Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov - biography. How Academician Nesmeyanov proposed feeding Soviet people food made from oil Academician Alexander Nesmeyanov

Nesmeyanov I Nesmeyanov

Alexander Nikolaevich [b. 28.8 (9.9).1899, Moscow], Soviet organic chemist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943; corresponding member 1939), public figure, Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Member of the CPSU since 1944. After graduating from Moscow State University (1922), he worked there (from 1935 professor, from 1944 head of department organic chemistry, in 1944-48 dean of the Faculty of Chemistry, in 1948-51 rector, led the organization of the construction of Moscow State University on the Lenin Hills). At the same time he worked at the Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides (1930-34), at the USSR Academy of Sciences: at the Institute of Organic Chemistry (from 1934, in 1939-54 director), academician-secretary of the Chemical Department (1946-51). President of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1951-61), director of the Institute of Organoelement Compounds (since 1954), academician-secretary of the Department of General and Organic Chemistry (since 1961). In 1947-1961, Chairman of the Committee for Lenin and State Prizes in the field of science and technology. He took an active part in the work of the World Peace Council and the Soviet Peace Committee.

The main area of ​​research is the chemistry of organometallic compounds. In 1929 he proposed a diazomethod for the synthesis of organomercury compounds, which he and his co-workers later extended to the synthesis of organometallic compounds Sn, Pb, Tl, Sb, Bi (see Nesmeyanova reaction). N. studied various ways of mutual transformations of organometallic compounds, developed simple and convenient methods for the synthesis of organometallic compounds Mg, Zn, Cd, Al, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi from organomercury compounds. He proved (together with R. Kh. Freidlina (See Freidlina)) that the products of the addition of heavy metal salts to unsaturated compounds (N.’s name is “quasi-complex compounds”) have the structure of covalent organometallic compounds. Through studies of metal derivatives of oxo-enol systems and alpha-mercurated oxo compounds, N. and his colleagues clarified complex issue about the connection between the structure and dual reactivity of metal derivatives of tautomeric systems, developed the idea of ​​the conjugation of simple bonds, reactions involving the transfer of a reaction center, etc.; found out (together with O. A. Reutov) mechanism of electrophilic substitution at a saturated carbon atom. For the first time he synthesized chloronium, bromonium and triaryloxonium compounds; discovered the phenomenon of metallotropy. Since 1952, he has widely developed the field of ferrocene derivatives and other “sandwich” transition metal compounds. On N.’s initiative and under his editorship (together with K. A. Kocheshkov), a series of monographs “Synthetic methods in the field of organometallic compounds” was published and a series “Methods of organoelement chemistry” was published. N. and his colleagues also carried out a lot of work in the field of chemistry of chlorvinyl ketones (together with N.K. Kochetkov) and on the synthesis of aliphatic compounds using the telomerization reaction.

N. is a member of a number of foreign academies. Delegate to the 19th and 20th Congresses of the CPSU. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 3rd-5th convocations. USSR State Prize (1943), Lenin Prize (1966). He was awarded 6 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, and medals.

Works: Selected works, vol. 1-4, M., 1959: Chemistry of ferrocene, M., 1969; Organoelement chemistry, M., 1970; Research in the field of organic chemistry, M., 1971; The beginnings of organic chemistry, book. 1-2, M., 1969-70 (jointly with N. A. Nesmeyanov).

Lit.: Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov, M., 1951 (USSR Academy of Sciences. Materials for the biobibliography of scientists of the USSR. Ser. Chemical Sciences, v. 15); Freidlina R. Kh., Kabachnik M. I., Korshak V. V., New contribution to the development of organoelement and organic chemistry, “Advances in Chemistry”, 1969, v. 38, v. 9.

M. I. Kabachnik.

Big Soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

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- [R. 28.8 (9.9).1899, Moscow], Soviet organic chemist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943; corresponding member 1939), public figure, Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Member of the CPSU since 1944. After graduating from Moscow State University (1922), he worked there (professor since 1935, since... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (1899 1980) Russian organic chemist, founder of the scientific school of chemistry of organoelement compounds, academician (1943) and president (1951 61) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1969, 1979). Brother of Andrei Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov.... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

NESMEYANOV, ALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH(1899–1980), Russian chemist. Born on August 28 (September 9), 1899 in Moscow. His father was the director of the Bakhrushinsky orphanage for orphan boys in Moscow. In 1908, Nesmeyanov entered the Strakhov private gymnasium, and at the same time studied Latin and Greek with his father. In 1917 he became a student at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Moscow University. Throughout his years of study, he worked as a night watchman at the Faculty of Chemistry, and as a laboratory assistant at the Military Pedagogical Academy. In 1922 he graduated from the university and was left at the department on the recommendation of academician N.D. Zelinsky. He also proposed the topic of Nesmeyanov’s first work, related to the chemistry of cyclopropanes. After several years of research, Nesmeyanov formulated his own task - to find esters of complex acids such as HHg II I 3, HPb II I 2. It was known that direct combination, for example, CH 3 I with HgI 2 does not give anything, and the scientist decided to carry out the decomposition of phenyldiazonium salts of those complex acids whose esters were required to be obtained. The decomposition of the HgI 3 salt in 1929 served as the beginning of a whole direction in organic chemistry - the preparation of organometallic compounds using double diazonium salts (Nesmeyanov's diazomethod). Unlike direct metalation methods, which result in mixtures of difficult-to-separate isomers, the diazo method made it possible to introduce a metal atom into a fixed position in the molecule. With its help, key organometallic compounds were synthesized, which in turn served as starting materials for the synthesis of various classes of organoelement compounds. In 1935–1948, Nesmeyanov and his students investigated numerous ways of interconversion of various organometallic compounds, in particular mutual transitions between mercury organic compounds and organic compounds Mg, Zn, Cd, Al, Tl, Sn, etc. Extensive experimental material accumulated during these studies made it possible to formulate a pattern between the position of an element in the Periodic Table and its ability to form organic compounds.

A large place in Nesmeyanov’s work was occupied by questions of stereochemistry, primarily the study of geometric isomerism of ethylene organometallic compounds. They received it in its pure form b-vinyl chloride derivatives of Hg, Sb, Sn, Ta, etc. These works led to the establishment of the most important rule in stereochemistry of non-inversion of the stereochemical configuration in the processes of electrophilic and radical substitution at a carbon atom connected by a carbon-carbon double bond.

Nesmeyanov paid Special attention problem, first posed by A.M. Butlerov and V.V. Markovnikov, about the mutual influence of atoms in molecules. In connection with this, he carried out extensive studies of the properties and structure of the products of the addition of metal salts and nonmetal halides to unsaturated compounds. These substances had a specific reactivity, expressed in the duality of their chemical behavior. Nesmeyanov proved that they are true organoelement compounds (i.e., they contain a carbon-metal bond), and not complex ones. The question of their dual behavior was entirely related to the problem of the mutual influence of atoms. As part of these studies, the idea of ​​conjugation of simple bonds, reactions involving the transfer of a reaction center, and the mechanism of electrophilic substitution at a saturated carbon atom was developed.

In 1954–1960, Nesmeyanov carried out a number of works in the field of chemistry of vinyl chloride ketones (together with R.Kh. Freidlina), phosphorus, fluorine and organomagnesium compounds. In 1960, he discovered the phenomenon of metallotropy - the reversible transfer of an organomercury residue between oxy- and nitroso groups n-nitrosophenol, in 1960–1970 the foundations were laid for a new direction of research - the creation of synthetic food products. The pathways for the synthesis of amino acids and protein products have been established.

Nesmeyanov was not only a talented scientist, but also a brilliant organizer, teacher, and popularizer of science. Constantly working at Moscow State University (from 1922 as an assistant, from 1935 as a professor, from 1944 as head of the department of organic chemistry, in 1944–1948 as dean of the Faculty of Chemistry, in 1948–1951 as rector), he simultaneously headed various departments at the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences USSR (1935), Institute of Fine Chemical Technology (1938–1941), etc. In 1948–1953, as rector of Moscow State University, he was directly involved in the design and construction of a new university building on the Lenin Hills. In 1956, at his suggestion, it was created All-Union Institute scientific and technical information (VINITI). In 1954, Nesmeyanov organized and headed the Institute of Organoelement Compounds, which now bears his name. In 1951–1961 he was president of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Legends of Moscow State University. Academician Nesmeyanov and Klyukovka.

Attention, warning: The information contained in the Legend is based on university folklore and may not correspond to reality!

It is impossible to imagine Russian Science without long-standing traditions of feasting.

Informal communication and learning in laboratories, seminars and conferences are no less important than formal communication and formal study. And it’s not so important whether you speak for science at a luxurious banquet in a restaurant with cognac, champagne and salmon, or over a tin mug of denatured alcohol for three, snorting the latest Belomor. The main thing in such things is a wise and worthy interlocutor and the Metaphysical Depth and Breadth of Coverage of the problems being discussed.

The so-called “pub science” conversation exists, of course, in the West, but in Russian scientific schools, the alcoholic-esoteric approach to comprehending scientific, philosophical and metaphysical problems reaches its peak!

The interlocutor, the breadth and depth of coverage of the problem, of course, are most important, but the drink consumed still plays a certain role. The most iconic drink of Russian people in general and Russian scientists in particular is, of course, 40-proof Russian Vodka, it’s hard to argue with that.

And everyone, of course, knows the Legend about the invention of this iconic 40-degree drink - according to the Legend, it was invented by the great Russian scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev while completing his Ph.D. thesis. If you believe the Legend, then his dissertation was devoted to the physical chemistry of alcohol hydration, he prepared mixtures of water and alcohol of different concentrations, measured the energy output, and the remaining scientific work don’t throw away a mixture of water and alcohol, right?...... Well, and thus, according to Legend, he came to the conclusion that of all possible combinations, 40% alcohol is the most beneficial for health and has a variety of amazing properties. However, I also heard a slightly different version - that it was not only about the gastronomic preferences of Mendeleev’s graduate student, but, it seems, there is also some kind of scientific physico-chemical background behind this, energy optimization, or what?

All this is already a classic of Russian Mythology, I have not heard any alternative versions about Moscow University, so it seems that in the field of Legends about the invention of the Greatest Russian Drink, we will have to, alas, admit defeat from the St. Petersburg people - the St. Petersburg people have jumped ahead of us here, sill and vi... ...

But there is another drink, which, at least in academic circles, easily ranks 2-3 and is not much inferior to vodka in popularity. So we will still compete for second place!

The recipe for this drink is as follows: 1 kilogram of cranberries is homogenized using a homogenizer or ground in a mortar, then the cranberry homogenate is placed in a five-liter conical glass flask, mixed with 1 kg of sugar, 1 liter of pure medical alcohol is added to this, stirred and gently heated on a magnetic stirrer with heated (do not heat over an open fire, it is dangerous!)

Then the mixture is poured into centrifuge beakers and centrifuged in a centrifuge. The supernatant is collected in conical flasks and cooled. Drink the drink chilled from graduated cylinders.

The thoughtful reader, of course, has already guessed that we are talking about cranberries - the favorite drink of natural scientists. The cranberries drink amazingly, and they hit the balls even better!

For modern biologists, chemists, biochemists, physicists, soil scientists, and geologists, this drink has already become such a familiar part of laboratory life that few people think about the question, where did it actually come from?

So, one of the Legends of Moscow University says that this drink is relatively young, and it was invented in the laboratory of the Legendary Russian Chemist Academician Nesmeyanov, and, it seems, Academician Nesmeyanov himself was directly involved in trying out various recipes for alcohol-berry mixtures, and came to As a result, we conclude that cranberry is still the best shade for the amazing qualities of medical alcohol.

And Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov himself, like Mendeleev, was not only a chemist, but also a versatile developed person, apparently, with great enthusiasm and a sense of humor, and, in addition to the Legend about the cranberry, he left other Legendary stories about himself in university folklore. At one time he was even the rector of our University, and then for a long time he headed the Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Additional Information:

1) And here are Legends about another very extraordinary rector of Moscow State University, Academician Petrovsky

In the photo, Academician Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov

Why was Academician Nesmeyanov relieved of his duties as President of the USSR Academy of Sciences?

Back in February 1961, Academician Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov had no intention of leaving his post. A general meeting of the Academy of Sciences was held, at which he delivered a report for 1960.

He ended his report with the words:

“We have a lot to do in the next ten or two years.”

But already in April 1961, Khrushchev reproached Academician Nesmeyanov for certain shortcomings in the work of the Academy, in particular, for the fact that the Academy was allegedly researching some kind of flies.

Academician Nesmeyanov recalls:

“I stood up and, to the horror of the present and silent members of the Politburo, declared that the study of these flies is extremely important for many branches of science. This was an open speech (in public!), unheard of until then, against Khrushchev’s point of view. Then I said:

– Undoubtedly, there is an opportunity to change the president, to find an academician more suitable for this purpose. I am sure, for example, that M.V. Keldysh would have handled these responsibilities better.

“I think so too,” Khrushchev said.

Dissatisfied with the Academy of Sciences and its president, who refused to support Lysenko, N. S. Khrushchev said that he intended to dissolve it. To this Academician Nesmeyanov replied:

– Well, Peter the Great opened the Academy, and you will close it.

After this, Nesmeyanov was invited to see the First Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, A. N. Kosygin, who informed him that “... there is a decision to nominate Academician Keldysh for president in the next elections.”

On May 1, 1961, A. N. Nesmeyanov sent a statement with the following content to the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences:

In February of this year, my 10-year term as president of the USSR Academy of Sciences expired and, thus, my term of office for two five-year election periods expired. It is necessary to carry out elections of the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences for a new term.

Academician Nesmeyanov greatly helped Mikhail Alekseevich in the creation of Akademgorodok. It seems to me that his merits should be reflected quite significantly in the annals of Academy Town.

He was a great scientist and a visionary leader and a brave man.

He had great respect for M.A. Lavrentiev, and this respect was mutual. They acted together on more than one occasion when scientists needed to unite in order to defend one or another decision. But like all people at that time, Academician Nesmeyanov firmly knew the invisible limit to which one could reach without fear of being removed or crushed. However, he found the strength to cross this line. Honor and praise to him.

To be continued: [

NESMEYANOV, Alexander Nikolaevich

Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmeyanov is a Soviet organic chemist. Born in Moscow. Graduated from Moscow University (1922). He worked there (from 1935 professor, from 1944 head of the department of organic chemistry, from 1944-1948 dean of the Faculty of Chemistry, from 1948-1951 rector of the university). At the same time he worked at the Research Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides (1930-1934), at the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (from 1934, director in 1939-1954); Director of the Institute of Organoelement Compounds (since 1954). Academician-secretary of the Chemical Department (1946-1951); President of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1951-1961), Academician-Secretary of the Department of General and Organic Chemistry (since 1961). In 1947-1961. Chairman of the Committee for Lenin and State Prizes in the field of science and technology.

The main area of ​​research is the chemistry of organometallic compounds. Discovered (1929) the reaction for the production of organomercury compounds by the decomposition of double diazonium salts and metal halides, which was later extended to the synthesis of organic derivatives of many heavy metals ( Nesmeyanov's diazomethod). Formulated (1945) the relationships between the position of a metal in the periodic table and its ability to form organic compounds. Proved (1940-1945) that the products of the addition of heavy metal salts to unsaturated compounds are covalent organometallic (quasi-complex) compounds. He studied (1945-1948) the geometric isomerism of ethylene organometallic compounds and at the same time discovered (1945) the rule about the non-reversal of the stereochemical configuration in the processes of electrophilic and radical substitution at a carbon atom connected by a carbon-carbon double bond.

Together with M.I. Kabachnik he developed (1955) fundamentally new ideas about the dual reactivity of organic compounds of a non-tautomeric nature. Together with R. Kh. Freidlina, he studied (1954-1960) radical telomerization and developed methods for the synthesis of α, ω-chlorohalkanes, on the basis of which intermediate products were obtained, used in the production of fiber-forming polymers, plasticizers, and solvents. Performed a number of studies in the field of chlorvinyl ketone chemistry.

Under the leadership of A. N. Nesmeyanov, the field of “sandwich” transition metal compounds, in particular ferrocene derivatives, was developed in the USSR. He carried out a large number of works on organophosphorus, organofluorine and organomagnesium compounds, metal carbonyls. Discovered (1960) the phenomenon of metallotropy - the reversible transfer of an organomercury residue between oxy- and nitroso groups P-nitrosophenol. Laid (1962) the foundations of a new direction of research - the creation of synthetic food products. He established (1960-1970) the synthesis routes from the simplest and most accessible substances (carbohydrates, nitro compounds, aldehydes) of amino acids and protein products, imitation odors and tastes of food products.

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943; corresponding member 1939), member of a number of foreign academies. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1969, 1979); awarded six Orders of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. USSR State Prize (1943), Lenin Prize (1966), gold medal named after. M. V. Lomonosov (1962).

The name of A. N. Nesmeyanov was assigned (1980) to the Institute of Organoelement Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The Russian Academy of Sciences established the A. N. Nesmeyanov Prize, awarded since 1995 for outstanding work in the field of chemistry of organoelement compounds.