Russian language and indication of. In what language should the names of foreign manufacturers be indicated when labeling goods? Using a modal verb to transform an instruction into a request

When registering an LLC, how to correctly indicate the company name of the LLC in English, full and abbreviated?

Answer

Indication of the name of the LLC in a foreign language is done by translating the organizational and legal form of the LLC into a foreign language and transcribing the corporate name of the legal entity (clause 3 of Article 1473 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation; clause 1 of Article 4 of Federal Law No. 14-FZ dated 02/08/1998).

For example, Limited Liability Company “Romashka” is written in English as “Limited Liability Company Romashka” or “Limited Company Romashka”. The abbreviated name of Romashka LLC in English is written “Co.Ltd Romashka”.

Related materials:

The rationale for this position is given below in the materials of the Lawyer System.

1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part four.

". Brand name

1. A legal entity that is a commercial organization acts in civil circulation under its corporate name, which is determined in its constituent documents and is included in the unified state register of legal entities upon state registration of the legal entity.

2. The corporate name of a legal entity must contain an indication of its organizational and legal form and the actual name of the legal entity, which cannot consist only of words denoting the type of activity*.

3. A legal entity must have a full and the right to have an abbreviated corporate name in Russian. A legal entity also has the right to have a full and (or) abbreviated company name in the languages ​​of nations Russian Federation and/or foreign languages.

The corporate name of a legal entity in Russian and the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation may contain foreign language borrowings in Russian transcription or, accordingly, in transcriptions of the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation, with the exception of terms and abbreviations that reflect the organizational and legal form of the legal entity*.”

2. Federal Law of 02/08/1998 No. 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies”.

". Company name and location

1. The company must have a full and has the right to have an abbreviated corporate name in Russian. The Company also has the right to have a full and (or) abbreviated corporate name in the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation and (or) foreign languages*.

The full corporate name of the company in Russian must contain the full name of the company and the words “limited liability”. The abbreviated corporate name of the company in Russian must contain the full or abbreviated name of the company and the words “limited liability” or the abbreviation LLC.

The requirements for a joint stock company in terms of its identification by name and location are set out in Article 4 of the Law. Mostly reproduced here

According to paragraph 1 of Article 4, the company has its own corporate name,

which must contain an indication of its organizational and legal form and type

(closed or open). The Company has the right to have full and abbreviated names

in Russian, foreign languages ​​and languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation.

A company whose corporate name is registered in the established

legal acts Russian Federation order, has the exclusive right

for its use.

This means that the corporate name of the company must contain

the phrase "joint-stock company", for example: Open joint-stock company

"Norilsk Nickel". Regarding the language of the company's corporate name,

then we should not forget that, according to paragraph 6 of Article 2 of the Law, society

must have a round seal containing its full company name

in Russian and an indication of its location. Question about usage

along with Russian and another language is decided by society itself.

The company independently chooses its corporate name, however

however, it is limited by certain rules. Yes, a joint stock company

does not have the right to use a company name that already belongs to another legal entity

person who therefore has the right to its exclusive use.

According to paragraph 4 of Article 54 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a person who unlawfully uses someone else’s

registered business name, at the request of the right holder

company name is obliged to stop using it and refund

damages caused.

Such losses may be caused by undermining the authority of the owner of the brand

names due to unfair actions of its competitor, loss of customers,

reduction in income due to this, etc. Relevant claims in such cases

are considered by arbitration courts.

Article 7 of the Law “On Banks and Banking Activities” contains the requirement

that the corporate name of banks must contain the word

"bank". At the same time, legal entities that do not have a license to carry out

banking operations, does not have the right to use the word “bank” in its corporate identity

name. The current legal regulations provide for other

restrictions on the choice of corporate names by legal entities. For example,

names Russia, Russian Federation and words formed on their basis

and phrases in the names of organizations and other structures"9 is provided,

that such names can only be used with the consent of the Government

RF and in the manner established by it.

According to paragraph 2 of Article 4 of the Law, the location of the company is determined

place of its state registration, but provided that, in accordance with

With federal laws the company's charter does not provide otherwise. Definition

the location of the company is of fundamental importance in deciding many

legal issues related to its activities, in particular in the execution

mutual obligations of the company with its business partners, if the place of performance

obligations are not determined by law, other legal acts or agreements

(Article 316 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), when establishing the place of jurisdiction of disputes in which the

society, etc.

Clause 3 of Article 4 obliges the company to have a postal address at which

it communicates and notifies state registration authorities

legal entities about its change. The postal address of the company must be recorded

in its founding documents. As for non-compliance with the duty to report

about a change of address to the registration authority of legal entities, then, in particular, the company

will not have the right to refer to non-receipt of postal correspondence if it

was sent to the old address and did not arrive at the new one.

Article 26 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaims:

"1. Everyone has the right to determine and indicate their nationality. No one can be forced to determine and indicate their nationality.

2. Everyone has the right to use their native language, to freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creativity.”

The set of rights associated with nationality reflects the specifics of multinational Russia, which has a large ethnically mixed population. In many foreign countries (USA, France, Germany), nationality has long lost its legal meaning, and all citizens are referred to by a common word (“American”, “French”, “German”). At the same time, due to immigration legislation in a number of foreign countries (Germany, Israel, Canada), belonging to a certain nationality (Germans, Jews, Ukrainians) opens up the possibility of unhindered emigration to these countries. The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that everyone has the right to determine and indicate their nationality and no one can be forced to determine and indicate their nationality. These rules do not entail any legal consequences, since under Russian law no one can enjoy privileges, nor be subject to discrimination based on nationality. It is recognized that belonging to a particular people is still important for a person from the point of view of his participation in the development of national culture and the internal sense of his historical origins.

The law defines the concepts of “nationality” and “nationality”. Nationality is a person’s belonging to an ethnic group, characterized by their native language, everyday life, traditions, customs, culture, religion, kinship and other characteristics that allow a person to identify himself. A necessary condition for a person to belong to a certain nationality is not the unity of genetic origin, but the formation of national identity. Thus, a person’s nationality is determined by the presence of objective and subjective factors: a) the presence of a cultural, linguistic and, as a rule, territorial community of people (nation); b) the actual state of a person in such a community; c) a person’s awareness of the fact that he is part of this community (self-identification as a member of the community). This reveals the main difference between a nation and a race. Race is a historically established part of humanity, a large group of people who have common hereditary anthropological characteristics (skin color, skull structure, eye shape, etc.). A person's belonging to a particular race arises from the fact that his parents belong to that race.

No one can be forced to determine and indicate their nationality. In this regard, the passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation currently does not contain the “nationality” column. The fact of nationality today is legally indifferent and should not be reflected in official documents, since, according to Art. 19 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the state guarantees equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of any circumstances, including nationality, and prohibits any form of restriction of the rights of citizens on the basis of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation.

By indicating his nationality in official documents, a person realizes that he wants to communicate information about his nationality to other persons. At the same time, indicating a fictitious nationality in official documents for the purpose of illegally acquiring benefits or exempting oneself from obligations can be qualified as fraud by deception and entail corresponding negative consequences.

The main way to protect the right to identify nationality is to appeal against unlawful actions (decisions) of state bodies, local governments, institutions, enterprises and officials that violate this right. In addition, in most cases, violations of the right to identify nationality entail citizens undergoing significant moral suffering associated with worries about these offenses and their consequences. This circumstance, in accordance with Art. Art. 151, 1101 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, gives rise to the right of a citizen to demand compensation for moral damage caused in monetary form by filing a corresponding claim against the tortfeasor (for example, an employer forces an employee to indicate his nationality).

The right to use one’s native language, to freely choose the language of communication, education, training and creativity is considered in conjunction with issues of the federal structure and with the rights established by Art. 68 of the Constitution (recognition of the right of republics to establish their own official languages and the rights of all peoples to preserve their native language) Language is a means of communication between people, the exchange of thoughts, information, and mutual understanding. The Constitution of the Russian Federation stipulates that the state language in the Russian Federation is Russian. The state language of the Russian Federation is a language that promotes mutual understanding and strengthens interethnic ties between the peoples of the Russian Federation in a single multinational state. The mandatory use of the state language of the Russian Federation should not be interpreted as a denial or derogation of the right to use the state languages ​​of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation and the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation. Republics within the Russian Federation have the right to establish their own state languages, which can be used in government bodies, local self-government, government institutions republics

In the Russian Federation, constitutional norms are implemented through the Law on the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the RSFSR of October 25, 1991. The language of communication is established by the people themselves without any regulation, no legal norms for the use of the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation in interpersonal, unofficial contacts, as well as in the activities of public and religious associations, does not exist. The enjoyment of legal rights does not depend on a person's knowledge of a particular language. Liability is established for refusal to serve citizens in the service sector and commercial activities under the pretext of ignorance of the language. Citizens of Russia are given the right to apply to government bodies countries in their native language or in any other language of the peoples of Russia that they speak. A similar right concerns participation in legal proceedings.

Date of publication: 03/21/2013
Date modified: 12/14/2016

NOTICE, instructions, cf. 1. units only Action under Ch. indicate in 1 and 2 digits. indicate. Directions. Pointing out deficiencies. 2. Instruction, advice, guidance, remark, explaining something, indicating how to act. As directed from... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

indication- recommendation Special instructions for converting outline font characters into raster format, used when displaying them on a display screen or printing device. During conversion, a situation may arise where, due to low resolution... ... Technical Translator's Guide

NOTE- NOTE, I, Wed. 1. see indicate. 2. Instruction, explanation indicating how to act. Receive, give from. Valuable (often ironic). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Note- an administrative official document containing prescribed actions for a specific executor to resolve operational issues of an informational and methodological nature, as well as on issues related to the organization of execution of orders,... ... Official terminology

Note- (instruction) a document issued by the head of a structural unit and business unit within his competence and authority to perform the functional tasks assigned to the unit... Economic and mathematical dictionary

indication- follow instructions implementation follow instructions implementation give instructions action give instructions action receive instructions action, recipient received instructions action, subject follow instructions object, dependency, ... ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

indication- I. INSTRUCTION INSTRUCTION1, instruction, instruction, prescription, indication INSTRUCTION, directive, instruction, instruction, installation, circular, colloquial. pointer DIRECTIVE, instructive, circular POINT/INDICATE, nons. And… … Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

indication- noun, p., used compare often Morphology: (no) what? instructions for what? instructions, (see) what? indication of what? indicating what? about instructions; pl. What? instructions, (no) what? instructions for what? instructions, (see) what? instructions, what? instructions about what? about… … Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

indication- for what and about what. 1. for what (advice, remark, instruction). An instruction was received indicating the need to change the work schedule. 2. about (information, message about something). The instructions do not indicate the sequence of the experiment... Control Dictionary

Note- I Wed. 1. process of action according to Ch. indicate I 1., indicate I 2. The result of such an action; indicating I 2.. II cf. 1. process of action according to Ch. indicate II 3., indicate II 2. The result of such an action; instruction, guidance, advice. Ott. Service... ... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova

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V.N. Commissioners

(1) Equivalence in identification of denotation

Identification of the same denotation is, theoretically, always possible during translation. Any denotation is an object of objectively existing reality. The world around us is fundamentally knowable, and any known elements can be called signs of any language. The absence in any language of names for certain phenomena of the surrounding world does not mean that it is impossible to indicate these phenomena using language. Identification of any object or phenomenon can be carried out using a combination of several signs, or by creating a new sign containing an indication of the corresponding denotation. The ability of “backward” languages ​​to enrich and expand their vocabulary as soon as there is a need to name new phenomena is well known.

However, when reproducing an indication of denotation in translation, some deviations from equivalence are still possible.

a) Equivalence relations can be established between unequal methods of identifying a denotation. A denotation can be indicated by an individual designation (proper noun), a designation of the class of objects to which it belongs (common noun), or by referring it to a designation given elsewhere in the text (pronouns). As a rule, when translating, an indication of the denotation is given in the same way as in the original, for example:

“Martin stood at the door.” - “Martin was standing at the door.”

However, in connection with the rules for constructing a statement in the TL, establishing equivalence during translation may require changing the method of identifying the denotation. Here are some examples from the translation of S. Lewis’s novel “Arrowsmith” (translated by N. Volpin):

“To a passing nurse, the two youngsters would have seemed absorbed in hospital business. Martin stood by the door, she by her scrubbing pail.”

“If the elder sister had walked by, it would have seemed like the young people were engrossed in hospital work. Martin stood at the door, his interlocutor at the bucket of water.”

“ His voice was lively..."

“Not so awful, but it’s just as romantic as being a hired girl – that’s what we call ‘em in Dakota.”

“It’s not so scary, and there’s just as much romance in it as there is in the work of a hired hand - that’s what they call it in Dakota maids».

b) Indication of denotation in the original and translation can be done by naming concepts of different scope. By naming a phenomenon of reality, the Source can include it in various sets, covering a larger or smaller number of units. Thus, the same object can be called “chair”, “piece of furniture”, “thing”, “thing”, etc. Each language code has its own rules for using the names of diverse sets to indicate certain denotations, as well as a special set of words with a very broad meaning, capable of naming almost any denotation of the type: thing, piece, creature, object, etc. For example, in English the word thing can be used to indicate both animate and inanimate objects, while in Russian the words listed above are used only to indicate denotations strictly certain type. A "creature" can only be "living". “A stone is a “thing,” an “object,” but not a “thing,” and a tree is only an “object.” Therefore, equivalence relations during translation will be established between classes of denotations of varying scope.

“Even just lately things have been killed”, he whispered. “All around – in the village – out on the dawns. Sheep – young lambs – a collie dog.” (A. Christie)

"And lately someone's been killing animals“,” he said quietly. - In the village, in the fields - everywhere. Sheep, lambs, sheepdog.”

The discrepancy between the rules for using words of the same level in the FL and the TL often forces the use of concepts of a different scope in translation, even if the corresponding word is present in the TL. Let's look at a few examples from R. Bradbury's book “The Martian Chronicles” (translated by L. Zhdanov):

“The doors flew open. The windows flew open. The children worked off their wool clothes.”

“The doors opened. The windows opened. The children took off their sweaters.”

In Russian, they do not take off “woolen (warm) clothes,” but specific items: a suit, a sweatshirt, etc.

“The heat pulse among the cottages and bushes and children.”

“The heat washed over houses, bushes, children.”

The original says not houses, but cottages, and in Russian you can only use a more general word, since the specific divisions of the Russian “house” turn out to be too specific (cf.: “cottage”, “dacha”, “hut”, etc.) .

“The snow dissolved and showed last summer’s ancient green laws.”

“The snow has evaporated, and last year’s withered grass appears on the lawns.”

In Russian there is a compound adjective “last year”, but there is no more specific “last year”.

c) Cases have already been described above when there is no sign in the TL indicating the corresponding denotation. In this case, equivalence relations are established between the indication of the denotation in the original and the identification of the denotation in the translation by creating a new sign (“striptease”), using a sign indicating a close denotation (witch hunter - “obscurantist”), or using a combination of signs (Asia-firster – “a supporter of an active policy in Asia”).

(2) Equivalence when describing denotation.

When reproducing a description of a denotation, equivalence is, as a rule, far from equivalence. To describe the same denotations, different languages ​​often choose different properties or aspects of them. Therefore, such descriptions turn out to be different, and as a result, each language seems to create its own “picture of the world.” If in English a fly “stands” on the ceiling, then in the Russian translation the motionless position of the fly will be described in a different way: “The fly is sitting on the ceiling.” The English head and the Russian “head” undoubtedly indicate in their direct meanings the same denotation, but for an Englishman the description of this denotation contains an indication, absent in the Russian language, that the head contains teeth, eyes and a tongue, which makes It is possible to use such statements in English as:

“You are not expected to say anything here and you can’t keep too quiet a tongue in your head.” (Ch. Dickens)

“I could hear his teeth rattle in his head.” (R.L. Stevenson)

“I’ve got an eye in my head! I could bring down a running rabbit at fifty paces without a blink.” (A. Cronin)

As stated above, description and identification of the denotation in a sign are closely related, and often identification is impossible without simultaneous description. Thus, it turns out that an indication of the same denotation is inevitably accompanied by information of different content when using the corresponding FL and TL signs. When calling the process “swimming” in English using the verbs to swim – to sail, it is necessary to indicate that the floating object moves independently through the water, and does not just float with the flow. In the Russian translation of “The boat is floating on the lake,” this feature of the denotation description is not conveyed and the translation can be interpreted as “the boat is floating (drifting) in the lake.” When translating the verb “to swim” from Russian into English, it will inevitably be necessary to indicate in the translation a feature that is absent in the content of the Russian sign.

As is known, on the basis of these facts, a theory arose about the fundamental difference in the perception of the surrounding world by people speaking different languages. According to this theory, “linguistic pictures of the world” are absolutely incompatible, hence the fundamental impossibility of translation.

When matching characters different languages the difference in the description of identical denotations seems undeniable. However, this difference cannot be an obstacle to conveying the content of the sign during translation. First of all, it can be assumed that in many cases the features of the description of a sign are not realized by speakers. It is unlikely that when we say that “a fly is sitting on the ceiling”, we recognize in the meaning of “sits” any other information about the denotation, except for the designation of the presence of an object at a given point, which is fully conveyed into English by the verbs stands or is.

The most important refutation of the theory of incompatibility of “linguistic pictures of the world” lies here in the fundamental knowability of the method of describing the denotation in the original sign and the possibility of reproducing the necessary information in the translation text. Sometimes a feature missing in a translation sign is introduced into the message by the meaning of other signs (context). Thus, in the Russian translations of “He swims breaststroke” and “The log floats, half immersed in the water,” there is no need for special means to convey the difference in the meanings of the English verbs to swim and to float. Additional features that distinguish the description of this phenomenon in the original necessarily follow from the meanings of the words “style” and “log”, although these features are not conveyed in the sign “floats”, corresponding to the words swims and floats of the original. In other cases, missing information is conveyed by using a special character to supplement the description. The Russian names of the colors “blue” and “blue” correspond to one English sign “blue”. Often the distinction between "blue" and "blue" turns out to be irrelevant or inferred from the context and in English translation the word blue is used regardless of which of the two signs is in the Russian original: “blue sky” - blue sky, “blue sea” - blue sea. However, it is always possible, if necessary, to specify the required color shade: light blue or dark (navy) blue.

Thus, despite the differences in the content of the signs of the two languages, there is sufficient opportunity in the ways of describing the same denotations to achieve equivalence, either by neutralizing the difference, or by using context and additional signs. In this case, there is undoubtedly some loss or change of information during transmission. There is a certain semantic difference between the content explicitly expressed by a sign of language, and the same content only implicitly implied, although clear from the context. In the same way, the content conveyed by a combination of two independent signs, strictly speaking, is not identical to the content represented by a single sign. Navy blue is not just “blue”, but also two signs, each of which has eigenvalue, and it, in principle, can be highlighted in the act of communication (for example, you can play with the word navy, etc.) and can potentially play an independent role in the message, etc. The combination small hours has a single figurative meaning (“early morning”), which cannot be reduced to the meanings of its constituent words. But in the following example, the author restores the independent meaning of the word small:

“He supposed they did work some time or other; in the small hours, perhaps – precious small hours!” (J. Galsworthy)

- “Someday, apparently, they work; maybe early in the morning? Unless it’s too early.”

However, all these undoubted semantic differences are of little significance for the communication process. As a rule, they are irrelevant for both the Source and the Receptor, and their neutralization (loss) during translation does not play any significant role. However, it should be noted that establishing translation equivalence with respect to denotation descriptions may involve some loss of information.

(3) Equivalence in the transfer of categorization.

The contents of the lexical category are general concepts, expressing real relationships common to all people. Categories such as the concepts of size, beginning of action, motivation to action, direction of movement are undoubtedly universal, since they reflect real facts well known to all people. Therefore, information that makes up a certain lexical category can be conveyed by means of any language. Thus, the categorical meaning of “doer” conveyed in English suffix -er, is absolutely accurately reproduced in Russian words by the corresponding suffixes: teacher – “teacher”, smelter – “foundry worker”, etc.

Some deviations from complete equivalence arise only when the methods of conveying this content are different in the FL and the TL. Thus, the meaning of beginning, as we have already seen, is usually conveyed in English with the verb to begin, and in Russian with the help of verbal prefixes “za-”, “po-”, etc. (cf. in Russian: “He began to laugh " and "He laughed"). Similarly, the meaning of causation, expressed in English by the causative verb to make within the framework of the three-term construction “He made her laugh,” is conveyed in Russian using the corresponding verb: “He made her laugh” or “He made her laugh” (cf. “He made her laugh” laugh her") As can be seen from the above examples, there are certain semantic differences in the content of a lexical category, expressed in different ways. However, these differences are small enough to be ignored.

The necessary degree of equivalence is also achieved in the case when, in translation, such a categorical meaning turns out to be deducible from the message, although not expressed by special linguistic means.

“They had their photo taken. – They took a picture (apparently someone took a picture of them).

He had his hair cut. - He cut his hair (obviously he got his hair cut).

In such cases, between the English and Russian languages ​​there is a difference in the ways of conveying causation, which no longer depends on the source. In the English sentences above, causation must be expressed using a three-term construction, since there are no synonymous ways to describe this situation. This obligation exists apart from the Source's intention and may be communicatively irrelevant. That is why in translation it turns out to be possible to use a different way of expressing causation without violating the equivalence relations. Of course, when the categorical meaning is particularly significant for the content of the message, the greatest degree of equivalence is achieved by using similar means of expression:

“The American Newsweek would have its readers believe that the Negro workers in the Belgian Congo miners were living well.”

“The American magazine Newsweek would like to make its readers believe that the blacks who worked in the mines of the Belgian Congo had a good life (cf.: “... would like to convince its readers...”).”

B. Equivalence of lexico-grammatical categories.

For many languages, it seems possible to identify the main categories - “parts of speech”: words-objects, words-events, words-determiners. Therefore, establishing equivalence at the level of the Lexico-grammatical category is not particularly difficult. Sometimes the categorical meaning of a part of speech plays a significant role in the content of the word. You can say that someone killed a dog, but you cannot call it “killing a dog.” It is one thing to say that a person “stole” something, and another thing to call him a “thief.” The object word (noun) expresses a constant and therefore more important attribute than the event word (verb).

It is possible to detect cases of communicative relevance and differences between the categorical meaning of the subject word and the qualifier word (adjective, adverb, numeral). A “beautiful woman” is not necessarily a “beauty”; “betrayal” is stronger than a “treasonous act.” Great importance has the preservation of categorical meaning during translation due to the need to convey brevity and syntactic pattern of presentation. Replacing a part of speech often entails the need for various additions, making the translation cumbersome and wordy. The title of W. Foster's famous book “Misleaders of Labor” contains a noun derived from the verb to mislead - “to mislead,” “to lead along the wrong path.” It talks about right-wing leaders of the US working class who betray its interests. An accurate rendering of the content of the word misleaders is possible provided that the noun is replaced with an appropriate verb when translating, for example: “Those who mislead the working class” or “Those who betray the interests of the working class.” However, such a replacement destroys the expressiveness of the title, making it verbose and inexpressive. Any translator will try to preserve the “noun” of the main word when translating this title, even at the expense of a lesser degree of equivalence in relation to other components of its content.

However, in the vast majority of cases, equivalence at the level of the categorical meaning of a part of speech is communicatively irrelevant. Therefore, it is often possible to achieve greater equivalence at other levels by replacing the part of speech during translation. The need for such a replacement may also arise due to the unequal distribution of signs of different languages ​​between these classes. In all such cases, a change in the lexical and grammatical category is not essential for the equivalence of the original and translation signs. Here are some examples from the translation of R. Bradbury's book “The Martian Chronicles”.

“And then a long wave of warmth crossed the small town. A flooding sea ​​of ​​hot air; it seemed as if someone had left a bakery door open.”

“And suddenly a mighty wave of heat swept through the town; hot air shaft overwhelmed as if it was accidentally left open door bakeries."

“...a soft ancient voice"

“...little distant Martian bone town”

“...an ancient Martian townin the distance »

“The rocket stood in the cold winter making morning summer with every breath of its mighty exhausts.”

"IN cold winter morning the rocket created summer with every exhalation of its powerful nozzles.”

[ Sections (4) and (5) of this chapter discuss equivalence in the reproduction of the stylistic and emotional functions of a sign. ]

(6) Equivalence in conveying an indication of the polysemy of a sign.

First of all, it should be noted that the need to reproduce this element of the original content in translation occurs relatively rarely. Usually a word is used in the original only in one of its meanings. After the Receptor has chosen, from the meanings represented by a given word, the one reproduced by the Source in this case, the presence of other meanings for the word becomes irrelevant. In the sentence “The Board decided to expel him” - “The Board decided to expel him” the degree of equivalence of the words Board and “Council” is not affected by the existence of these words with other meanings that are not equivalent to each other.

The task of reproducing the polysemy of the original arises only when this polysemy is used by the Source to convey some additional information.

“He says he'll teach you to take the boards and make a raft of them; but seeing that you know how to do this pretty well already, the offer… seems a superfluous one on the point…” (J.K. Jerome)

"He shouts that will show“You know how to take boards without asking and make a raft out of them, but since you already know very well how to do this, this proposal seems unnecessary.”

The words in the text belong to the owner of the boards, threatening to teach a lesson to the person who took these boards without asking. The verbs to teach and “show” are used simultaneously in the literal and figurative sense. Equivalence in translation is ensured due to the existence of similar meanings in both English and Russian words. Under this condition, the indication of the polysemy of the sign is reproduced with sufficient completeness:

“But their united sagacity could make nothing of it, and they went to bed – metaphorically – in the dark" (Ch. Dickens)

“But even their combined insight could not help them figure it out, and they went to bed, figuratively speaking, in in the dark».

The indication that the word dark is used here in a figurative sense (metaphorically) can be reproduced in translation if the corresponding Russian word has both a literal and figurative meaning.

“If our cannon balls were all as hot as your head, and we had enough of them, we should conquer the earth, no doubt.” (B. Shaw)

“If only our cannonballs were all the same hot, like your head, and if we had plenty of them, we would, without a doubt, conquer the whole world.” (Translated by O. Kholmskaya)

The existence of a figurative meaning in the Russian word “hot” allows us to convey both meanings of the English hot, realized in the combinations hot balls and hot heads.

A significantly lower degree of equivalence is achieved in cases where the corresponding sign in the TL does not have the necessary ambiguity. In this case, you have to either refuse to reproduce this component, or reproduce it in the content of another sign, i.e. due to less accurate transmission of other components of the original content. In both cases, the equivalence can only be relative. For translations works of art characterized by a desire to achieve perhaps greater equivalence with the last mentioned methods.

“He... said he had come for me, and informed me that he was a page. “Go ‘long, I said, ‘you ain’t more than a paragraph.” (M. Twain)

Russian word"page" has no meaning (or homonym) associated with the title of any part of the book. Therefore, the only way to convey the play on words of the original is to use a different sign in the translation, which could be attributed to both the page boy and part of the book. Here's how translator N. Chukovsky solved this problem:

“He said that he was sent for me and that he was the head of the pages. - What a leader you are, you are one line! - I told him.”

Information losses when using such a technique can be quite significant.

“O ignorant young creatures! How little do you know the effect of rack-punch! What is the rack in the punch at night to the rack in the head of a morning?” (W. Thackeray)

“O inexperienced young creatures! How little do you know about the effects of arak punch! What do evenings have in common? drinks and morning torture?»

The distant consonance between the Russian words “drinks” and “torture” very significantly conveys an indication of the connection between the two homonyms rack in the original.

(7) Equivalence in conveying the associative-figurative characteristics of the sign.

When reproducing this component of the content of a sign during translation, three different degrees of translation equivalence can be noted.

a) The corresponding words in the FL and TL may have the same associative-figurative characteristics. Thus, in the English and Russian languages, in the meaning of the word snow (“snow”), the sign of whiteness stands out, stone (“stone”) is distinguished by “coldness,” and day (“day”) is something “clear.” In both English and Russian, a person turns pale “as a sheet,” fights “like a lion,” and calls something unattainable “sour grapes.”

In such cases, translation achieves the highest degree of equivalence in conveying this component of meaning.

“She was dressed in white, with bare shoulders as white as snow...” (W. Thackeray)

“She was all in white with bare shoulders like snow...”

“And pride so moved within her that even her heart felt cold as stone.” (J/ Galsworthy)

“And Dinny’s pride surged so much that even her heart became cold as stone.”

“Oh, it’s all getting just bright as day, now.” (M. Twain)

“Well, now everything is as clear as day.”

b) A word in the TL that describes a different denotation has a similar figurative characteristic. It is often discovered that in the FL and TL the same feature constitutes a figurative component of the content different words. Thus, in English and Russian there are words used to express extreme thinness, great strength or great stupidity, but these words describe completely different denotations. Compare: thin as a rake - “thin as a sliver”, strong as a horse - “strong as a bull”, stupid as a goose - “stupid as a cork”, etc. In such cases, reproduction of the figurative component of the meaning during translation is achieved, as a rule, by replacing the image:

“I never see such an old ostrich for wanting to gobble everything…” (M. Twain)

“I have never seen such a greedy sharks“I’m ready to take everything for myself...”

c) The feature that makes up the figurative component of the content of the sign in the FL is absent in the TL. It often happens that in the TL there is no image at all on the basis on which it was created in the original. In such cases, equivalent reproduction of this part of the meaning of the sign is possible only within the framework of the entire statement, i.e. by combining a number of other signs.

“Want, colder than Charity, shivering at the street corners.” (Ch. Dickens)

“Need, frozen to the marrow of the bones, trembled at the street corners.”

Often, reproducing this component of meaning is impossible and the image is lost in translation:

“Cat.” With that simple word Jean closed the scene.” (J. Galsworthy)

In English, cat is often used to describe an angry or grumpy woman. Russian “cat” does not have a similar component of meaning. In translation one has to abandon the image.

“- The mean one! “Jean retorted, and that simple word ended the scene.”

As in the case of the polysemy of a sign, the problem of conveying the figurative characteristics of a word arises only if this characteristic is reproduced in the original text. Such reproduction occurs only when the corresponding sign is used as a metaphor or figurative comparison, which happens relatively infrequently. As a rule, words in which similar components of meaning are found are used without reproducing figurative characteristics (cf.: the usual use of the words “sliver”, “bath”, “ice”, “snow”, “day”, etc.). In such cases, there is no need to convey this characteristic in translation, and it does not have any impact on the degree of translation equivalence.

(8) Equivalence in conveying the meaning of a derivative or compound word of the original.

As a rule, the “word-formative” component of a word’s meaning turns out to be communicatively irrelevant in most cases. Therefore, usually the equivalence between the words of the original and the translation can be established regardless of their morphemic composition.

“In it would be, perhaps, a priceless old chestnut wood wardrobe and a four-poster bed of an excellent period...” (J. Galsworthy)

“It seemed to contain a priceless antique walnut wardrobe, a four-poster bed also of a very, very respectable age...”

Equivalence relations are equally established between words of the same morphemic structure (bed – “bed”, priceless – “priceless”), and between structurally different units (old – “antique”, wardrobe – “wardrobe”, four-poster – “with a canopy” ", chestnut wood - "walnut").

However, the morphemic structure of a word can play a semantic role in the original and form part of the content that needs to be reproduced in translation. Equivalent reproduction of a similar element of meaning will be possible only if the structure of the corresponding words of the FL and TL coincides.

“The Senator smiled. He looked surprisingly young to Erik, who had always assumed that the nation’s elders were really old.” (W. Wilson)

“The senator smiled. He looked very young, much to the surprise of Eric, who had always believed that the elders of his country were in fact old."

Here, the achievement of equivalence is ensured due to the fact that the English elder and Russian “elder” have equivalent root morphemes in their structure: old - “old”.

In the same way, equivalence is achieved when translating new formations, the meaning of which is derived from their constituent morphemes:

“Feeling, as she said ‘very towny’, she prepared for the order of disclosure by waterproofing herself and going for a tramp.” (J. Galsworthy)

“Feeling, as she said, “too close in,” she decided, before the test of a decisive explanation, to put on a cloak and talk a little.”

Since cases of coincidence of the morphemic composition of the corresponding words in the FL and TL are relatively rare, equivalence of this kind is usually not ensured during translation.

“His colleagues describe him as “both a gentle man and a gentleman.” (Daily Worker)

Pun on English sentence, based on the meanings of the morphemes that make up the word gentleman, cannot be conveyed in translation, for example:

“His colleagues speak of him as a gentle and noble man.”

“…he could not help knowing the depth of his father-in-law’s affection and concern, and the length of his head.” (J. Galsworthy)

The combination the length of his head has meaning solely due to the awareness of the meaning of the individual morphemes that make up the adjective long-headed - “smart, insightful.” Because the Russian adjective has a completely different structure, the play on words will be lost in translation.

“He could not help but know how deeply and anxiously his father-in-law loved him and how smart he was.”

When a play on words, based on the meaning of the morphemes included in it, constitutes the main content of the utterance, in order to achieve equivalence in translation, it is reproduced by playing on the morphemic composition of other units in the TL. This is due to losses in the reproduction of other components of meaning, so that equivalence relations are established only in relation to the most important element of content.

“By-and-by, he said: “No sweethearts, I b’lieve?” “Sweetmeats did you say, Mr. Barkis? (Ch. Dickens)

In this passage, the driver Barkis asks little Davy if the maid Pegoti has a lover, but the boy perceives the word sweetheart as sweetmeat - “candy.” The boy's entire answer makes sense only due to the coincidence of morphemes in the English words sweetheart and sweetmeat. This commonality can be conveyed in translation only by changing the content of the units being translated, since there is nothing in common in the structure of the Russian words “beloved” and “candy”. In this case, it may happen that not root morphemes, but affixal morphemes, coincide in the translation, for example:

- Doesn’t she have a friend?

- Pie, Mr. Barkis?

Another way of conveying the “word-formation” component of the meaning of the original word is to reproduce the meanings of the constituent morphemes in the form of separate words in the translation. This makes it possible to convey information that is not in direct accordance with the Russian word. So, in the novel by J. Galsworthy “The White Monkey” Michael Mont talks with a man whom he wants to get a job at his publishing house.

“Do you know anything about books?” – “Yes, sir: I’m a good bookkeeper.” - “Holy Moses!” Our job is getting rid of them. My firm are publishers.”

The usual correspondence for the word bookkeeper does not contain a morpheme meaning “book”, and therefore using such a correspondence in the translation would make Michael’s answer meaningless. The greatest degree of equivalence can be achieved by translating each part English word separately.

- Do you know anything about books?

- Yes, sir. I can keep office books.

- Oh, my God! Yes, we don’t need to keep books, but get rid of them. After all, we have a publishing house.

As can be seen from the examples given, the transfer of this component of the sign’s meaning is often associated with certain losses.

(9) Equivalence and compatibility of words.

When reproducing the content of an original word in translation, there is no need to convey the distributive characteristics of this word, since it is relevant only for constructing a statement in a foreign language. Nevertheless, the compatibility features of a word have a great influence on the degree of closeness of the translation to the original. It is often impossible to use the closest matches due to differences in their distribution characteristics. And since the signs of any statement in the TL can be combined only in accordance with their distributional characteristics, this circumstance imposes serious restrictions on the choice of equivalent units in translation. The English adjective hopeful is usually translated into Russian using the participles “hoping” or “promising”. But if in the original someone says in a hopeful voice, then it will no longer be possible to use the closest match, since “hoping” is not combined in Russian with the noun “voice”. We will have to be content with the equivalence achieved when describing the meaning of hopeful using a group of Russian words: “the voice in which hope sounded.”

Speaking about the leaders of an organization, the speaker calls them in English sincere and successful leaders. Both adjectives have fairly close correspondences in Russian: “sincere” and “successful”. However, although it is possible to “lead successfully” in Russian, it is impossible to be a “successful leader”. In translation, you have to either use a less precise correspondence that can be combined with the word “leader” (for example, “capable leaders”), or put up with a verbose description (“those who have achieved great success in their activities”). Let's return to the example from The Martian Chronicles by R. Bradbury.

“The heat pulsed among the cottages and bushes and children.”

Pulsed is “beating, pulsating,” but “heat, heat” cannot “beat,” and even “among houses, bushes and children.” “Pulsates” in Russian “heart, vein”, etc., in extreme cases “life”, and not “among”, but “somewhere” or “in something”. Therefore, in the translation we find a completely different sign:

"Heat washed houses, bushes, children.”

Even less complete equivalence relations are established in cases where in the original the wide combinability of a word is used as a special device of the so-called “zeugma”. English authors often use this technique to create a certain humorous effect, for example:

“And now must come swift action, for we have here some four thousand words and not a tear shed and never a pistol, joke, safe, nor bottle cracked" (O. Henry)

English verb to crack combines with “gun” and with “joke”, with “safe” and with “bottle”. The absence of a verb with such combinability in the Russian language in itself limits the possibility of equivalent transmission of such a technique. In addition, in the Russian language the use of zeugma is not a literary norm at all and is extremely rare. Phrases such as: “Three students were walking, one was going to the cinema, the other was in a gray suit, and the third was in a good mood” are perceived as anecdotal examples.

In this regard, and also taking into account the insignificant semantic (or rather expressive) role of this device in the English language, zeugma, as a rule, is not transmitted into Russian:

“Michael... suggested to the camera that it would miss the train. It at once took a final photograph of Michael in front of the hut, two cups of tea at the Manor, and its departure.” (J. Galsworthy)

“Michael... hinted that the photographer might miss the train. Then he did it right away last photo: stripped off Michael in front of the house, drank two cups of tea and went go home."

Thus, the distributive characteristic of a word, not being in itself information that should be reproduced during translation, plays a significant role in establishing equivalence at the level of linguistic signs, since the choice of sign in translation is largely determined by the ratio of similar characteristics of words in the FL and TL.

(10) Equivalence in conveying the antonymic characteristics of a word.

The problem of reproducing the antonymic characteristics of an original word in translation arises only when a word with such a characteristic is used in an antonymic context, i.e. together with its antonym and in opposition to it. Naturally, the greatest degree of equivalence here is achieved if the corresponding word in translation has an antonymic characteristic:

“…insisted that the workers should look upon all the farmers small as well as big, as their enemies.” (W. Foster)

“...insisted that the workers consider all farmers - and small, And large- by your enemies."

“That was the question that tortured him, by night and by day, asleep and awake" (M. Twain)

“This question tormented him at night And during the day, in a dream And in reality».

“Who am I to approve or to disapprove? (M. Wilson)

"Who am I to approve or condemn?»

In the absence of an antonymic characteristic in the corresponding word in the TL, it is sometimes possible to reproduce this component of meaning using another antonymic pair.

“Americans... may be divided into two classes – Americans and Americans. In other words, some are nice and some are nasty" (J. Galsworthy)

“Americans...should be divided into two categories. There are Americans and Americans. In other words - cute And unsympathetic».

“And I came primed with much information and misinformation gleaned from the writings and sayings of friends and foes of the Soviet Union.” (A. Johnstone)

"And I was stuffed enough truthful And false information gleaned from written and oral statements of friends and enemies of the Soviet Union."

Of course, replacing one antonymic group with another in translation is not always possible. In this case, equivalence is based on the contextual opposition of the corresponding concepts.

“...Dinny felt a sort of admiration at the painful integrity with which he was grasping the shadow and letting the substance go.” (J. Galsworthy)

The opposition of the English antonymic pair shadow – substance is conveyed in translation by the clash of meanings of words that are not antonyms.

“... the suffering naivety with which the father chased after a mirage, losing sight of what was essential, could not but arouse a certain sympathy in the girl.”

When an antonymic characteristic is used as the basis for a pun, loss of information in translation is often inevitable.

“Will you take some potage, Miss ah – Miss Blunt?” said Mr. Crawley. (W. M. Thackeray)

The play on words is based on antonymity English adjectives sharp – blunt. In the text, the heroine of the novel by Becky Sharp is called "Miss Dull" instead of "Miss Hot". However, in the Russian translation, her surname, “Sharp,” does not have an antonymic characteristic, as a result of which this element of meaning will be lost. You can only somewhat compensate for the lack of equivalence by playing up the surname in the Russian version, for example, calling it “Miss Karp.”

Of particular note is the use of the antonymic characteristic of a word to ensure translation equivalence in the absence of a direct correspondence or the impossibility of applying it.

Equivalence of this type is especially often noted when translating words with negative prefixes.

“Most of the Latin American governments have been unable to do much to this end...” (W. Foster)

“Most Latin American governments could do very little in this regard.”

“Besides, as we all know from our own experience, it is never unpleasant to talk about oneself...” (S. Maugham)

“Besides, as we all know well from our own experience, it’s always nice to talk about yourself...”

These are the main types of equivalent relations that can be noted at the level of linguistic signs. It should be emphasized that we were talking about potentially possible relationships between individual components of the content of signs in the original text and the translation. When describing them, we abstracted both from the influence of other content levels, and from the influence of the conditions of use of the sign in a specific act of communication. As will be shown later, these factors often very significantly change the nature of the equivalence between individual signs of the original and translation.

 Compare the translation and the original. Name the type of equivalence.

1. Fragile. - Caution glass.

2. The house was sold for eighty thousand dollars. The house was sold for eighty thousand dollars.

3. She slammed the door at his face. “She slammed the door in his face.

4. The cat that walked by himself. – A cat that walks by itself.

5. This is a stone throw. - It's a stone's throw from here.

6. The bus seats 30. – There are 30 seats on the bus.

7. Butler: donnish, dignified and dull. – Butler: academic, decent and boring.

8. How old is Richard? – I don’t know. – ...Why aren’t there any more people from Oxford? – Oh, I don"t know. They are all abroad or working, or can"t afford the train fare, I suppose. - How old is Richard? - I don't know. - Why didn't anyone else come from Oxford? - How can I tell you? They are probably all abroad or at work right now, and some don’t have money for travel.

10. Won't you sit down? - Please sit down.

11. Dear Sir (Dear Mr.) Schroeder. – Dear Mr. Schroeder!

12. The work having been done, everyone felt a great relief. “When it was done, everyone felt great relief.

13. It was late in the day. - Evening was approaching.

14. Are you not serious? - Are you joking?

15. I live in Moscow. - I live in Moscow.

16. You are the only woman I have ever loved. “I never loved anyone before you.”

17. Didn't walk with his eyes down. - He walked with his eyes downcast.

18. (Mrs. Eysenford Hill) My daughter Clara. – (Lisa) How do you do? – (Clara) How do you do? – (Mrs. Eisenford Hill) My daughter Clara. – (Eliza) Very nice. – (Clara) Very nice.

19. Not a member of the Spartacus club team. – He plays for the Spartak team.

20. They are queuing for tickets. - They are standing in line for tickets.

21. The sun disappeared behind the cloud. – The sun disappeared behind a cloud.

22. The delegation took a flight from Moscow. – The delegation left Moscow.

23. The delegation has returned to London. – The delegation flew home.

24. London saw a cold winter last year. – Last year the winter in London was cold.

25. He was never tired of old songs. – He never got tired of the old songs.

26. I don't see that I need to convince you. - I don't see the need to prove it to you.

27. Wasn't standing with his arms crossed and his bare head bent. “He stood with his arms folded across his chest and his bare head bowed.

28. The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. – The organization is based on the principle of sovereign equality of all its members.

29. It seems, however, that they are in danger of missing the point. “It seems, however, that they are in danger of missing the point.”

30. Protecting our environment cannot be achieved simply by some magic new technology. – The environment around us cannot be protected with the help of some new technology that can work miracles.

‚ Read and translate the following text. Analyze the types of equivalence between the original and your translation.

VOICES THAT UNITE EPOCHS

(1) It is a popular habit to make fun of anonymous interpreters who hurriedly explain to us foreign films: they pinch their noses with clothes pegs lest bandits recognize them, they distort the meaning of every second word, and yet voice-over interpreting has become a regular business.

(2) Voice-over interpretation was born with the advent of video tape recorders. (3) We all remember these group sit-ins in front of the only VCR in the neighborhood. (4) These “snuffling interpreters” heralded new Western cinema in Russia. (5) It was they who showed Russians all the degenerate films of the 80s. (6) This voice-over was almost home-made, which explains the “snuffling effect”.

(7) L. Volodarsky (one of the famous “pirate” interpreters of those times, now working with NTV-Plus company) describes this process. (8) The interpreter watched a film three or four times and then recorded the interpretation, virtually on the spot. (9) Sometimes he couldn’t even understand what some Boston Negro was saying. (10) The audience was thrilled by the interpreter desperately groping for ideas rather than by the main character. (11) The time of those brutal experiments on our ears was quickly over, and nowadays even pirate copies are sold with a standard lip-sync, which is actually not welcomed by many cinema fans.

(12) The 1990’s brought about a real revolution in voicing foreign films. (13) First, they started buying ten times as many films, or rather a thousand times. (14) Second, everyone has been trying to reduce production costs by all means and make a vote-over cheaper than their rivals. (15) Thus, at present the most widespread method is a standard actor voice-over. (16)A studio receives a VHS tape with a script from its client. (17) The script and tape are given to an interpreter who does his best to match the length of Russian phrases to the original. (18) Then the Russian text is turned over to the editor who chooses the actors (usually there are two, a man and a woman). (19) And the process begins.

Topic 2.Translation - dictionary - context

It is generally accepted that a bilingual dictionary is mainly created for the translator. Of course, other users can use such dictionaries in their information work, for example, when reading a foreign text, when annotating or summarizing texts, when editing translations, etc.

But if we keep in mind first of all the translation name of the dictionary, then such a dictionary can be called “translated”. And, indeed, a bilingual dictionary is always a definite result of lexicographic and translation-comparative work. Translation dictionaries can be bilingual (as a rule) or can consist of a number of languages ​​and be multilingual. Naturally, bilingual dictionaries contain much more information than multilingual ones.

Language mediation (translation) requires the availability of a variety of dictionaries and reference books. Without this, it is very difficult to achieve fast, qualified translations.