Extracurricular event in biology on the topic “Biological Detective Show”. Research paper "To read or not to read? That is the question!" Does reading really affect academic performance?

State Institution Complex “Kindergarten-school-gymnasium No. 47”

Toderash Anastasia

9th grade

Biology in the service of forensics

Direction: A healthy natural environment is the basis for the implementation of the “Kazakhstan 2030” strategy

Section: biology

Astana-2015

Abstract

Introduction

Research part


..................................	6
1.1.Skin - a biological object of forensic research......	7
Chapter 2. Forensic technology - fingerprinting ………….	9
2.1. Why are fingerprints unique?.................................................	10
2.2. Why do we leave fingerprints?.................................................	12
2.3. Types and types of papillary patterns…………………………………..	13
Chapter 3. Overview of biometric technologies………………………….	17
Materials and research methods.....................................................	19
Results of the work and their discussion…………………………………..	20
Conclusion List of used literature Application

Introduction

forensic identification personality, seems impossible today without the use of methods of this science based on molecular genetic research biological objects. DNA analysis of tissues and secretions, detection and examination of human scent traces, fingerprint examination play the role of an important means of identifying and solving various types of crimes.

Knowledge of the laws governing living nature, i.e. biology, which studies all manifestations of life, the structure and functions of living beings, especially humans as a biological species, contributed to the development of such a branch of forensic science as forensic technology, its important sub-branch - the doctrine of traces. This section includes forensic handwriting, fingerprinting, forensic ballistics, traceology, and odorology.

RelevanceThe chosen topic is determined by the fact that currently criminology is of great interest to the younger generation, namely the study of human biological traces using fingerprinting as the most effective method in personal identification.

We use our hands every day, and it is almost impossible to imagine life without them. Since ancient times, people have been interested in the patterns and lines on the skin of the palms and fingers. Fingerprints are as unique as the DNA code, which is also unique for each person. We also became interested in what these patterns are called, what science studies these unique skin patterns on the hands, whether there are institutions in our city that will help us understand our questions.

In this regard, it was puttarget: study the structure and types of papillary lines of human fingers using forensic technology - fingerprinting, find out what the role of biology is in forensics

Tasks:

Study the literature on this topic.
Get acquainted with the equipment and material resources of the Institute of Forensic Science of KAZGUU University.
Collect fingerprints of high school students.
Analyze the results obtained and formulate conclusions.

Research methods: method of forensic technology - fingerprinting, comparison, analysis of the results obtained.

The study was conducted on the basis of the Institute of Forensic Science of KAZGUU University and gymnasium school No. 47 in Astana.

Research part
Chapter I. Biology in the service of forensics

Biology has long taken its place of honor in forensic laboratories, such a difficult task as identification personality, seems impossible today without the use of the methods of this science, based on the molecular genetic study of biological objects.

Progress of biology in the 20th century. caused the integration of its knowledge into many sciences. By level biological research one can judge the material and technical development of society. Now biology is becoming a real productive force, the scientific basis of rational relations between man and nature. With the advent of its new methods, the accumulation and differentiation of scientific knowledge, with a sharply increased number of biological objects being studied, many special biological sciences arose: embryology, histology, microbiology. The desire for a holistic knowledge of all living things has led to the progress of genetics and evolutionary teaching. This, of course, could not but affect the development of such a section of criminology as forensic technology, its important sub-branch - the doctrine of traces, as well as methods and techniques of forensic examination. This section includes forensic handwriting, fingerprinting, forensic ballistics, traceology, and odorology.

Forensics - is a science that studies the patterns of preparation, commission and concealment of a criminal act, as well as the occurrence and existence of its traces; in addition, criminology implies the development of a system of special techniques, methods and means of collecting, researching and evaluating forensic evidence, which in turn are used in criminal process for preventing, detecting and investigating crimes. In addition, criminology deals with the development of methods and systems for the prevention and prevention of crimes.

Advances in biology have contributed to the emergence of new technical and forensic tools and technologies, computer technology and methods for the detection and expert examination of human traces, namely biological objects, allowing them to be used more fully for evidentiary purposes.

Knowledge of the laws governing living nature, i.e. biology, which studies all manifestations of life, the structure and functions of living beings, especially humans as a biological species, are also necessary when studying the patterns of the mechanism of crime, reflected in various traces of persons, participants in a criminal event, their relationship with each other, with other traces and with inanimate objects nature.

Biological objects of research include: skin, saliva, sweat, smell, blood, nails, hair, bone tissue, fingerprints, toes.
1.1.Skin - a biological object of forensic research
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. This organ connects the body with the external environment. In an adult, the skin area is 1.5-1.7 m2.

Skin performs various functions in the body. They are closely related to the functions of other organs and systems, violations of which can be judged by changes in the skin, for example, by the appearance of redness, itching, and rash.

The skin consists of three layers: the outer layer is the epidermis, the middle layer is the dermis, and the inner layer is subcutaneous fat.

Epidermis consists of multilayered epithelial tissue. Its thickness varies depending on its functions in different areas. The average thickness of the skin is 1-2 mm, the skin is slightly rougher and thicker on the soles, thinner and more transparent on the eyelids. The outer layer of the epidermis, horny, is constantly updated. The keratinized cells of this layer are dead. There are especially many of these scales on the scalp between the hair. The stratum corneum of the epidermis protects the skin from harmful influences and pathogens, on average 18 kg of keratinized and newly replaced skin throughout the life of an adult. Beneath the stratum corneum of the epidermis lies basal. It consists of living dividing cells. Due to their continuous division, the skin is constantly renewed. The reproduction and division of this layer also affects the growth of nails and hair. The epidermis contains pigment melanin, which protects the skin from ultraviolet rays.

Middle layer of skin - dermis– gives it strength and elasticity. The layer of dermis adjacent to the epidermis is called papillary, inner layer - mesh.

Papillary layer consists of dense fibrous connective tissue. It contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers. This layer provides the epidermis with essential nutrients. Due to the various grooves present in the papillary layer appearance(drawing) of the skin surface different people different.

Mesh layer The dermis performs a supporting function. Here are the hair roots, sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands, the ducts of which open outward.

Sweat glands they look like tubes. Their ducts open on the surface of the skin in the form of small holes - pores. Most of the sweat glands are on the palms, soles, in the armpits and in the popliteal fossae. A person has more than 2 million, or 100 per 1 cm 2 of skin. Together with sweat, they secrete metabolic end products.

Sebaceous glands produce sebum. This thin layer, distributed over almost the entire surface of the skin, protects us from germs, moisturizes the skin and makes it elastic. Fat is not released on the pads and palms, but a person, rubbing his hands, distributes it over his palms. And when you touch something, it leaves an almost invisible imprint.

Subcutaneous fat tissue, or hypodermis(from Greek hypo– from below, dermis- skin), also consists of connective tissue, it contains a lot of fatty inclusions. The body uses subcutaneous fat as needed. It serves both as a reserve of nutrients and as a cushion that protects against mechanical external influences and protects against cold (Figure 1).

Skin functions:

Protective.
Excretory - 0.5 liters of water, salt, lactic acid are released through the skin during the day
Receptor – tactile (sensation of touch).
Thermoregulatory – 80% of heat is lost through the surface of the skin.
Participation in blood circulation - at the same time the skin contains up to 1 liter of blood.
Participates in mineral metabolism - produces vitamin D and melanin.

Conclusions:

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and consists of three layers: the outer layer is the epidermis, the middle layer is the dermis, and the inner layer is subcutaneous fat.
Due to the various grooves present in the papillary layer of the dermis, the appearance (pattern) of the skin surface varies from person to person.
The secrets of the sweat and sebaceous glands of the skin allow a person, after touching something, to leave an almost imperceptible imprint.

Figure 1. Skin structure.

Chapter 2. Forensic technology - fingerprinting
Many researchers have found evidence that people were interested in the patterns on their hands even in prehistoric times. For example, in 1832, during excavations of a mound on the island of Le Havre - Inis (France), stone slabs were found on which there were drawings depicting papillary patterns of the fingers.

In the 6th-7th centuries in China A fingerprint was used to sign some documents. True, no one provides evidence that the design of the pattern on the finger was important, that it was used for identification. All that mattered was the “trace of the touch.”

Figure 2. Firman of Muhammad.
The palm print of the Prophet Muhammad is known on the so-called Muhammad's firman- the letter of safe conduct that he gave to the Christian monastery of St. Catherine in Sinai in the 620s AD. e., sealing it with the imprint of his own palm. Firman guarantees the integrity of the monastery, the freedom to worship there, and also provides tax benefits to the Sinai monks. In 1517, when the Turkish Sultan Selim I captured Egypt and the safety of the monastery was threatened, the monks presented the firman of Muhammad to the conquerors. The Sultan requested the document to Istanbul, where he placed it in the Sultan’s treasury, and sent the monks a translation of the firman into Turkish. A copy of the firman is now exhibited in the monastery icon gallery (Figure 2).

Since antiquity, the pattern on the fingers has been of interest primarily at an anglepalmistry. If we talk about the scientific period of development of fingerprinting, it is believed that papillary patterns were first scientifically described by the Italian naturalist Marcello Malpighiin his work De externo tactus organo (“On the external sense organs”, 1665). Other anatomists did similar studies and described them in their works. The science of these patterns began to develop, and not for the sake of bare theory, but for its specific, practical application, only in the second half of the 19th century.

Fingerprinting(from the Greek δάκτυλος - finger and σκοπέω - looking, observing) - a method of identifying a person by fingerprints (including fingerprints and palms of the hands), based on the uniqueness of the skin pattern. Widely used in forensics. Based on the ideas of an Englishman William Herschel, who put forward the hypothesis in 1877 about the invariability of the papillary pattern of the palmar surfaces of human skin. This hypothesis was the result of long research by the author, who served as a police officer in India (Figure 3).

A prominent English researcher became interested in William Herschel’s method in the 1880s. Francis Galton(1822-1911). He proposed officially using fingerprinting in judicial practice. But the authoritative master had many opponents. They argued that there is a high probability of the existence of people with exactly the same papillary lines. Galton analyzed many fingerprints and, based on the Theory of Probability, proved that a match is possible in only one case out of 64 billion. This figure, of course, was a weighty argument, but it all came down to the classification of papillary lines.

Figure 3. Herschel fingerprint card.
A Buenos Aires police officer took a big step in this matter Juan Vucetich(1858-1925). He created a very effective classification system. In 1904 it was published treatise"Comparative fingerprinting". However, this Argentinean with Slavic roots was distinguished by high decency. In his work, he directly indicated that all his calculations were based on the practical research of Herschel.

Vuchetich's fingerprint classification remained unknown in Europe in those years, which attributed all the credit for solving this problem to the assistant commissioner of the English police, Sir Edward R. Henry, the former chief of police in Bengal. His classification of papillary patterns turned out to be so successful that it is used unchanged in many countries today, or has formed the basis of other systems.

The triumphal march of fingerprinting around the world began: 1896 - Argentina, 1897 - British India, 1902 - Hungary and Austria, 1903 - Germany, Brazil and Chile, 1906 - Russia and Bolivia, 1908. – Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay. France resisted fingerprinting the longest. However, in August 1911, Leonardo da Vinci's famous masterpiece "Mona Lisa" was stolen from the Louvre, and this greatly influenced public opinion. Therefore, when the International Police Congress met in Monaco in the spring of 1914, which had to decide which method of identifying criminals should be preferred, it was no coincidence that fingerprinting won.

2.1. Why are fingerprints unique?

Figure 4. Photo of a koala.
A fingerprint is called papillary pattern. The ribbed pattern on the fingertips is formed during prenatal development. Once they appear, these lines remain unchanged throughout human life. With age, the pattern on the fingers only increases in size, the shape of the lines and details of the pattern do not change. There are 7 billion people living on Earth, and each of them is unique. The papillary pattern is a kind of “passport”. After all, even if the skin on the fingers was damaged, over time, as it heals, the pattern will be restored. It is unique because in nature, in principle, there are no absolutely identical creatures, just as there are no people with an identical set of DNA, the same pattern of the iris, lip print, patterns on the soles of the feet, or the location of moles on the body. There are no two zebras with the same stripe pattern, and no two giraffes with the same set of spots. Animals, due to their skin structure being different from ours - the corium and epidermis on their fingers fit more tightly, or do not have a pattern on their fingers at all, or have chaotic folds. Apes have grooves on their fingers that are parallel to each other, but their fingerprints are not unique. And only koalas have a papillary pattern on their “fingers”. Koala fingerprints, like those of humans, have arcs, spirals, loops, and combinations thereof. But other marsupial relatives of the koala - wombats and kangaroos - do not have a papillary pattern. This is explained by the fact that the papillary pattern is more pronounced on the fingers, the higher the manipulative activity of the hand of the species. Also, the presence of a pattern of fingerprints indicates the developed higher nervous activity and complex brain of the creature (Figure 4).

It is known that there are no and cannot be two identical papillary patterns. They are different on every finger of every person. Even in identical twins, these patterns are not identical and are only 95% the same. The alternation of relief ridges and grooves creates a unique pattern, determined by the unique combination of genes of a particular person. The location, height and width of the lines of the papillary pattern are not associated with repetitive movements or age-related changes in the body.

Of course, there has not been a truly global study involving the entire population of the Earth. But the infinite variety of combinations of the smallest elements that make up the skin pattern suggests that repetition will not occur. Moreover, this pattern is also unique for each finger. Questions remain about the purpose of the papillary lines and why their location is unique.
French scientists have suggested that the textured structure of the skin enhances our tactile sensations, i.e. allow you to feel better. The elliptical shape of the lines increases the effect.
There is also a version that the system of the finest lines and grooves prevents fingers from mechanical damage and does not allow moisture to remain. It is not possible to change or destroy papillary lines. Even skin grafting operations do not give results, because... its regeneration occurs according to a given genetic program.

Science of dermatoglyphics engaged in the study of papillary patterns. Its scientists have discovered many interesting patterns. For example, that each race has its own characteristic papillary patterns and an experienced dermatoglyph will be able to distinguish a representative of the Caucasian race from, for example, a Mongoloid race, by their fingerprints. In professional sports, a technique is used to determine the most optimal type of physical activity for the human body based on the patterns of his fingers.

There are developments to identify a person’s propensity to commit crimes based on his papillary pattern. It has been observed that in people with congenital diseases nervous system and developmental disorders, fingerprint patterns are similar, which means that by studying the fingerprints, it is possible to identify hidden diseases, or a tendency to them in a child at an early age. And even left-handers can be distinguished from right-handers by their fingerprints. In addition, there are classifications of papillary patterns that are used to determine psychological characteristics personality.

Conclusions:

The ribbed pattern on the fingertips is called papillary pattern. It cannot be changed or destroyed; their pattern is determined by the individual genetic code and does not depend on lifestyle, character and health. Even skin grafting operations do not give results, because... its regeneration occurs according to a given genetic program.
The more varied manipulations are performed with a brush, the better the brain is developed and the more intricate the skin pattern on the fingertips.
Animals, due to their skin structure being different from ours, do not have fingerprints; only the fingerprints of a koala, just like a human, have arcs, spirals, loops, and their combinations in their pattern.

2.2. Why do we leave fingerprints?

It is clear that if your hands are dirty with paint, then all the irregularities, grooves, and depressions will appear on the print - they will remain unpainted. By the way, engravings are made in exactly the same way. And it’s clear that if you haven’t washed your hands after eating jam or eating fatty chicken, then it’s better not to touch either the computer or the smartphone screen.

Fat is not released on the pads and palms, but a person, rubbing his hands, distributes it over his palms. And when you touch something, it leaves an almost invisible imprint. Although, why invisible? You can easily find your fingers, even if you have washed your hands, on various glossy surfaces: varnished table top, glass, tablet screen. That is, on those surfaces that do not absorb well. But porous surfaces, such as paper or untreated wood, can also be made to “speak.” To do this, use substances that react with chemical composition sebum: after the reaction, fingerprints become visible - albeit with the naked eye.

Take, for example, silver nitrate (AgNO3) which reacts with sodium chloride (NaCl), a salt that is released on the skin along with sweat. And then the treated object must be placed under a powerful light source, usually an ultraviolet lamp. When exposed to light, the resulting silver chloride (AgCl) appears black and can be photographed and studied.

You can examine the prints of your own pattern using a simple pencil. Powder the lead and apply it to the glass surface that has fingerprints on it. Spread it with a soft brush. Remove the developed print using tape and transfer it to a sheet of paper.

Conclusion: Imprints of our unique skin patterns remain on almost everything we touch, regardless of our desire. This is why fingerprint examination is so important in forensic science.
2.3. Types and types of papillary patterns

Papillary patterns on the nail phalanges of the fingers are divided into three main types - arc, loop, and whorl (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Types of papillary patterns.

Arc patternconsists of two streams of papillary lines - lower and upper. Arc patterns are formed by the upper flow of papillary lines, which in the middle part has a bend - an internal arc, the structure and shape of which serves to subdivide arc patterns into types (Figure 6).

Arc patterns are divided into the following types:

1. Simple arc pattern– papillary lines in the middle part of the pattern form a small, relatively smooth rise.

Figure 6.

Arc pattern
2. Tent arc pattern– papillary lines in the middle part of the pattern form a sharp bend with several vertical lines in the middle. Varieties of tent-shaped arc patterns are herringbone and pyramidal.

3. With an uncertain center structure– papillary lines form an indefinite pattern that cannot be attributed to any specific species.

4. False-loop arc patterns– papillary lines form a pattern that resembles a loop, but is not one. There are the following false-loop patterns:

The two lines converge at an angle into one, but do not form the semicircular head characteristic of loop patterns;

The two lines meet at an angle and continue as one without forming a loop head. Between them there may be one or more lines that enhance the effect of falsity;

The head of the inner loop merges with a line that is part of the outer flow and goes into it, bypassing the false delta.

5. False-whorl arc patterns– the papillary lines of the inner part of the arch form a pattern that resembles a helical one, but is not one due to the absence of features that define helical patterns.

6. Rarely encountered patterns related to arc ones are ball loops or curved loops, the heads of which are located at the edges of the pattern, and the central part is curved (Appendix 1).
Loop pattern consists of three streams of papillary lines - lower, middle and upper. The bottom flow starts at one edge of the pattern and crosses it to the opposite edge. The middle flow starts at one edge of the pattern, forms a loop and returns to the same edge. The top flow starts at one edge, goes up to the nail edge and ends on the opposite side of the pattern at the bottom.

In the loop pattern there are center and delta.

Center of the pattern– the turning point of the papillary line, forming the innermost loop of the average flow of papillary lines.

Delta– the place where three streams of papillary lines converge: lower, upper and middle.

The most concave part of the central loop is called the loop head, the rest is the loop legs. The top point of the loop head, which divides it into two equal parts, is called the top of the loop (Figure 7).

Types of loop patterns:

Figure 7.

Loop pattern
Simple loop pattern– papillary lines are located parallel to each other, the head of the loop has a semicircular shape.

Curved loop pattern– the papillary lines forming the head of the loop are curved in such a way that the top of the loop faces the base of the pattern.
Half loop pattern– the legs of one or several loops included in one another on one side merge into a line.
Closed loop pattern– the legs of one or more loops merge or are on the same papillary line.
Parallel loops – internal drawing consists of two parallel loops separated from each other.
Counter loops– the internal pattern consists of two loops, which are located with the heads towards the center and the legs towards the opposite edges of the pattern.
False-whorl loop patterns– papillary lines form a pattern that is similar in appearance to a whorl pattern, but does not have signs of closed and half-loops and does not form a circle, oval or a system of loop-tangles characteristic of whorl patterns.
Rarely found loop patterns are ball loops and curved loops, the heads of which are located at the edge of the pattern, and the central part has a loop pattern (Appendix 2).

In addition to the listed types, loop patterns are divided into ulnar (the legs of the loops are directed towards the little finger) and radial (the legs of the loops are directed towards the thumb.

Figure 8.

Scroll pattern

Scroll pattern consists of three streams. The bottom and top streams are arranged similarly to the bottom and top streams in a loop pattern. The middle flow turns out to be completely closed between the upper and lower ones. This arrangement of flows is accompanied by the presence two deltas - left and right.

Center of scroll pattern– a point located in the central part of the internal flow of papillary lines (Figure 8).

Types of scroll patterns:

Simple circular- papillary lines form an internal pattern in the form of closed circles, ovals, ellipses.
Simple spiral- papillary lines form an internal pattern in the form of spirals, which make at least one revolution around their axis.
Spiral loops- papillary lines form a pattern in the form of two independent loops, curved in a spiral and encircling each other.
Tangle loops- a pattern consisting of two independent loops. In this case, one of the loops (enveloping loop) goes around the head of the other loop (enveloping). The legs of the loops face either one edge of the pattern (unilateral) or two opposite edges (multilateral).
Snail- a pattern consisting of two streams of papillary lines that begin at opposite edges and converge, bending around each other, in the middle of the pattern.
Curved loop- a pattern in which the papillary lines form a loop, the head of which is lowered to the base and located between two deltas.
Partial scroll pattern- a pattern in which the papillary lines of the internal flow form incomplete circles (ovals) or spirals. With their convex side they face the delta(s), and in the upper part they are surrounded by loop or arched lines of the outer flow. Partial circles (ovals) must have a circumference of at least half the size of the circle (oval).
A rare whorl pattern is a pattern in which the papillary lines of the internal flow form circles and loops, spirals and loops, randomly arranged papillary lines of complex shape.

(Appendix 3)

Identification signs of the structure of papillary patterns are usually divided into general and specific. To general signs
include: type and type of papillary pattern; direction and steepness of papillary line flows; the structure of the central pattern of the pattern; delta structure; number of papillary lines between the center and delta; relative position of deltas, etc.

Particular features include details of papillary patterns (beginning and ending, merging and branching of papillary lines, island (eye), bridge, hook, fragment, dot, thin papillary line, opposite position of papillary lines) and papillary lines (breaks, kinks, bends, thickenings, configuration of the edges of papillary lines).

Figure 9. Particular signs of papillary patterns.

1 - beginning of the line; 2 - pores; 3 - line branching; 4 - bend; 5 - bridge; 6 - counter line; 7 - peephole; 8 - merging lines; 9 - interpapillary lines (scallops); 10 - short line; 11 - end of line; 12 - hook; 13 - island; 14 - line break; 15 - thickening of the line.

Municipal educational state-financed organization

"Novoarbansk secondary school"

Research

"Furry Doctor"

3rd grade student

Supervisor:

Derbeneva Natalia Serafimovna

Introduction. Rationale for the topic

One day my grandmother’s legs hurt. She put her beloved cat on her lap and said that he would help relieve the pain. I thought - how is this possible? I decided to find out more about that How communication with animals affects human health.

Relevance (significance) of the problem.

Today in the world there are many people suffering from various diseases.

Since there is a cat living in my house, I want to find out , can communication with this animal help a person maintain his health and relieve pain?

I put forward a hypothesis:

Domestic cats are assistants in maintaining human health.

Goal of the work:

Research the impact of an animal on my family members.

Job objectives:

Study the literature on the topic: “The influence of animals on human health.”

Observe your cat's behavior at home.

Analyze the effect of a cat on normalizing blood pressure.

Research methods:

I began to look for answers to my questions in books, reference books, and on the Internet; conducted observations and experiments.

Treatment for mustachioed purrs is called felinotherapy. These soft and gentle pets give a person warmth and help them feel protected. Little pets in the family contribute to harmony in relationships: joint custody and playing with them help to unite the family, establish contact with children and between parents.

Busya, a cat, lives in my house. WITH her with help I want to conduct an experiment and observations to test my hypothesis: « Domestic cats are helpers in maintaining human health.”

Experiment

(the influence of a cat on the normalization of blood pressure).

Experimental group - this is my family .

First experiment.

They measured the pressure of dad, grandma, and mom when they were feeling unwell, then they let them hold and stroke the cat Busechka for 20 minutes and measured the pressure again, the results of the experiment can be seen in the table.

№

Result: During human contact with an animal, human bioenergy comes into contact with the animal’s bioenergy, as a result of which the human body receives part of the useful, clean energy from the animal.Feeling better, headache and fatigue go away.

Conclusion: Communication with a cat normalizes blood pressure, relieves headaches and fatigue.

I decided to check whether communication with a cat can affect or change a person’s normal blood pressure.

№

Conclusion: Communication with a pet does not affect normal blood pressure.

Second experiment.

My sister is 4 years old, she goes to bed during the day and loves to sleep with her cat. Mom put her to bed during the day with a cat and without a cat.

The results are recorded in the table.

№ №

Maryana fell asleep without a cat within an hour or did not sleep at all.

When laying down with a pet, falling asleep occurred within 15-20 minutes.

The warmth of a cat has a warming and relaxing effect on the entire human body; the breathing and “muttering” of the animal calms its nervous system.

Conclusion:Fluffy pets provide relaxing and calming effect on the body person.

Observing the cat's behavior and the impact on my family members.

1. The cat is considered the best diagnostician; having found the pain point, the animal begins to purr intensely, and then, releasing its claws, makes a kind of massage, moving its paws, presses and lies down on the sore spot to warm it up.

First observation.

While watching my cat, I noticed that my Busya really likes to sit on her grandfather’s sore back. Grandfather likes this position of the cat because it soothes his back pain. Grandma also calls the cat when her leg starts to hurt.

The animal produces ultrasonic waves and vibrations that are beneficial to the human body. The purring of a cat is certain sound vibrations (frequency from 20 to 50 Hertz) that stimulate the healing process.

Conclusion: Communication with a cat helps relieve pain.

2. Where does a cat get energy to influence a person? For this purpose, I conducted a second observation.

Second observation.

Some scientists suggest that the cat is simply vital It is important to regularly receive a charge of negative energy.

As proof of such a theory, scientists cite the fact that cats love to lie on televisions, refrigerators, washing machines, computers, that is, on those devices that emit negative electromagnetic oscillations into the external environment.

After watching my cat, I really noticed that my Busya’s favorite sleeping place is a microwave oven, a computer desk and a TV.

Conclusion: I think that a domestic cat needs to receive a charge of negative energy, which it converts into useful energy.

3. There are weather-dependent people whose well-being depends on changing weather conditions. Can a cat help predict weather changes and help such people prepare for them?

Observation three.

In ancient chronicles, there was a belief that domestic cats could quite accurately predict the weather for the future. Cats have exceptional hearing and an amazing ability to smell. These senses give cats the ability to detect appropriate changes. environment sooner than we can.

According to the observations of experts, a domestic cat, about an hour before a thunderstorm, begins to behave very unusually: it sits by the window and, raising its ears warily, looks in the direction from which the thunderstorm will come or a strong wind will blow, then the cat begins to rub its ears with its paws. This reaction is typical for cats, since their inner ear has extraordinary sensitivity, and, as is known, before rain, the pressure in the atmosphere changes sharply and the cat tries to relieve tension from the inner ear with the help of a “massage”.

After watching my Busya, I discovered the fact that when she curls up into a ball, burying her face in her paws, it means that it will be colder outside. If her pupils are narrow, the atmospheric pressure is low, if she has wide pupils, the atmospheric pressure is high.

Conclusion: Domestic cat - warns of changing weather conditions.

Thus, in the course of my work, I found answers to the questions that interested me. I believe that communication with animals will not only bring joy to both you and your pet, but also, in turn, calms and normalizes blood pressure, have a relaxing and sedative effect on the human body, relieves pain, warns of weather changes.

My hypothesis was confirmed:

Domestic cats are assistants in maintaining human health. With their rumbling, massage and warmth, they alleviate the condition of a sick person.

If you feel tired, irritated, or have a headache, contact your pet, my recommendations will help you.

1 . If you want to be healthy, pay close attention to your cat’s behavior. Does your pet insistently cling to you? She may feel that you are at risk of exacerbating a chronic illness.

2. If you just can’t calm down and are irritated, a sleepy cat will help: hold her close to you, listen to her calming purr and before you notice, you will calm down and the irritation will go away.

3. If you are exhausted, exhausted (and a chronic lack of energy leads to diseases such as stroke, heart attack, gastritis), the cat will “feed” you and return lost strength. All you need is to pick up your newly awakened, well-rested tailed friend.

4. If your cat has its muzzle buried in its paws, this means it will be colder outside, dress warmly.

5. If you are suffering from pressure, sit comfortably, take your furry pet on your lap and pet it. This is a kind of light massage, the cat’s energy is transferred to you through the palms, headaches and fatigue will go away, and blood pressure will normalize.

In conclusion, I would like to say that the love for cats all over the world turned out to be so great that owners could not do without a holiday for their pets.

World Cat Day is celebrated.

Bibliography.

1. Nesterova D.V. Cat therapy: furry medicine. – M.: RIPOL classic, 2006

2. Kryazheva N.L. The cat and the dog rush to the rescue. Animal-assisted therapy for children. - Academy of Development, Academy I K°, 2000

3. Antsupova I.I. Animal-assisted therapy - Moscow, "Around the World": magazine "Around the World" N12 (2795) December, 2006

4. Antsupova I.I. Hippotherapy. - Polygraph-express: magazine "Pediatrics for parents" N4 (2006)

5. S.D. Derebo, V.A. Yasvin. Ecological pedagogy and psychology. - Rostov-on-Don, 1996

Relevance of the chosen topic I really like reading detective stories and am even thinking about becoming an investigator. In detective novels, detectives often use fingerprints to identify criminals. I wondered if this was really a reliable method of personal identification that would help solve crimes, and also to try to identify fingerprints myself and determine who they belonged to.

Hypothesis Fingerprints are a unique code that allows you to accurately identify a person. The purpose of the study is to study how fingerprints can be used to identify a person. Research objectives Find out what dermatoglyphics and fingerprinting are Study how fingerprints of different people are similar and different Find out what properties of finger patterns determine their identification value Learn to take and identify fingerprints at home Research methods Study literature Search for information on the Internet Experiment with fingerprints fingers Analysis of received data

If you look closely at the structure of the skin on the fingers, you will notice the presence of a complex relief pattern formed by alternating grooves and depressions. This pattern is called a papillary pattern and begins to form at the 18th week of intrauterine development. At 7 months, the fetus already has an individual papillary pattern. With age, the pattern on the fingers only increases in size, the shape of the lines and details of the pattern do not change. Each papillary pattern is strictly individual and unique. It is noteworthy that even identical twins will have different fingerprints. In addition, the papillary pattern cannot be modified. In case of damage or burns to the skin, after some time the papillary lines are restored to their original form. I have learned that …

Despite the diversity of the structure of papillary patterns, they lend themselves to clear classification. All papillary patterns are divided into three main types: arc, loop and whorl. It is known that the rarest patterns are arc (5%), the most common are loops (65%), the average position for curl patterns is 30%. These are the so-called first-level details, which are visible to the naked eye. Arc Curl Loop

For a more reliable method of identifying identity, details of the second and third levels are used - minutes - unique features for each fingerprint. Each fingerprint contains up to 70 minutes. Thus, the papillary pattern is a kind of “passport”, “identifier” of a person. The science of dermatoglyphics studies the signs of patterns on the skin of the palmar side of the hands and feet of a person.

Now it is no longer possible to establish exactly who, where and when came up with the idea of using a fingerprint to establish an identity. It is known that the idea of the uniqueness of skin patterns existed in China and Japan back in the 7th century BC. e Ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Chinese used a fingerprint as a personal seal or signature, leaving impressions on clay tablets and thus protecting documents from forgery. Fingerprinting is the process of identifying a person using fingerprints. It is part of dermatoglyphics and is widely used today not only in criminology.

Europe became interested in this topic much later. The Englishman William Herschel, who served as a police officer in India for years, was the first European to use fingerprints for tracing purposes. Independently of Herschel, the doctor Henry Folds, working in a Tokyo hospital, began to study fingerprints and made the first identification using a print left on a glass bottle. However, the founder of fingerprinting is considered to be the British anthropologist Francis Galton. Based on the work of Dr. Faulds and Herschel, he established the individuality and consistency of fingerprints throughout life. Galton proved that even 10 fingers of the same person have 10 different patterns.

I decided to verify the uniqueness of fingerprints from my own experience. To do this, I “took” my fingerprints, using ordinary paint and a stamp pad for seals, painted the “pads” of my fingers and applied them one by one to a sheet of paper, I got a fingerprint card. In a similar way, I collected fingerprints from family members, acquaintances, and friends. The result was a small card index of fingerprints. Using a magnifying glass, I carefully examined the resulting prints, compared them with each other and came to the conclusion that they were all really different. Each subject has his own unique skin pattern of the fingers in the form of curls, arcs, and loops. Although for members of the same family these patterns are very similar. Study

Fingerprints contain very valuable forensic information. A fingerprint allows us to judge which hand and which finger left it, whether it belongs to a man, a woman or a child, and what features distinguish the surface of the finger (scars, warts, etc.). Moreover, fingerprints found in different places provide information about whether they were left by the same person. I also found out that...

As a test surface, I took a CD box and a glass. I ground the lead of a simple pencil into powder. Carefully applied it with a soft brush to the “suspected” surface, then gently blew. The chalkboard dust stuck to the remaining oil from the fingers and several fairly clear fingerprints appeared. Having found out all this information, I decided to try to independently identify fingerprints on any object and determine who they belong to. I needed: 1. A smooth surface with an imprint. 2. Powdery-dust-like substance (baby powder, powder from a powder compact, soot, powder from a laser printer, crushed pencil lead, etc.) 3. Soft brush. 4. Scotch tape.

To prevent the detected fingerprint from being a mirror image, I made an impression from tape onto paper. Since the objects under study could only be touched by people who had been in our apartment, I compared the fingerprints obtained with the fingerprints from my small file cabinet. It turned out that some of the found prints belong to my dad, and 2 are my own. Thus, I confirmed the hypothesis that due to the uniqueness of each person’s fingerprints, a person can be accurately identified.

Conclusions: Having studied the literature and conducted my own research, I can conclude that my hypothesis was confirmed. In the course of my work, I became convinced that the fingerprints of each person are truly unique and inimitable, which allows the use of dactyloscopy as a reliable method of personal identification. And with the implementation modern technologies Fingerprints can be used not only in forensic science, but also in a wide variety of areas of information technology.

Sections: Biology

Goals:

development of speech, thinking, imagination of schoolchildren;
nurturing a positive emotional and value attitude towards scientific and educational literature; awakening cognitive interest in biology, chemistry, history, desire to improve one’s intellectual level;
formation of a personality capable of creative activity;
formation and improvement of schoolchildren’s speech activity;
developing skills to communicate and work in a team;

· development of figurative and logical thinking, imagination, speech, formation of subject skills and abilities necessary for the successful solution of educational and practical problems and continuation of education;

creating prerequisites for more successful socialization of the individual;
· fostering cognitive activity, interest and initiative.

Tasks:
Educational:

expand the general and biological horizons of students;
develop skills in working with reference books, encyclopedias, scientific and educational literature;
create conditions for practicing skills of generalization, analysis, and systematization of one’s knowledge.

Educational:

create conditions for the development of communication skills through various types of speech activities;
create conditions for the development of such analytical abilities of students as the ability to analyze, compare, compare, generalize cognitive objects, and draw conclusions;
create conditions for the development of memory, attention, imagination;
promote the formation of independent cognitive activity;
promote the development of skills to carry out reflective activities.

Educational:

promote the development of the ability to defend one’s point of view;
promote the development of a culture of relationships when working in groups;
promote a culture of communication and the need for self-education;
promote the development of an active life position.

Office decoration.

Newspapers prepared by teams;
announcement of the game “Detective Show”;
game table and team tables;
secretary's desk;
guest tables.

Optional equipment.

Laptop;
multimedia projector;
screen;
hourglass (1 minute);
a bell to sound the end of the discussion.

Secretary and his functions.
A 10th grade student is appointed as the secretary of the game (at his request).
Before the game, the secretary is carefully briefed on his duties.
Secretary functions:

Keeps track of the discussion time and signals the end of the discussion when it is finished.
Keeps records of assigned “titles” and issues “certificates”.
Helps in demonstrating correct answers.

Guests and their functions:
The guests are the school administration, teachers, and classmates of team members. In addition to supporting their teams, guests can help the team gain additional “titles” if none of the teams answered the game question. If the guest answers the question, then he can give his point to any team. And it is this team that will continue the game.

Accounting and reward system.
Normal scoring practices are NOT used in this game. Having answered the question correctly, the team receives another “title”.
There are 6 levels in total (“ranks”):
1 tbsp. “students”, assigned when answering one question.
2 tbsp. – “graduate students”, assigned when answering two questions.
3 tbsp. – “Doctor of Science candidates”, assigned when answering the third question.
4 tbsp. – “Doctor of Science”, assigned when answering the fourth question.
5 tbsp. – “professor”, assigned when answering the fifth question.
6 tbsp. – “academics”, assigned when answering the sixth question.

The records of “titles” are kept by the secretary.
The team that receives the “higher” “title” wins.

Preparing students.
The game is played in parallels in grades 9–11. (other options are possible).
Students form teams of 6 people. (Participation of all students in a particular class is desirable.) Team members choose a captain, come up with a team name, develop an emblem, and a uniform that reflects the essence of the name.
As homework teams design newspapers, which should also reflect the essence of the team name, the topic should be relevant and correspond to the proposed topic of the newspapers:
"In the world of interesting things."
“Everyone should know this.”
"Great Biologists".
"The Greatest Discoveries"
Newspapers are handed in 3 – 5 days before the start of the event.
All stages of preparation are carefully controlled by the teacher.

Rules of the game.
There is one team at the gaming table. They play until the first mistake. Next, the first team to give the correct answer to the current game question sits down at the gaming table.

Presentation.
Used to more clearly demonstrate correct answers.
You can use drawings, photographs, natural objects.

Game plan:
1. Introduction:

Teacher's opening speech.
Introduction of guests.
Team presentation.
Rules of the game.
Game secretary and his functions.

2. Consideration of cases:
No. 1 “About 19 meters.”
No. 2 “Who ate the oysters.”
No. 3 “On injustice.”
No. 4 “About gold watches and diamond earrings.”
No. 5 “About chemists and more.”
No. 6 “About child killers.”
No. 7 “Why did the stars die?”
3. Summing up the game.

Command View(example) .
"Descendants of Sherlock Holmes."

Konkov Oleg – does not like to get up early.
Dorokhina Yana - loves algebra and soft toys very much, cannot stand it when she is deceived.
Elena Ustinova admitted that she loves to be loved.
Natalya Borodina loves animals very much.
Natalya Shelukhina loves animals very much.
Leontyev Dmitry– loves listening to music.

"Antibiotic And".

Artyom Poisyev loves listening to music.
Kalinicheva Lyubov – loves white roses, cloudy skies, and cannot tolerate loneliness.
Nechaeva Anastasia answered simply: “I love ice cream.”
Nekrasova Elena – loves her friends.
Kukhterev Victor - likes to sleep, really doesn’t like the cold.
Lazarev Andrey– always: music, TV and walking.

"Alchemists".

Ruslan Ashurkov - hates bananas, but loves MTV.
Alexander Gordienko loves cinema, any kind.
Lazebny Vladimir – all thoughts about the computer.
Svetlana Plensac loves ice cream.
Homeland Ioannina - listens to music and plays Sega/
Artemieva Vasilisa– loves dreams and stars.

"Commissioner Rex."

Mamontova Olga - prefers sledding and invites everyone with her.
Murashkina Anna – preferences: music, sea, friends, communication.
Kopylova Tatyana is waiting for summer to communicate with her favorite animals.
Anna Gaidukova is waiting for spring, but in the meantime she is studying chemistry.
Frolova Kristina – loves to walk and read.
Chaplygina Ulyana- loves cats.

Brief characteristics can be played out in another way.

In bold The names of the team captains are highlighted.
Draw questions.(Can also be used as main questions).

1. Physostigma poisonosa, or Calobar bean, grows in the forests of tropical Africa. They contain toxic alkaloids and are very poisonous.
In what capacity could they have been used in that ancient justice?(“Judgment beans,” their decoction was given to drink: if you stayed alive, you were innocent; if you died, you were guilty.)
2. In the early spring of 2001 in the village. There was a serious theft at Kosaya Gora: someone took ~1 kg of mercury from the plant. Later it was found spilled on the sidewalk of one of the streets of the village. But no one was hurt, although everyone is well aware of the toxicity of its vapors.
Why were there no casualties?(Mercury evaporates at t>20 degrees Celsius.)
3. This mollusk is a champion in size among its relatives. Its shell can reach 1.5 m in length and weigh 250 kg. The strength of the closing muscles is so great that the slammed doors can only be opened by cutting the muscle. An eastern legend is associated with this property: “On the morning of his wedding, the young man decided to give the bride a pearl worthy of her beauty and, diving into the sea, fell into a shell trap and died.” Divers, pearl divers, and simply scuba divers become victims of this mollusk.
Find the insidious “killer”.(Tridacna).

Literature:

Supplement “Biology at school” to the newspaper “September 1” No. 32, 39 for 1994, No. 1, 13, 39, 42 for 1995.
Supplement “Chemistry” to the newspaper “September 1” No. 21, 22 for 1993.
Akimushkin I.I. Animal world: Insects. Spiders. Pets. M.: Mysl, 1993.
Materials of regional periodicals.

State Institution Complex “Kindergarten-school-gymnasium No. 47”

Toderash Anastasia

9th grade

Biology in the service of forensics

Direction: A healthy natural environment is the basis for the implementation of the “Kazakhstan 2030” strategy

Section: biology

Scientific adviser:

Salienko Vasily Vasilievich

Leading Researcher

Institute of Forensic Science

KAZGUU University

Supervisor:

Moskaleva Ekaterina Stanislavovna

Master of Biological Sciences, teacher

biology school-gymnasium No. 47

Astana-2015

Table of contents

Abstract

Introduction

Research part

Chapter I. Biology in the service of forensics ..................................

1.1.Skin - a biological object of forensic research......

Chapter 2. Forensic technology - fingerprinting ………….

2.1. Why are fingerprints unique?.................................................

2.2. Why do we leave fingerprints?.................................................

2.3. Types and types of papillary patterns…………………………………..

Chapter 3. Overview of biometric technologies ………………………….

Materials and research methods .....................................................

Results of the work and their discussion …………………………………..

Conclusion

List of used literature

Application

Introduction

Biology has long taken its place of honor in laboratories, such a difficult task as personality, seems impossible today without the use of the methods of this science, based on the molecular genetic study of biological objects. DNA analysis of tissues and secretions, detection and examination of human scent traces, examination of fingerprints the role of an important means of identifying and solving various types of crimes.

Knowledge of the laws governing living nature, i.e. biology,studying all manifestations of life, the structure and functions of living beings, especially humans as a biological species, contributed to the development of such a branch of criminology as forensic technology, its important sub-branch - the doctrine of traces.This section includes forensic handwriting, fingerprinting, forensic ballistics, traceology, and odorology.

Relevance The chosen topic is determined by the fact that currently criminology is of great interest to the younger generation, namely the study of human biological traces using fingerprinting as the most effective method in personal identification.

We use our hands every day, and it is almost impossible to imagine life without them. Since ancient times, people have been interested in the patterns and lines on the skin of the palms and fingers.Fingerprints are as unique as the DNA code, which is also unique for each person. We also became interested in what these patterns are called, what science studies these unique skin patterns on the hands, whether there are institutions in our city that will help us understand our questions.

In this regard, it was puttarget : study the structure and types of papillary lines of human fingers using forensic technology - fingerprinting, find out what the role of biology is in forensics

Tasks:

Study the literature on this topic.

Get acquainted with the equipment and material resources of the Institute of Forensic Science of KAZGUU University.

Collect fingerprints of high school students.

Analyze the results obtained and formulate conclusions.

Research methods : method of forensic technology - fingerprinting, comparison, analysis of the results obtained.

The study was conducted on the basis of the Institute of Forensic Science of KAZGUU University and gymnasium school No. 47 in Astana.

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