 there were 1,100 tons left, by 1923 - about 400 tons. By the beginning of the Second World War, this figure had been raised to a record value for Russia: 2,800 tons. Dying, J.V. Stalin left his successors 2,500 tons of P.S. After N.S. Khrushev, 1600 tons remained, L.I. Brezhnev - 437 tons. After M.S. Gorbachev, 290 tons were transferred from the USSR to the Russian Federation. In 2013, the gold reserve of the Russian Federation was 1035 tons. Now it has decreased a little. For comparison, the USA has 8134 tons. True, in the modern world this is not the main indicator of the financial stability of the state, since it is necessary to take into account all gold and foreign exchange reserves. In the Russian Federation, gold reserves account for only 8% of all gold and foreign exchange reserves, while in the United States it is 70%.

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A characteristic feature of the political life of this period was the cult of personality of Joseph Stalin. On December 21, 1929, on Stalin’s 50th birthday, the country learned that it had a great leader. He was declared "Lenin's first student." Soon all the country's successes began to be attributed to Stalin. He was called “great”, “wise”, “leader of the world proletariat”, “great strategist of the five-year plan.

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Soviet propaganda created a semi-divine aura around Stalin as an infallible “great leader and teacher.” Cities, factories, collective farms, and military equipment were named after Stalin and his closest associates. His name was mentioned in the same breath as Marx, Engels and Lenin. On January 1, 1936, the first two poems glorifying I.V. Stalin, written by Boris Pasternak, appeared in Izvestia. According to the testimony of Korney Chukovsky and Nadezhda Mandelstam, he “simply raved about Stalin.” Manifestations of the cult of personality The image of Stalin became one of the central ones in Soviet literature of the 1930s-1950s; Works about the leader were also written by foreign communist writers, including Henri Barbusse (author of the posthumously published book “Stalin”), Pablo Neruda, these works were translated and replicated in the USSR. The theme of Stalin was constantly present in Soviet painting and sculpture of this period, including monumental art (lifetime monuments to Stalin, like monuments to Lenin, were erected en masse in most cities of the USSR. A special role in the creation of the propaganda image of Stalin was played by mass Soviet posters devoted to a wide variety of topics.

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The “Great Terror” was intended to relieve social tensions caused by the failures of economic and political decisions of the leadership. The Constitution adopted on December 5, 1936 corresponded to the same goal. It proclaimed democratic rights and freedoms and disguised the totalitarian regime. The Constitution proclaimed the construction of socialism in the USSR and the creation of state and collective farm-cooperative ownership of the means of production. The Soviets were declared the political basis of the state, and Marxism-Leninism was declared the state ideology. The Supreme Council became the highest body of the state. The USSR included 11 union republics. In real life, most of the norms of the Constitution were not fulfilled, and “Stalinist socialism” bore a very distant resemblance to what K. Marx wrote about.

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Why exactly this person Toast at a reception in the Kremlin in honor of participants in the Victory Parade on June 25, 1945. I.V. Stalin: “Don’t think that I will say anything unusual. I have the simplest, ordinary toast. I would like to drink to the health of people who have few ranks and an unenviable title. For people who are considered “cogs” of the state mechanism, but without whom all of us – marshals and commanders of fronts and armies, to put it bluntly – are worthless. Some “screw” went wrong – and that’s it. I raise a toast to simple, ordinary, modest people, to the “cogs” who keep our great state mechanism in a state of activity in all sectors... I drink to the health of these people, our respected comrades.” Ilya Erenburg wrote: “Stalin was not one of those distant commanders whom history has known. Stalin encouraged everyone, understood the grief of the refugees, the creaking of their carts, the tears of the mother, the anger of the people. Stalin, when necessary, shamed the confused, shook hands with the brave, he lived not only at Headquarters, he lived in the heart of every soldier. We see him as a working man, working from morning to night, not giving up any hard work, the first master of the Soviet land...”

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Cause-and-effect relationships in general during the reign of Stalin Done Paid Restoration of the country from widespread devastation after the revolution and civil war, GOELRO, construction of shipping canals, development of deposits (Dneproges, Belomorkanal...) Hard labor of prisoners Industrialization (construction of metallurgical and engineering plants) and state food security Collectivization and dispossession (for the “flow” of value and labor resources from agriculture to industry) Payment for imported equipment to complete industrialization in grain (by chance they only took grain as payment?) Famine of the 30s in the Volga region and Ukraine Return to the country of the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Karelian and Baltic lands of the destroyed Russian Empire Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the Finnish War and the annexation of the Baltic states Creation of a multinational, but united and indivisible Soviet Union without separatism and interethnic conflicts A single vertical of power and deportation of peoples Absence of coups and color revolutions under Stalin , conspiracies and “perestroikas” Purges of 1937 (“Great Terror”) in the party, intelligence services and army, and, as a consequence, the weakness of the command corps of the Red Army Bringing the Anglo-Saxons to their side, as “allies”, during the Second World War (such a kind of analogue to the current “coming out of isolation”) and Lend-Lease Defeats and losses of the Red Army in 1941, despite its numerical superiority Creation of an invincible, in 1945, Red Army and its officer corps Defeats and losses of the Red Army in 1942, the introduction of the officer rank and shoulder straps in 1943 (i.e. providing officers with appropriate independence) The military industry of the USSR, which during the Second World War exceeded the similar potential of all of Europe Industrialization in the USSR in the 20s-30s, as well as a 12-hour working day for women and teenagers, without holidays and weekends Creation of the industry of Siberia Emergency evacuation of industrial enterprises in during the war Victory in World War II and recognition as the winner by the “allies” 27.5 million dead and starved to death and the complete destruction of the entire European part of the country The creation of our nuclear weapons, aviation and astronautics “Sharazhki”, Stalin / Lenin prizes and high-quality intelligence work The USSR grew into a generally recognized superpower from a country twice completely destroyed as a result of the 1st World War, revolution, civil war and World War II. (At the same time, the Russian Empire, even in its best years, was a second-rate country in industrial terms. And additionally, despite the complete financial blockade of our country, all the years of its existence. The effect is especially noticeable when compared with Hitler’s and post-war Germany and China.) “Stalin’s repressions” meant about 4 million political prisoners from 1918 to 1953, including about 800 thousand who were executed. And also communal apartments, queues, hard gray everyday life, a minimum of holidays, entertainment and variety in clothing, and so on.

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I.V. Stalin is undoubtedly an outstanding statesman. Approaching the past with the standards of our time, it is difficult to judge his crimes against the people, but much was done behind his eyes, by other lower authorities, in order to please the great comrade Stalin. But before everything was completely different, there were other ideals and standards. It was a different time and the people were different. Maybe that's why we can't understand some of the actions committed at that time. JV Stalin became famous for his great achievements and terrible crimes; one cannot exist without the other. The past is hidden from us; we can only partly guess what happened and how it happened. We should not paint the people of the past and their time with only black paint, we must understand and try to understand them. Conclusion:

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Letter to Stalin: “Dear Comrade Stalin! Sorry for my boldness, but I decided to write you a letter. I turn to you with a request, and only you, you alone, can do this, or rather, forgive my husband. In 1929, while drunk, he tore your portrait from the wall, for which he was brought to justice for a period of 3 years. He still has 1 year and 2 months left to serve. But he can’t stand it, he’s sick, he has tuberculosis. His specialty is a mechanic. From a working family. He was not a member of any counter-revolutionary organizations. He is 27 years old, he was ruined by youth, stupidity, and thoughtlessness; He has repented of this a thousand times already. I ask you to shorten his sentence or replace it with forced labor. He is so severely punished, before, before this, he was blind for 2 years, now he is in prison. I ask you to believe him, at least for the sake of the children. Do not leave them without a father, they will be forever grateful to you, I beg you, do not leave this request in vain. Maybe you can find at least 5 minutes of time to tell him something comforting - this is our last hope. His name is Pleskevich Nikita Dmitrievich, he is in Omsk, or rather in the Omsk prison. Don't forget us, Comrade Stalin. Forgive him, or replace him with forced labor. 12/10/30 Pleskevichi’s wife and children.” This was followed by a dispatch: “Novosibirsk OGPU PP to Zakovsky. By order of Comrade Yagoda Pleskevich to release Nikita Dmitrievich. Secretary of the OGPU Collegium Bulanov. December 28, 1930." The order, undoubtedly, came not from Yagoda, but from Stalin himself, who probably had no idea what kind of portrait of him, torn from the wall due to drunkenness, was someone sitting in prison...

Introduction There are so many bright pages, moments, and even more people in our Russian history. Each of them brought their own piece of joy or sorrow into the life of our people. Someone was remembered as a tyrant, someone as a great benefactor, and there were those who combined all this. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin is such a person, about whom I would like to tell you...

Born in 1879 in the small Georgian village of Gori in the family of a shoemaker. After graduating from theological school, he was admitted to the Tiflis Theological Seminary. Here he became interested in Marxism and organized a circle of young socialists. In May 1899 he left the seminary to devote himself to the revolutionary struggle. Stalin's first wife was Ekaterina Svanidze. She suffered an early death. Joseph had a son, Jacob, from his first wife. His second wife was Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva, with whom he had a daughter, Svetlana, and a son, Vasily. Biography of I.V. Stalin

Political activity June 1928 - “Shakhty case” May 1929 - adoption of the resolution “On the use of labor of criminal prisoners” December 1934 - introduction of a simplified procedure for considering cases of “enemies of the people” trials in the cases of Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin May 27, 1935 - resolution on the creation of extrajudicial Troika 1936 – adoption of the USSR Constitution

This is interesting! Surely everyone knows that the real name of Joseph Vissarionovich was Dzhugashvili. But not everyone knows that there were many legends about the origin of this man. Some believed that he was the son of a very beautiful peasant woman and a Georgian prince. There was also another, no less popular. His father, they say, is none other than the famous traveler Przhevalsky, who was in Gori visiting the prince. They even showed portraits and assured that Stalin Przhevalsky was very similar, and not only in face, but also in figure and posture... In all these assumptions, only one thing is certain: Stalin did not like to remember Gori and his childhood.

Death of I.V. Stalin On the last night of the winter of 1953, Stalin, as usual, summoned those close to him to the dacha. There were: Beria, Malenkov, Khrushchev, Bulganin. We drank light wine “Mdzhari”, which, like all the products on the table, had been tested for poison content. At 4 am we left, after which the guard I.V. Khrustalev conveyed Stalin’s words to the guard: “Well, guys, go to bed, all of you. I'm going to bed too. I won't need you." The guards went to bed, and Khrustalev remained at the dacha until 10 am. For what? Perhaps in order to slip poison to the Master. After the poisoning, Stalin suffered a powerful stroke with cerebral hemorrhage. On March 5, 1953 at 21:50, the great leader and teacher died. “He is buried loudly and hastily by the Speakers, looking sideways at the coffin. As if he could come back from the pitch darkness, take everything and punish.”

How did you understand the text? What is the real name of I.V. Stalin? What were the names of Joseph Vissarionovich’s wives? How many children did he have in total? What was the cause of Stalin's death? What was the name of the village where he was born? In what year was the Constitution of the USSR adopted?

Conclusion The life story of I.V. Stalin can be called the most incredible, most fantastic biography in the history of mankind. No matter how many years have passed since his death, no one will ever remain indifferent to him. Some will talk about him with fierce hatred - and well-deserved! - others with love - and unshakable! Others will even try to combine these seemingly incompatible feelings... It is impossible to write about Stalin, following the precept of the great Tacitus: “Without anger and partiality.” Perhaps this is why interest in his amazing fate will remain at all times...

List of used literature Geller M., Nekrich A., History of Russia () - M., 1996 Zhukov Y., Stalin: secrets of power. - M., 2005 Gorinov M. M., Pushkova L.L. History of Russia in the 20th century. – M., 2004 Volkogonov D. Stalin. – M., 1994 Khrushchev N. Memoirs. – M., 2001

"Victory"

"Order of Lenin"

Socialist

Soviet Union"

Mongolian

People's Republic"

Red Banner

Sukhbaatar"

“For victory over Germany” in V.O.”

"In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"

"Military Cross"

Czechoslovakia

"For defense

"For victory over Japan"

White Lion"

Joseph Stalin was born into a poor Georgian family in house number 10 on Krasnogorskaya Street (formerly the Rusis-ubani quarter) in the city of Gori, Tiflis province of the Russian Empire. Father - Vissarion (Beso) Ivanovich Zhdugashvili - was a shoemaker by profession, later a worker at the Adelkhanov shoe factory in Tiflis. Mother - Ekaterina Katevan (Ketevan, Keke) Georgievna Dzhugashvili (nee Geladze) - came from the family of the serf peasant Geladze in the village of Gembareuli, worked as a day laborer.
Joseph was the third son in the family; the first two (Mikhail and George) died in infancy. His native language was Georgian, a Russian language Stalin learned later, but always spoke with a noticeable Georgian accent. According to his daughter Svetlana, Stalin, however, sang in Russian with virtually no accent.

Ekaterina Georgievna was known as a strict woman, but who dearly loved her son; she tried to give the boy an education and sought to make him a career, which she associated with the position of a priest. According to some evidence, Stalin treated his mother with extreme respect. According to other sources, his relationship with his mother was cool. Thus, the English publicist Simon Sebag-Montefiore, in particular, notes this in connection with the fact that Stalin did not come to his mother’s funeral in 1937, and only sent a wreath with the inscription in Russian and Georgian: “To my dear and beloved mother from her son Joseph Dzhugashvili.” Perhaps his absence was due to the trial of Tukhachevsky that unfolded in those days.

Parents of Joseph Stalin -

Vissarion Ivanovich and

Ekaterina Georgievna Dzhugashvili

The house where J.V. Stalin was born

(Gori, Georgia)

In 1886, Joseph, on the initiative of his mother, tried to enroll in the Gori Orthodox Theological School. However, since the child did not know the Russian language at all, he was unable to enter the school. In 1886–1888, at the request of his mother, the children of the priest Christopher Charkviani began teaching Joseph Russian. The result of the training was that in 1888 Soso entered not the first preparatory class at the school, but immediately the second preparatory class. Many years later, on September 15, 1927, Stalin’s mother, Ekaterina Dzhugashvili, would write a letter of gratitude to the school’s Russian language teacher, Zakhary Alekseevich Davitashvili: “I remember well that you especially singled out my son Soso, and he said more than once that it was you who helped him fall in love with learning and it was thanks to you that he knows the Russian language well... You taught children to treat ordinary people with love and think about those who is in trouble" [ In 1889, Joseph Dzhugashvili, having successfully completed the second preparatory class, was admitted to the school. In July 1894, upon graduating from college, Joseph was noted as the best student. His certificate contains “A” grades in many subjects [After graduating from college, Joseph was recommended for admission to a theological seminary.

Stalin's first wife was Ekaterina Svanidze, whose brother studied with him at the Tiflis Seminary. The marriage took place either in 1904 (before the first exile in 1903) or in 1904 (after the exile) [but three years later the wife died of tuberculosis. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, she prayed at night for her husband to give up the nomadic life of a professional revolutionary and do something more fundamental. Their only son, Yakov, was captured by the Germans during World War II.
In 1919 Stalin married a second time. His second wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva, a member of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, committed suicide in 1932. From his second marriage, Stalin had two children: Svetlana and Vasily.

Ekaterina Svanidze

Nadezhda Alliluyeva

His son Vasily, an officer of the Soviet Air Force, participated in command positions in the Great Patriotic War, after its end he led the air defense of the Moscow region (lieutenant general), was arrested after Stalin’s death, and died shortly after liberation in 1960. Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva asked for political asylum at the United States Embassy in Delhi on March 6, 1967 and moved to the United States that same year. In addition to his own children, Stalin’s family raised an adopted son, Artem Sergeev (the son of the deceased revolutionary Fyodor Sergeev - “Comrade Artem”), until the age of 11.

Stalin with children from his second marriage:

Vasily (left) and Svetlana (center)

On March 1, 1953, Stalin lying on the floor in the small dining room of the Near Dacha (one of Stalin’s residences) was discovered by security officer Lozgachev. On the morning of March 2, doctors arrived at Nizhnyaya Dacha and diagnosed paralysis on the right side of the body. On March 5 at 21:50, Stalin died. Stalin's death was announced on March 5, 1953. According to the medical report, death was caused by a cerebral hemorrhage.
Stalin’s Leninist covenants... make it impossible for him to leave the coffin with his body in the Mausoleum.”. On the night of October 31 to November 1, 1961, Stalin's body was taken out of the Mausoleum and buried in a grave near the Kremlin wall. Subsequently, a monument was unveiled at the grave (bust by N.V. Tomsky).

Why this particular person?

Stalin is the most controversial personality in our history today. Maybe the point is simply that we are accustomed (or we were taught) to consider the results of his affairs separately, and the price with which it was paid - separately? Let's try to look at the cause-and-effect relationships as a whole - what was done and what was ensured:

“Stalin is not a person who can be buried. Stalin is a phenomenon, a disease.”

Stalin's role in history

I.V.Stalin was the greatest statesman of the 20th century.
They are now trying to “hang all the dogs” on J.V. Stalin, to accuse him of all conceivable and unimaginable crimes. This is the subject of a separate discussion...
However, J.V. Stalin has indisputable merits before Russia.
Victory in the Great Patriotic War (1945)
Industrialization of the country (1937)
Creation of the country's nuclear shield (1947)
Ensuring strict control of production deadlines and product quality in all industries.
Raising the general level of culture of the population. Universal secondary education.
Adoption of the Constitution of 1936, which established equal social rights for the population (valid until 1977).
In fact, he made the country the second industrial power in the world (after the USA).
I would like to draw your attention to one more indicator: country's gold reserves .
1914 - 1400 tons,
by October 1917, 1100 tons remained,
by 1923 - about 400 tons,
By the beginning of the Second World War, this figure had been raised to a record value for Russia: 2,800 tons .
Dying J.V. Stalin left to his successors 2,500 tons
P.S. After N.S. Khrushev, 1600 tons remained, L.I. Brezhnev - 437 tons. After M.S. Gorbachev - passed from the USSR to the Russian Federation 290 tons .
In 2013, the gold reserve of the Russian Federation was 1035 tons. Now it has decreased a little. For comparison, the USA has 8134 tons.
True, in the modern world this is not the main indicator of the financial stability of the state, since it is necessary to take into account all gold and foreign exchange reserves. In the Russian Federation, gold reserves account for only 8% of all gold and foreign exchange reserves, while in the United States it is 70%.

Soviet propaganda created a semi-divine aura around Stalin as an infallible “great leader and teacher.” Cities, factories, collective farms, and military equipment were named after Stalin and his closest associates.
His name was mentioned in the same breath as Marx, Engels and Lenin. On January 1, 1936, the first two poems glorifying I.V. Stalin, written by Boris Pasternak, appeared in Izvestia. According to the testimony of Korney Chukovsky and Nadezhda Mandelstam, he “simply raved about Stalin.” Manifestations of the cult of personality The image of Stalin became one of the central ones in Soviet literature of the 1930s-1950s; Works about the leader were also written by foreign communist writers, including Henri Barbusse (author of the posthumously published book “Stalin”), Pablo Neruda, these works were translated and replicated in the USSR. The theme of Stalin was constantly present in Soviet painting and sculpture of this period, including monumental art (lifetime monuments to Stalin, like monuments to Lenin, were erected en masse in most cities of the USSR. A special role in the creation of the propaganda image of Stalin was played by mass Soviet posters devoted to a wide variety of topics.

Toast at a reception in the Kremlin in honor of participants in the Victory Parade on June 25, 1945. Speaker I.V. Stalin:

“Don't think I'll say anything unusual. I have the simplest, ordinary toast. I would like to drink to the health of people who have few ranks and an unenviable title. For people who are considered “cogs” of the state mechanism, but without whom all of us – marshals and commanders of fronts and armies, to put it bluntly – are worthless. Some “screw” went wrong – and that’s it. I raise a toast to simple, ordinary, modest people, to the “cogs” who keep our great state mechanism in a state of activity in all sectors... I drink to the health of these people, our respected comrades.”

Ilya Erenburg wrote: “Stalin was not one of those distant commanders whom history has known. Stalin encouraged everyone, understood the grief of the refugees, the creaking of their carts, the tears of the mother, the anger of the people. Stalin, when necessary, shamed the confused, shook hands with the brave, he lived not only at Headquarters, he lived in the heart of every soldier. We see him as a working man, working from morning to night, not giving up any hard work, the first master of the Soviet land...”

Why this particular person?

Cause-and-effect relationships in general during Stalin's reign

Made

Paid

Restoring the country from widespread devastation after the revolution and civil war, GOELRO, construction of shipping canals, development of fields (Dneproges, White Sea Canal...)

Hard labor of prisoners

Industrialization (construction of metallurgical and engineering plants) and state food security

Collectivization and dispossession (for the “flow” of value and labor from agriculture to industry)

Payment for imported equipment to complete industrialization in grain (was it by chance that only grain was taken as payment?)

Famine of the 30s in the Volga region and Ukraine

Return to the country of the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Karelian and Baltic lands of the destroyed Russian Empire

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Finnish War and Baltic annexation

Creation of a multinational, but united and indivisible Soviet Union without separatism and interethnic conflicts

A single vertical of power and deportation of peoples

The absence of coups, color revolutions, conspiracies and “perestroikas” under Stalin

The purges of 1937 (“Great Terror”) in the party, intelligence services and army, and, as a consequence, the weakness of the command corps of the Red Army

Attracting the Anglo-Saxons to one’s side as “allies” during the Second World War (a kind of analogue to the current “coming out of isolation”) and Lend-Lease

Defeats and losses of the Red Army in 1941, despite its numerical superiority

Creation of the invincible, in 1945, Red Army and its officer corps

Defeats and losses of the Red Army in 1942, the introduction of the officer rank and shoulder straps in 1943 (i.e., providing officers with appropriate independence)

The military industry of the USSR, which during the Second World War exceeded the similar potential of all of Europe

Industrialization in the USSR in the 20s-30s, as well as a 12-hour working day for women and teenagers, without holidays and weekends

Creation of industry in Siberia

Emergency evacuation of industrial enterprises during the war

Victory in World War II and recognition as the winner by the “Allies”

27.5 million dead and starved and complete destruction of the entire European part of the country

The creation of our nuclear weapons, aviation and astronautics

"Sharazhki", Stalin/Lenin prizes and high-quality intelligence work

The USSR grew into a generally recognized superpower from a country that was completely destroyed twice as a result of the 1st World War, revolution, civil war and World War II. (At the same time, the Russian Empire, even in its best years, was a second-rate country in industrial terms. And additionally, despite the complete financial blockade of our country, all the years of its existence. The effect is especially noticeable when compared with Hitler’s and post-war Germany and China.)

“Stalinist repressions” meant about 4 million political prisoners from 1918 to 1953, including about 800 thousand who were executed. And also communal apartments, queues, hard gray everyday life, a minimum of holidays, entertainment and variety in clothing, and so on.

The past is hidden from us; we can only partly guess what happened and how it happened. We should not paint the people of the past and their time with only black paint, we must understand and try to understand them.

Letter to Stalin:

“Dear Comrade Stalin!

Sorry for my boldness, but I decided to write you a letter. I turn to you with a request, and only you, you alone, can do this, or rather, forgive my husband. In 1929, while drunk, he tore your portrait from the wall, for which he was brought to justice for a period of 3 years. He still has 1 year and 2 months left to serve. But he can’t stand it, he’s sick, he has tuberculosis. His specialty is a mechanic. From a working family. He was not a member of any counter-revolutionary organizations. He is 27 years old, he was ruined by youth, stupidity, and thoughtlessness; He has repented of this a thousand times already.

I ask you to shorten his sentence or replace it with forced labor. He is so severely punished, before, before this, he was blind for 2 years, now he is in prison.

I ask you to believe him, at least for the sake of the children. Do not leave them without a father, they will be forever grateful to you, I beg you, do not leave this request in vain. Maybe you can find at least 5 minutes of time to tell him something comforting - this is our last hope. His name is Pleskevich Nikita Dmitrievich, he is in Omsk, or rather in the Omsk prison.

Don't forget us, Comrade Stalin.

Forgive him, or replace him with forced labor.

12/10/30 Pleskevichi’s wife and children.”

This was followed by a dispatch:

“Novosibirsk OGPU PP Zakovsky.

By order of Comrade Yagoda Pleskevich to release Nikita Dmitrievich. Secretary of the OGPU Collegium Bulanov. December 28, 1930." The order, undoubtedly, came not from Yagoda, but from Stalin himself, who probably had no idea what kind of portrait of him, torn from the wall due to drunkenness, was someone sitting in prison...

Slide presentation

Slide text: Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Slide text: Stalin's awards "Military Cross" Czechoslovakia (1939) Order of the Red Banner Order of "Victory" "Order of Lenin" "Order of Sukhbaatar" "Hero of Socialist Labor" "Hero of the Soviet Union" "Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic" "Medal "For victory over Germany" in V.O." “Medal “In Memory of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow” “For the Defense of Moscow” “Order of the White Lion” Medal “For Victory over Japan”

Slide text: Childhood and youth Joseph Stalin was born into a poor Georgian family in house number 10 on Krasnogorskaya Street (the former Rusis-Ubani quarter) in the city of Gori, Tiflis province of the Russian Empire. Father - Vissarion (Beso) Ivanovich Dzhugashvili - was a shoemaker by profession, later a worker at the Adelkhanov shoe factory in Tiflis. Mother - Ekaterina (Ketevan, Kake) Georgievna Dzhugashvili (nee Geladze) - came from the family of the serf Geladze in the village of Gambareuli, worked as a day laborer. Joseph was the third son in the family; the first two (Mikhail and George) died in infancy. His native language was Georgian; Stalin learned Russian later, but always spoke with a noticeable Georgian accent. According to his daughter Svetlana, Stalin, however, sang in Russian with virtually no accent.

Slide text: Ekaterina Georgievna was known as a strict woman, but who dearly loved her son; she tried to give the boy an education and sought to make him a career, which she associated with the position of a priest. According to some evidence, Stalin treated his mother with extreme respect. According to other sources, his relationship with his mother was cool. Thus, the English publicist Simon Sebag-Montefiore, in particular, notes this in connection with the fact that Stalin did not come to his mother’s funeral in 1937, and only sent a wreath with the inscription in Russian and Georgian: “To my dear and beloved mother, from her son Joseph Dzhugashvili." Perhaps his absence was due to the trial of Tukhachevsky that unfolded in those days. Parents of Joseph Stalin - Vissarion Ivanovich and Ekaterina Georgievna Dzhugashvili House where J.V. Stalin was born (Gori, Georgia)

Slide text: Education. In 1886, Joseph, on the initiative of his mother, tried to enroll in the Gori Orthodox Theological School. However, since the child did not know the Russian language at all, he was unable to enter the school. In 1886–1888, at the request of his mother, the children of the priest Christopher Charkviani began teaching Joseph Russian. The result of the training was that in 1888 Soso entered not the first preparatory class at the school, but immediately the second preparatory class. Many years later, on September 15, 1927, Stalin’s mother, Ekaterina Dzhugashvili, would write a letter of gratitude to the school’s Russian language teacher, Zakhary Alekseevich Davitashvili: “I remember well that you especially singled out my son Soso, and he said more than once that it was you who helped him to love teaching and it is thanks to you that he knows the Russian language well... You taught children to treat ordinary people with love and think about those who are in trouble.”

Slide text: In 1889, Joseph Dzhugashvili, having successfully completed the second preparatory class, was admitted to the school. In July 1894, upon graduating from college, Joseph was noted as the best student. His certificate contains “A” grades in many subjects. After graduating from college, Joseph was recommended for admission to a theological seminary.

Slide text: Certificate of Stalin Pupil of the Gori Theological School Dzhugashvili Joseph... entered the first grade of the school in September 1889 and with excellent behavior (5) showed success: According to the Sacred History of the Old Testament - (5) According to the Sacred History of the New Testament - (5) According to the Orthodox Catechism - (5) Explaining worship with the church charter - (5) Languages: Russian with Church Slavonic - (5) Greek - (4) very good Georgian - (5) excellent Arithmetic - (4) very good Geography - (5) Calligraphy - ( 5) Church singing: Russian - (5) and Georgian - (5) Fragment of Stalin’s certificate

Slide text: Stalin's family Stalin's first wife was Ekaterina Svanidze, whose brother studied with him at the Tiflis Seminary. The marriage took place either in 1904 (before the first exile in 1903) or in 1904 (after the exile), but three years later the wife died of tuberculosis. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, she prayed at night for her husband to give up the nomadic life of a professional revolutionary and do something more fundamental. Their only son Yakov was captured by the Germans during World War II Ekaterina Svanidze

Slide text: In 1919, Stalin married a second time. His second wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva, a member of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, committed suicide in 1932. From his second marriage, Stalin had two children: Svetlana and Vasily. Nadezhda Alliluyeva

Slide No. 10

Slide text: His son Vasily, an officer of the Soviet air force, participated in command positions in the Great Patriotic War, after its end he led the air defense of the Moscow region (lieutenant general), was arrested after Stalin’s death, and died shortly after liberation in 1960. Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva asked for political asylum at the United States Embassy in Delhi on March 6, 1967 and moved to the United States that same year. In addition to his own children, the adopted son Artyom Sergeev (the son of the deceased revolutionary Fyodor Sergeev - “Comrade Artyom”) was raised in Stalin’s family until the age of 11. Stalin with children from his second marriage: Vasily (left) and Svetlana (center)

Slide No. 11

Slide text: Death of Stalin On March 1, 1953, Stalin lying on the floor in the small dining room of the Near Dacha (one of Stalin’s residences) was discovered by security officer Lozgachev. On the morning of March 2, doctors arrived at Nizhnyaya Dacha and diagnosed paralysis on the right side of the body. On March 5 at 21:50, Stalin died. Stalin's death was announced on March 5, 1953. According to the medical report, death was caused by a cerebral hemorrhage.

Slide No. 12

Slide text: Stalin’s Leninist covenants... make it impossible for him to leave the coffin with his body in the Mausoleum.” On the night of October 31 to November 1, 1961, Stalin's body was taken out of the Mausoleum and buried in a grave near the Kremlin wall. Subsequently, a monument was unveiled at the grave (bust by N.V. Tomsky).

Slide No. 13

Slide text: Presentation prepared by: Maria Solovyova Ilyinskaya secondary school