Ranks in the Russian Navy. Ranks in the Russian Federation Navy

Ship ranks in the navy are used in the Russian Navy and are assigned to sailors to the extent they are able to take responsibility for the command of a particular military personnel. They are also assigned to the military coast guard of the border troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, underwater and surface units of the Navy and naval units of the troops.

Almost all naval ranks differ from the missile and ground forces, airborne forces and airborne forces. From 1884 to 1991 they changed due to a number of events:

disintegration Russian Empire in 1917;
the creation of the Soviet Union and its subsequent collapse 1922-1991;
creation of the Russian Federation in 1991

Modern ranks in the navy are divided into 4 categories:

1. Conscripts of conscript and contract service. These include: sailor, senior sailor, foreman of the second class, petty officer of the first class and the chief petty officer. The senior ranks also include a midshipman and a senior midshipman.

2. Junior officers of the fleet. These are: junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant and lieutenant commander.

3. Senior officers of the Navy. Ranks are divided into: captains of the third, second and first rank.

4. Senior officers. Consists of: rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral and fleet admiral.

Detailed description of ship ranks in ascending order

Sailor- a junior rank in the navy that corresponds to a land private. These are conscripts for military service.

Senior sailor- a parallel to the army rank of corporal, which is assigned to a sailor for maintaining discipline and exemplary performance of duties. Can be an assistant sergeant major and replace a sergeant major of the second class.

Petty Officers

Foreman of the second article- junior rank in the senior ranks, which was introduced on November 2, 1940. Situated in rank above the senior sailor and below the first class petty officer. May be a squad leader.

Petty Officer of the first article- a sailor of the fleet who is ranked higher in rank than the petty officer of the second article, but below the chief petty officer. Second in order of growth in the list of senior officers, introduced on November 2, 1940. This is a squad commander who has shown excellent results in performing military and organizational duties.

Chief petty officer- military rank at the Military navy Russian Federation and Coast Guard. Occupies a place between the first class petty officer and the midshipman of the fleet. The naval rank of chief naval sergeant corresponds to the army rank of senior sergeant. Can replace a platoon commander.

Midshipman– a word of English origin, which is assigned to a sailor after completing appropriate training programs and courses. In land terms, this is an ensign. Performs organizational and combat duties within the framework of a platoon commander or company sergeant major.

Senior midshipman- a military rank in the Russian Navy, which is higher in rank than midshipman, but lower than junior lieutenant. Similarly - senior warrant officer in other branches of the military.

Junior officers

Rank junior lieutenant comes from French and translates as "substitute". Occupies the first rank in the junior officer ranks, both in the ground and naval forces. May be a post or platoon commander.

Lieutenant- second among ranks in the navy, in rank above junior lieutenant and below senior lieutenant. Awarded upon completion of service with the rank of junior lieutenant.

Senior Lieutenant- a naval rank of junior officers in Russia, which is higher in rank than lieutenant and lower than lieutenant commander. With excellent performance in the service, he can be an assistant to the captain of a ship.

Lieutenant Commander- the highest rank of junior officers, which in the Russian Federation and Germany corresponds to captain of the army of the ground forces. A sailor with this rank is considered the deputy captain of the ship and the commander of a company of hundreds of subordinates.

Senior officers

Captain 3rd rank- corresponds to an army major. The abbreviated name for the shoulder strap is “captri”. Responsibilities include commanding a ship of the appropriate rank. These are small military vessels: landing craft, anti-submarine ships, torpedo ships and minesweepers.

Captain of the second rank, or “kapdva” is the rank of sailor in the Navy, which corresponds to lieutenant colonel in land ranks. This is the commander of a ship of the same rank: large landing ships, missile and destroyers.

Captain of the first rank, or “kapraz”, “kapturang” is a military rank in the Russian Navy, which is higher in rank than captain of the second rank and lower than rear admiral. May 7, 1940 exists among ranks in the navy, decided the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. "Kapturang" commands ships with complex control and enormous military power: aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines and cruisers.

Senior officers

Rear Admiral can command a squadron of ships and replace the commander of a flotilla. Adopted since 1940 and since that time corresponds to major general of the ground forces and aviation.

Vice Admiral- a rank of sailors in Russia, which allows you to replace an admiral. Corresponds to a lieutenant general of the ground forces. Manages the actions of flotillas.

Admiral translated from Dutch as “lord of the sea”, therefore he is a member of the senior officer corps. Army employees are assigned the rank of Colonel General. Manages the active fleet.

Fleet Admiral- the highest active rank, as well as in other types of troops, army general. Manages the fleet and is assigned to active admirals with excellent combat, organizational and strategic performance.

What types of troops are assigned naval ranks?

The Navy of the Russian Federation (RF Navy) also includes the following units:

Marine Corps;
coast guard;
naval aviation.

The Marine Corps is a unit that carries out the defense of military installations, coastal areas and other sea lines. The Marines include sabotage and reconnaissance groups. The Marine Corps motto is: “Where we are, there is victory.”

The Coast Guard is a branch of the military that defends Russian naval bases and special facilities in the coastal zone. They have at their disposal anti-aircraft, torpedo, mine weapons, as well as missile systems and other artillery.

Naval aviation is troops whose responsibilities include detecting and destroying the enemy, defending ships and other elements from enemy forces, and destroying enemy aircraft, helicopters and other air structures. Russian aviation also carries out air transportation and rescue operations on the high seas.

How and for what is the next rank assigned to sailors?

The assignment of the next title is specified in the current laws of the Russian Federation:

For a senior sailor, you must serve 5 months;
obtaining a sergeant major 2nd article can be expected after a year of service;
three years for senior sergeant and chief petty officer;
three years to become a midshipman;
2 years for junior lieutenant;
3 for promotion to lieutenant and first lieutenant;
4 years to become a captain-lieutenant and captain of the 3rd rank.
5 years to captain 2nd and 1st rank;
for senior officers, at least a year at the previous rank.

It is also worth knowing that military ranks in the navy may be assigned if the due date has not yet passed, but the military man has demonstrated his organizational, tactical and strategic abilities. A bad sailor is one who does not want to become an admiral, especially since it is possible. There are many examples of motivated, big-thinking sailors who became admirals.

(in order from sailor to high command) mostly go back to those that appeared during the USSR period.

A little history - naval ranks and tables of ranks

As is known, in last year During the reign of Peter I, the table of ranks was introduced. It was a table where the positions of civil and military service were divided into fourteen ranks. However, naval ranks were not included in every row of the table.

The XIV rank among naval ranks was given to a midshipman, corresponding to a collegiate registrar, ensign, cornet and artillery bayonet cadet. At the beginning of the reign of Paul I, the rank of midshipman began to refer to the XII rank. Also included in this rank was the rank of non-commissioned lieutenant, which existed until 1732.

A naval lieutenant was classified as rank X until 1884, after which a midshipman was promoted to this rank. The rank of lieutenant, in turn, began to refer to rank IX.

People who managed to rise to rank VIII in the fleet of the Russian Empire acquired the right to personal nobility. These positions included captains of the first three ranks and a senior lieutenant, who appeared in the navy shortly before the First World War. Rank V included the rank of captain-commander, which was finally abolished in 1827. Among the famous bearers of this title was the pioneer Vitus Bering.

Achieving rank IV in the service opened the door to hereditary nobles for a person. In the navy, people who reached the fourth and higher ranks commanded naval formations: rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral and admiral general.

This also included the rank of Schoutbenacht, who did not take root on Russian soil, and was replaced by a rear admiral. It is noteworthy that this naval rank was used as a pseudonym by the first Russian emperor himself - “Schautbenakht Peter Mikhailov.” The third rank was the General-Kriegskommissar of the Fleet, whose responsibilities included financial support of the naval forces. The title was abolished in 1817. Six people received the highest rank of admiral general in the history of the Russian Empire. Three of them were representatives of the imperial family.

Although the table of ranks ceased to operate after the creation of the USSR, many ranks reappeared in the fleet Soviet Union and later the Russian Federation.

Main categories of naval ranks

Based on their composition, military personnel can be divided into the following groups:

Conscript and contract personnel.
Junior officers.
Senior officers.
Senior officers.

Russian citizens undergoing military service in the navy receive the rank of sailor. It roughly corresponds to the average ground forces. Sailors appeared in the fleet of the Soviet Union in 1946. Before this, the lowest military rank in the navy was called “red naval officer.”

Next comes the rank of “senior sailor,” which corresponds to the “corporal” of ground forces. The senior sailor commands the group or serves as an assistant to the chief petty officer. The rank of senior sailor can be obtained by employees who comply well with discipline and their duties.

The following four ranks correspond to the sergeant ranks of the ground forces:

Foreman of the first article.
Foreman of the second article.
Chief Petty Officer.
Chief ship's foreman.

Following the foremen are the “midshipman” and “senior midshipman.” These naval ranks correspond to the ranks of warrant officer and chief warrant officer.

The modern division of naval ranks dates back to the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, issued in 1943. He approved the division of officers into junior, senior and senior. The decree included titles for each group, which have survived to the present day.

Junior officers of our country's fleet are called: junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant and lieutenant commander. A junior lieutenant can lead a combat post. More senior representatives of this category of officers can be assistant commanders of a ship of the fourth rank or even command such a ship.

Senior officers include captains of the first, second and third ranks. They can also be called captri, kavtorang and caperang. These representatives of the officer corps can command military vessels of the appropriate rank.

In the modern Russian fleet, the rank of a warship is determined based on the complexity of control, the number of personnel and combat power. The first rank includes cruisers, nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers. The second rank includes large landing ships, destroyers, and large missile ships.

The third rank includes small missile and anti-submarine ships, medium landing ships, and minesweepers. The fourth rank includes small landing craft and torpedo boats.

The highest officer ranks of our country's fleet were first established in 1940 by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council. This is the system we are familiar with:

In the ground forces, these ranks correspond (in ascending order) to major general, lieutenant general, colonel general and army general. A rear admiral can lead a squadron or serve as an assistant to a flotilla commander. A vice admiral may command a flotilla or operational squadron and also serves as deputy fleet commander. At the head of a separate fleet is an admiral. In modern Russia there is one fleet admiral, who is the commander-in-chief naval forces our country.

The rank of "fleet admiral" was introduced in the Soviet Union in 1940. It corresponded to “general of the army.” None of the naval commanders of the country of the Soviets received it at that moment. In fact, the highest rank was admiral.

In 1944, two naval commanders received it. The first was Nikolai Kuznetsov, who held the post at that time People's Commissar fleet. He was a member of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and Nikolai Kuznetsov’s actions in commanding the country’s fleet were successful. In 1945, the title of “Admiral of the Fleet” was given to Ivan Isakov, who led the main naval headquarters during the war before his injury.

In 1955, an additional decree was issued that adjusted the highest naval ranks of the country of the Soviets. To the rank of “Admiral of the Fleet” was added “Soviet Union”. Holders of this rank had the right to wear the "Marshal's Star" - an insignia introduced in 1940.

This highest naval rank was abolished in 1993 because the country referred to in its name no longer existed. The highest rank of naval officers became again "admiral of the fleet".

The rank introduced in 1955 was personal. In the history of the Soviet state, only three people received the title “Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union.” Immediately after the introduction of the new military rank, N.G. received it. Kuznetsov and I.S. Isakov. A year later, Kuznetsov fell into disgrace and lost his highest rank. It was returned to the naval commander posthumously during the years of Perestroika. In 1967, Sergei Gorshkov, who went through the war with the rank of rear admiral and led the construction and rearmament of the fleet in the post-war years, was awarded the highest naval rank.

The rank of Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union corresponded in the 1960-1990s to the rank of Marshal of the USSR. In turn, the “admiral of the fleet”, who was of lower rank, corresponded to the general of the army and the marshal of the military branch.

The Commander-in-Chief of our country's naval forces may bear the rank of admiral or admiral of the fleet. Thus, the first naval officer to hold this position in post-Soviet Russia, Felix Gromov, became commander-in-chief in 1992, being an admiral. He received the rank of fleet admiral four years later, shortly before retirement.

The next commanders-in-chief (Vladimir Kuroyedov and Vladimir Masorin) took this post as admirals, and after that they received a higher rank. Vladimir Vysotsky and Vladimir Chirkov were commanders-in-chief, remaining with the rank of admiral. Also, the current Commander-in-Chief Vladimir Korolev retains the rank of admiral, received in 2013.

The chiefs of the General Staff of the Fleet, who were the first deputies of the commander-in-chief, as a rule, bore the rank of vice admiral or admiral. Andrei Volozhinsky, who began serving in this post in 2016, retains the rank of vice admiral.

The Navy of modern Russia became the successor to the fleet. Most senior naval officers began their service in the Soviet Navy. For this reason, the ranks in the fleet in modern Russia (in order from sailor to admiral) have not undergone fundamental changes compared to the Soviet period.

- (French Arabic, from contre, and admiral). Naval rank, below vice admiral, equal to major general in the army. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. REVERSE ADMIRAL naval rank, corresponding to general. Major in... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

rear admiral- a, m. contre amiral, German. Contre admiral. First (junior) admiral's rank; the person who bears this rank. Sl. 18. If the admiral wishes, so that the rear admiral or the commandant of the galley with his division would go into uniform, he must... shoot once. GS... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (Rear admiral) see Admiral. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M. L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 Rear admiral military rank of senior officers of the Navy of a number of states ... Naval Dictionary

rear admiral- rear admiral/la, m. The first (junior) admiral rank in the navy of most states, as well as the person holding this rank. Related words: counter admiral Etymology: From French contre amiral. Speech culture: First... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

REAR ADMIRAL, huh, husband. The first rank of admiral or rank in the navy, equivalent to the rank of major general in the ground forces, as well as the person holding this rank. | adj. rear admiral, oh, oh. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Rear admiral, rear admiral... Spelling dictionary-reference book

Noun, number of synonyms: 2nd rank (113) rank (78) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

A; m. First (junior) military admiral rank; person holding this title. ◁ Rear admiral, oh, oh. Rear admiral rank... encyclopedic Dictionary

rear admiral- rear admiral/l, rear admiral/l... Together. Apart. Hyphenated.

rear admiral- COUNTER ADMIRAL, a, m The first of the highest military ranks of the admiral, assigned in the navy to employees serving beyond the established period and performing command functions. R. was not a poet, but a rear admiral, in which... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

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Admiral Hornblower in the West Indies, Forester Cecil Scott. 1821 Fate brings British Rear Admiral Hornblower together with former Napoleonic General Cambron on the Gulf Coast. A man with the face of a wounded bird of prey arrived in...

Regardless of the number of draft dodgers, which is recorded annually after the completion of conscription campaigns, there have always been enough guys who would like to devote their lives to the army. There are usually two career trends here. The first is to remain in the army under a contract after military service. However, under such circumstances one cannot count on an officer rank. An alternative is to enroll in a higher military educational institution.

It should be recalled that service in some law enforcement agencies, which is equivalent to military service, is no less prestigious and desirable, but you can often get into such a structure after completing military service. Moreover, military everyday life in elite troops is the key to any employment.

The navy in the dreams of young men occupies the same status as Airborne Forces, special forces or MP. The dream can not only come true, but also lead to serious career growth if you fulfill a few not so difficult requirements.

The next step, which can bring a guy significantly closer to serving in the navy, is an application to the military registration and enlistment office. And yet the decisive moment will be the demand for young replenishment, which is determined already at the distribution point. As they say in army slang, everything depends on the availability of a buyer.

The importance of the navy in the defense of the country

Even having devoted an article to an issue covering ranks in the Russian Navy and Marine Corps, one cannot do without mentioning the merits of this type of troops in the defense capability of the state. Considering the fact that the length of Russia’s maritime borders is about 40 thousand kilometers, only a reliable, powerful fleet can prevent a threat from the sea.

Depending on the location, there are different northern fleet, Black Sea, Pacific, Baltic and Caspian. The sovereignty of a country is a guarantee of the security of every citizen. Navy has a rather complex structure, it is represented by submarine and surface forces, naval aviation and the marine corps. Each unit has its own personal mission, military personnel wear distinctive uniforms, and there are also certain differences in ranks.

Military ranks in the Russian army

In the army there is a clear distribution of rights and responsibilities of all personnel. Moreover, a strict hierarchy is implemented through military ranks. All these ranks can be divided into two types: military and naval. Moreover, military ranks are not necessarily assigned only to the ground forces. On the other hand, ship ranks are not only for those who serve on the ship.

The two types of titles only differ in pronunciation, but the general structure of the hierarchy is the same. Thus, we can distinguish between non-officers and officers. Each military rank will correspond to a specific ship rank. Military personnel are allowed to maintain subordination shoulder straps .

Naval ranks in ascending order

For greater clarity, it is necessary not only to list all the ship ranks, but also to draw an analogy with the military ones, since it is the latter that are studied in sufficient detail in the life safety course of the section of initial military training. It becomes clear why confusion arises among the younger generation precisely when trying to arrange hierarchical ranks in ascending order. Navy, after all, no time is allocated at school for naval ranks with their shoulder straps.

The most junior rank that a sailor receives upon enlistment is sailor. Since 1946, this rank was renamed from the previously existing “red naval officer”, which still corresponds to private in the ground forces. On the sailor’s shoulder strap there is only the letter “F”, corresponding to the navy.

For excellent achievements in military service sailor may be promoted to senior seaman. They are on the same level as corporals and can be appointed to the position of squad commander. The senior sailor's shoulder strap contains one metal strip or golden-colored fabric strip.

Increasing rank in the navy involves conferring the title " foreman 2 articles" NCOs begin with it, and in military names it is positioned as Lance Sergeant. The two stripes on the shoulder strap are absolutely similar to the corresponding land rank. The only difference is the color.

Until now, the ship ranks considered were at least in some way consonant with the land ranks. Purely maritime term - midshipman means the rank that is assigned to a military personnel after graduating from the appropriate school. On land, similar provisions apply to warrant officers. Midshipman And senior midshipman on the shoulder straps they have two or three stars, respectively, located lengthwise.

Officer ranks begin with lieutenant. At this level of ranking there are no differences, even shoulder straps the same. Along the shoulder strap there is a golden stripe, which designates a group of junior officers. A junior lieutenant has one star, a lieutenant has two, and a senior lieutenant has three. Three stars are arranged in a triangle, two across the shoulder strap and one along.

A naval rank that crowns a group of junior officer ranks, as opposed to the combined arms rank " captain", is listed as captain-lieutenant. Two stars across the shoulder strap and two along it give the right to receive the position of commander of a warship. The rank of lieutenant commander is awarded to a senior lieutenant only after 4 years of service.

The ranks of sailors are somewhat different from the ranks of the ground, missile, space forces, airborne forces, and air force. Let's take a closer look at this classification, starting with an idea of what ranks exist in the Russian Armed Forces.

Composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

In total, there are two types of ranks for the military in our state - military and ship (sea) ranks. Their list is established in the Federal Law “On Military Duty and Military Service”.

Naval ranks are assigned to sailors:

underwater and surface units of the Navy;
Coast Guard border units of the FSB of the Russian Federation;
military naval units of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

Components of the Navy:

coastal troops;
Marines;
naval aviation.

Navy units

Let's look at each one briefly:

Marine Corps (we'll look at the ranks below). The branch of the military was created on February 14, 1992. It is designed for amphibious assault operations, the defense of important strategic facilities on the coast, and the protection of naval bases. The color of distinction is black (black beret), the motto is: “Where we are, there is victory!” Number: 12.5-35 thousand military personnel. Marine units are present in the Pacific, Northern, Black Sea, Baltic Fleet, and Caspian Flotilla.
Naval aviation. Destruction of the enemy's battle fleet, as well as its landing forces, convoys, single ships both at sea and at bases, covering one's ships from air attack, aerial reconnaissance, destruction of cruise missiles, airplanes and helicopters, air transportation, landing of detachments, search and rescue work. Basing points: Pacific, Northern, Baltic, Black Sea fleet.
Coastal defense and security. The troops protect the military bases of the Russian Navy and strategically important areas of the coastal zone. They have coastal artillery and missile systems, incl. and anti-aircraft, torpedo, mine weapons, and special coastal defense vessels.

Naval ranks and shoulder straps: type, colors

There are two main categories of shoulder straps in the navy: for officers and for junior personnel.

Midshipmen, foremen and sailors:

everyday uniform: blue (in some variations with silver edging) shoulder straps with yellow stripes and the letter “F” embroidered according to rank;
ceremonial beige shirt (only for midshipmen) - removable shoulder straps, identical to those present on the ceremonial tunic;
dress coat, tunic - gray and black sewn shoulder straps with a checkerboard pattern.

Officer naval ranks and shoulder straps:

white dress shirt - golden removable shoulder straps without edging;
beige dress shirt - shoulder straps without edging to match the clothes;
casual coat and jacket - black shoulder straps with yellow trim;
ceremonial officer's jacket - embroidered golden shoulder straps with black edging stripes.

Junior naval ranks and insignia

Sailors wear shoulder straps without insignia; only senior sailors have one transverse stripe (galloon).

Petty officers have insignia - stripes, fabric braids yellow color(for both everyday and festive uniforms). Naval ranks:

foreman of the second article (2 galloons);
foreman of the first article (3 galloons);
chief petty officer (one wide stripe);
chief ship's foreman (one wide, longitudinal braid).

Midshipmen's shoulder straps are somewhat similar to those of officers, but are made without gaps (vertical sewn stripes); edgings can be added. The insignia is small vertical stars. Naval ranks:

midshipman (two stars);
senior midshipman (three stars).

Naval officers

Junior officer naval ranks of Russia wear one gap on their shoulder straps (a yellow vertically located sewn stripe). The standard size of metal sprockets is 13 mm. Differences:

junior lieutenant (one star in the clear);
lieutenant (two stars on both sides of the gap);
senior lieutenant (three stars - one in the clear, the other two on either side of him);
captain-lieutenant (four stars - two in the clear, two on the sides of the line).

Senior officer ranks of the navy already have two clearances and the stars on their shoulder straps are larger - 20 mm. Differences:

captain of the third rank (one star between gaps);
captain of the second rank (two stars in the gaps);
captain of the first rank (three stars - two in the gaps, one between the stripes)

Senior officers wear shoulder straps without gaps with large embroidered stars (22 mm):

rear admiral (one star);
vice admiral (two stars);
admiral (three stars);
admiral of the fleet (one large embroidered star - 40 mm).

Sleeve insignia

In the navy, in addition to shoulder straps, officers also have insignia on the sleeves of their uniforms - yellow stripes and stars. The latter for junior and senior officers are filled with a solid yellow stripe, and for senior officers an anchor is embroidered inside the outline of the star. The width and number of stripes vary by rank:

junior lieutenant - middle band;
lieutenant - medium and narrow stripes;
senior lieutenant - two middle ones;
captain-lieutenant - two medium, one narrow;
captain 3rd rank - three averages;
captain 2nd rank - four averages;
captain 1st rank - one wide;
rear admiral - wide and medium;
vice admiral - wide and two medium;
admiral - wide and three medium;
Admiral of the Fleet - wide and four medium.

Correspondence between naval and military ranks

Military and naval ranks correspond as follows:

Marshal of the Russian Federation
Fleet Admiral	Army General
Admirals	Colonel Generals
Vice Admirals	Major Generals
Rear admirals	Lieutenant Generals
Captains 1st rank	Colonels
Captains 2nd rank	Lieutenant Colonels
Captains 3rd rank	Majors
Captain-lieutenants	Captains
Lieutenants
Junior lieutenants
Senior midshipmen	Senior warrant officers
Midshipmen	Ensigns
Chief Petty Officers of the ship	Petty Officers
Petty Officers 1 article	Sergeants
Petty Officers 2 articles	Junior Sergeants
Senior sailors	Corporals
Sailors	Privates

Naval ranks and insignia on shoulder straps in the Russian army are clearly structured, so they are quite easy to understand even with a superficial acquaintance.