At the root after the hissing one it is written about. Revising school spelling rules

Why you need to remember the rule

In Russian, the syllables CHO and CHE, SHO and SHO, ZHO and ZHE, SCHO and SCHIO are read the same. Compare: crazy - study, seam - silk, gooseberry - yellow, ratchet - cheeks.

This happens because the letters CH and Шch stand for only soft sounds, and Ж and Ш - only hard ones; the adjacent vowel cannot soften an already soft or always hard sound.

Rule

To choose correctly the desired letter, determine in which part of the word it is located: at the root or behind the root.

If the letter is at the root, then you can try to find a single-root word in which you can clearly hear E. E and E alternate, so E can always be checked. For example, yellow - to turn yellow. If your word does not have a cognate with E, write O.

It is more convenient to learn all the words in the root of which O is written after the sibilants, and use the method of elimination: if the word is in the magic list, we write O, if the word is not in the list, we select E. Here are a few words from the list: gooseberries, heartburn, anchovies, seam, shock, rustle, junk, kharcho. The list is replenished with borrowed words and is constantly growing. Now in our collection there are about 40 words whose roots should be written O. Full list can be obtained and learned in the course .

Now let's see how to choose the right letter if it turns out to be in a suffix or ending.

A completely different principle applies here. First of all, you need to determine whether there is an action in the meaning of the word. The choice of letter depends on this: in verbs and verbal words it is written Yo, in other cases - O.

Let's take the word "Overnight". There is a verb "to spend the night." The meaning of this word is action. We write after H – E. Let’s take the word “girl”. There is no verb "girlish". In the meaning of this word there is no action. After H is written O. Exception- vest.

Most textbooks provide a wording of the rule related to stress. We do not contradict the basic rule of 1956, but consider only one of its points - the stressed position of the letter. It is almost impossible to make a mistake in the unstressed position ( want more, little brother). Also, the vowels after C can be heard quite clearly; this point of the rule does not cause difficulties when writing.

What to pay attention to

• Note: suffix OK after sibilants it is always written with O, even if the meaning of the word contains an action (move, jump, etc.).
• Words with suffix ЁР, indicating the occupation. This suffix is ​​always written with the letter E. There are few words in which this suffix appears after sibilants. Here is an almost exhaustive list: conductor, trainee, boyfriend, retoucher, massager, simulator, traveling salesman.
• Until recently, the exception was the word little things. It was written with e. Now the word has been brought under the basic rule.
• In words burn And arson the letter must be chosen in accordance with the part of speech: in nouns it is written O, in verbs - E. For example: Boy cool e g hand. What did the boy do? Burnt my hand. The word burn is a verb. We write E. Ozh O g hurts a lot. What hurts? Burn. In this sentence, "burn" is a noun. We write the letter O. We also select the letters in the sentences “The boy set fire to poplar fluff” and “He almost committed arson.”

Examples

Champions among word errors river, girl, little hand(behind the root, there is no action).

Sh e sweat(letter in the root, check whisper)

Desh e vyy(letter in the root, checks cheaper)

Sh O roh(letter behind the root, is in the list)

Urine e ny(letter in suffix, participle)

Conductor e R(suffix er)

Such O To(suufix ok)

Pecs e T(verb ending)

Key O m(noun ending)

Night e vka(suffix of a verbal noun, there is the action of spending the night)

History of the rule

Now all formulations of the rule represent attempts in various ways to bring spontaneously developed spelling norms into the system. Reliance here is on tradition. Over the centuries, people have written a lot of words with combinations of sibilants and O with E without any rules, as they liked. The spelling of all these words should have been brought to uniformity during the reform of 1918. Ushakov proposed doing this more than a hundred years ago. But for some reason, at that revolutionary time, the philologists’ proposal was not accepted. And now we have a very inconvenient rule. Not even a rule, but its absence and an attempt to describe the linguistic element with diagrams.

The illogicality and inconvenience, the huge number of exceptions and contradictions when using O and E after hissing words are striking to many specialists, so it is constantly proposed to reform the rule at every opportunity. Perhaps this is why the rule is not included as a separate issue in either the Unified State Exam or the State Examination. The children will learn, and suddenly - reform! But until the proponents of change win, let's teach the rule as it stands.

Spelling the letters O and E after sibilants
In order to accurately write a dubious vowel (O or E) after sibilants (Zh, Sh, Ch, Shch) and not CHOKE, you must first find out in which part of the word the vowel being tested is located - in the root, suffix or ending. In addition, if the vowel is in a suffix or ending (in other words, outside the root), then you also need to know what part of speech the word being tested belongs to (that is, whether it is a noun, adjective, adverb, verb).

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOWEL AT THE ROOT OF A WORD?

1. At the ROOT WORD under stress, you need to write E if in other forms of this word or in words with the same root the letter E is written: WHISPER (because WHISPERS), BEES (because BEE), BLACK (because BLACK), YELLOW (because YELLOW), SHEL (because COME), etc. This is how most roots are written.
2. If it is not possible to find a test word, then after the hissing words, at the root, under the stress, you should write O: SEAM, RUSH, BLINDERS, HEARTBURN, GOOSEBERRY, GLUTTER, Clink Clinks, Slum. There are not very many such words, and they are usually remembered as exceptions.
3. If you have a word of foreign origin in front of you, then you need to write O after the hissing consonant at the root under stress, for example: HOOD, SHOCK, JUGGLE.

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOWEL IN SUFFIX AND ENDING?

1. In the SUFFIX of a noun, adjective, adverb, the letter O is written under stress: DOG-ONK-A, KAMYSH-OV-YY, HOT-O.
2. AT THE ENDING OF nouns and adjectives, the letter O is written under stress: DOCTOR-OM, BIG-OH.
3. In SUFFIXES of verbs, participles and all words formed from verbs, the letter E is written under stress: PECH-ET, YOU-KORCH-EV-YVA-TY, YOU-KORCH-EV-KA, PERE-SECH-YONN-YY , NIGHT-YOV-KA, LISH-YONN-YY.

DIFFICULT CASES

Please note that the nouns STEW, CONDENSED, OCHEVKA and some others are written with the letter E. The letter E is written in the suffixes of these words, since they are related in meaning to the verbs STEW, CONDENSATE and OCHEVAT.

Please note that the words RECHOVKA, MELOCHOVKA, PLASCHOVKA are written with an O. The letter O is written in the suffixes of nouns according to the rule stated above.

Please note that the word BECHEVKA is written with the letter E. The letter E is written because this vowel is part of the root and is verified by the word BECHEVA.

Separately, it is necessary to remember the rule of writing words with the root ZHOG / ZHEG.
If the word is a noun, then you need to write the letter O. For example: SEVERE BURN, ARSON COMMITTED TO A HOUSE. But when the word is a verb, it is written with the letter E. For example: SEVERELY BURNED MY HANDS, AN UNKNOWN MAN SET THE HOUSE BURNED, THE AUTHOR BURNED THE MANUSCRIPTS.

Exercise

1. – And why the hell didn’t I go straight to the archers! - Wartkin exclaimed bitterly. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
2. He was struck by the silence during the day and the rustling during the night. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
3. The bus stopped, and the driver said: “We’ve arrived.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
4. At that very moment a mask appeared in front of him and put its hand on his shoulder. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
5. An Orlov resident went to them, hoping to feast on sterlets in Staritsa, but found that there was “only enough dirt” there. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
6. ...Looks into the field through the window bars, sees cheerful birds floating freely in the sea of ​​​​air ... (N. M. Karamzin)
7. He listened intently for some time. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
8. Below are lush, densely green flowering meadows, and behind them, along the yellow sands, a bright river flows (N. M. Karamzin)
9. Peace was soon concluded, and Erast returned to Moscow, burdened with debts. (N. M. Karamzin)
10. ...I would bow to him with a smile and say warmly: “Hello, dear shepherd” (N. M. Karamzin)
11. …Sad story those times when the fierce Tatars and Lithuanians devastated the surrounding area with fire and sword... (N. M. Karamzin)
12. The enlightened reader knows that Shakespeare and Walter Scott both presented their gravediggers as cheerful and playful people. (A.S. Pushkin)
13. Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the beam, the driver whistled and the horses galloped. (A.S. Pushkin)
14. The officer, inflamed by the wine, the game and the laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended. (A. S. Pushkin)
15. Honorable, but troublesome, and not so much honorable as troublesome, and in the end not honorable at all, but so... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
16. At the border of the illuminated space, a car with a canvas top was getting wet, and next to the car, two people in shiny raincoats were bending a third one, black and wet, to the pavement. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
17. A hefty big-lipped man with rosy cheeks, clicking his fingers as he walked and dancing, walked towards the counter. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
18. Victor took a step back. It was a patient from a leper colony - a “wetman”, or a “bespectacled man”, as they were called here for the yellow circles around the eyes - in a tight black bandage hiding the lower half of his face. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
19. Only once did he clearly and loudly say: “I don’t know.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
20. And he took out a fountain pen and began to unscrew the cap, listening to his feelings with the interest of an outsider, and he was not surprised when he felt proud. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
21. Are you familiar with the toy called “Bad Wolf”? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
22. Firstly, maybe not with brass knuckles at all, but with a brick, and secondly, who knows where they can hit me in the skull? I could be hanged at any moment, so what, now – don’t leave the room? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
23. The two in cloaks turned around at once and looked at Victor for several moments from under their pulled-up hoods. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
24. Society, at least, would be sweetly sh_, and pale youths with burning eyes they would follow you on your heels. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
25. I have a diseased liver, catarrh of the intestines and something else with my stomach. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
26. “You and I, our psyche is not adapted to such sh_ kam. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
27. And for a whole minute not a sound was heard, only some rustling, like fog, rustled, creeping over the ground. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
28. – Well, stop! - Sh_ then they said from the darkness and pressed something familiar into their chest. Victor automatically raised his hands. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
29. A jeep pulled up to the entrance, the door opened, and a young man with glasses and a briefcase and his lanky companion got out into the rain, covered with only a raincoat. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
30. Only Teddy, a shelter rat, a product of the port slums, could know such words_ b. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
31. There were illuminated shop windows and a neon-lit entrance to the cinema, where very identical young people of indeterminate gender, in shiny raincoats down to their heels, crowded under the canopy. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
32. Mr. President deigned to work himself up to the last degree, splashes flew from his fanged mouth, and I took out a handkerchief and demonstratively wiped my cheek, and this was probably the most courageous act in my life, except for the case when I fought with three tanks at once. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
33. – Has everyone read my works?
“Yes,” children’s voices responded. - Read... Everything...
“Great,” Victor said, puzzled. - Polish, although surprised. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
34. Either they will begin to look at each other in embarrassment, or their faces will light up with understanding, or a certain sigh of relief will sweep through the hall as a sign that the misunderstanding has been clarified. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
35. Diana sensibly reasoned that Rossheper, with all his abnormal gluttony, could not cope with such a mass of berries alone. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
36. Where is the bungee, he thought. Where did I put the bunge_? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
37. There were a lot of people here, some semi-familiar men and women, they stood in a circle and clapped their hands, and in the center of the circle Diana danced with that same yellow-faced dude, the owner of an eagle profile. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
38. This morning an investigator came to see me. You see, I’m in a brutal state of mind, my head is cracking, I’m sitting, looking out the window, and then this cudgel appears and begins to sew things up... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
39. He jumped up, turned on the light and, wincing from the pain in his eyes, began to grope for his clothes. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
40. Cars with their headlights on were crowded in front of the police department. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
The exercise was prepared by N. Gorbanev-Gamaleya and B.A. Panov (“League of Schools”)

At the root of the word under stress after the hissing words, E is written, if you can change the word or choose a related one so that the letter E alternates with E: acorn - acorn, slit - slit, cheap - cheaper.

The letter O after hissing words is written at the root if, when changing a word or selecting words with the same root, there is no alternation with E: sho`rokh - sho`rohi, hood`n - hood`nom, sho`v, gooseberry, chauvin`st, joquet `th.

Note: Formations from the verb BURN are written differently: in nouns and adjectives it is written O, in verbs -E.

Compare: severe burn - (he) burned his face, arson charge - set a house on fire, heartburn - burned a lot of fuel, burns department.

2. The letter o, e, e in suffixes and endings of different parts of speech after pinching

In suffixes and noun endings, adjectives (not verbal) and adverbs after hissing ones under stress it is written O, without stress -E: shoulder`, ivy`m, alien`, big`, thicket`ba, river`, reed`, penny` , hot, funny; comrade, elder, clumsy, little book, pear-shaped, scary.

Remember: YET (non-derivative adverb).

In endings and suffixes of verbs, passive past participles; nouns and adjectives formed from the verb, after the hissing ones it is written E: uproot, demarcate, illuminated - illuminated, overnight, stewed, stewed meat, sauerkraut.

Note: The letter E after hissing words is written in borrowed words with the stressed suffix –ЁР-: trainee, retoucher, trainer, etc., as well as in the Russian UHAZHYOR formed by analogy.

3. Letters o, e after c

After C, O is written under stress, and E is written in an unstressed position (regardless of what part of the word the spelling is in).

For example: palace garden, ground floor, trot, beautiful face, crimson cheeks, dance, towel.

Note: After T in an unstressed position, O is written in the Russian word tsokotukha and in some borrowed words: duke, duchessya, palazzo, mezzo, etc.

Remember: The letter E is not written after C.

To correctly apply this rule, you must be able to determine the part of speech, highlight meaningful words. It should be remembered that nouns and adjectives formed from a verb have Ё written under stress in their suffixes.

Compare: little hand formed from the noun hand and

overnight stay formed from the verb to spend the night.

For example: canvas - an adjective formed from a noun, in the suffix under stress it is written O; uproot is a verb, the suffix is ​​written E.

When applying the rule, use this reasoning scheme.

Root suffix, ending

E, if E//E O, if there is no turn 2. Determine the part of speech

Verb: suffer. Noun and adj.

Proverbs past time; (unverb.);

Noun and adj., adv.

Images From verb.

under stress without stress

Sample reasoning: under stress without stress

To the right of the stage there were commercial shops where you could buy chocolate, and fried chicken, and mushrooms straight out of your wallet, and gooseberries for a penny.

Shop Chocolate

1) in the suffix 1) in the root

2) noun, unverb. 2) no turns. With E

3) under attack. 3) write ABOUT

4) write ABOUT

Penny wallet

1) in the root 1) in the suffix

2) Yo turn. With E(purse, 2) adj., neg.

wallet) 3) under stress

3) write Yo 4) write ABOUT

There are 4 hissing sounds in the Russian language: “Zh”, “Sh”, “Shch” and “Ch”. Historically, two of them, “Zh” and “Sh,” are always hard, and the other two, “Ch” and “Shch,” are always soft. However, in spelling this manifests itself exactly the opposite: since childhood, we all know three basic rules:

Write “ZHI”, “SHI” with “I” (tire, car, life, animal);

“CHA”, “SCHA” write with “A” (enchantment, janissary, sorrel, squeal);

Write “CHU”, “SHCHU” with “U” (stuffed animal, forelock, squint, rinse).

These rules just need to be remembered; this spelling is not checked. This spelling has developed traditionally, due to the historical characteristics of the language. In all other cases, after hard hissing ones, “U”, “A”, “O” are written, and after soft ones - “I”, “E”, “Yo”.

Note 1. If the word is of foreign origin, then after the sibilants the vowel “Yu” or “I” can be written, the same applies to proper names, for example:

• Jury, parachute, Saint-Just, Justine

Note 2. In abbreviations and compound words, it is also allowed to write any vowels after sibilants. In such words, especially in abbreviations, there can generally be all sorts of letter combinations. Sometimes even difficult to pronounce out loud.

In addition to these rules, there are several more related to the spelling of vowels after sibilants and C.

1. Spelling of vowels after C.

A). "Y" after "C"

The letter “Y” after “C” is written only in endings and suffixes -eun-, For example:

Sinitsyn, Lisitsyn, sheep, lads.

In all other cases, only “I” is written after “C”:

• circus, figure, mat, medicine, Francis.

Note. Exception words: chicken, chicks, gypsy, chick-chick, chick.

b). "Yu" and "I" after "C"

In Russian words, the letters “Ya” and “Yu” are not written after “C”. However, this spelling is possible in words of foreign origin:

• Zurich, Sventsyany

V). "O" and "E" after "C"

Everything is a little simpler here. Spelling in this case is based on the phonetic principle of Russian spelling.

Under the accent, after the “C”, “O” or “E” is written in accordance with what we hear:

• Face, Cerberus, Clutter, Dancer, Facing, Whole, Price, etc.

Without stress, after “C” only “E” is written, with the exception of the word “tsokotukha”. This rule applies to all morphemes; “E” is also written in unstressed suffixes and endings:

• towel, finger, Barents Sea, dance, calico, Kuntsevo, etc.

Note. In borrowed words, O after C can also be written in unstressed syllables:

• palazzo, scherzo

2. Spelling of vowels after hissing “Zh”, “Sh”, “Shch”, “Ch”.

2.1. O after sibilants in stressed syllables

In stressed syllables, the letter “O” is written after sibilant syllables if:

A). Refers to the ending of a noun. For example:

• shoulder, round, big, roll, etc.

b). Refers to suffixes of nouns -OK-(horn, pie, powder, stick, fist, top, boot), -onok–(frog, bear cub, wolf cub, barrel), -He to-(book, money, dog, girl).

V). Refers to suffixes of adjectives -ov-(soldier's, penny, trifle, powder), -he- (ridiculous).

G). Refers to the suffix of adverbs -O-. For example:

• hot, good, fresh, etc.

d). Refers to ending -He nouns plural, genitive case, for example:

• princes, guts.

e). Dictionary words used:

• gooseberry, glutton, pulp, rattle, slum, thicket, prim, clink glasses, Pechora, seam, rustle, seams;
• nouns heartburn, burn, arson (as opposed to the verbs burned, burnt, set on fire);
• in dialect and colloquial lexical units “zholknut”, “zazhora”, “zhokh”, “uzho”, “vechor”, “chokh” (“does not believe in either sleep or chok”), “chokhom” (adverb).

Note. In borrowed words, the spelling coincides with the pronunciation, for example:

• cruchon, major, ramrod, Chaucer, gesture, tablet.

2.2. O after sibilants in unstressed syllables

If the word is of Russian origin, then in unstressed syllables after the consonants “Zh”, “Sh”, “Ch”, “Shch” the “E” is always written. However, if the word is a foreign language, then O can also be written in unstressed syllables. For example:

• peas, lamb, smaller, red, but jockey, chocolate.

2.3. O after sibilants in all other positions

In all other cases, the letter “Ё” is written in different morphemes, although “O” is heard (in stressed syllables). This applies to the following morphemes:

A). Verb endings -eat, -yet, -yet, -yom. For example:

• lying, singing, yelling, drinking, etc.

b). Suffix of verbs and nouns –yova. For example:

• chewed, shaded, pecked, shaded, etc.

V). Suffix of adjectives formed from cognate verbs -yovk. For example:

• chewing, uprooting, demarcation, etc.

G). Noun suffix -yor. For example:

• trainee, conductor, boyfriend, etc.

d). Roots with alternating “O” (with stress) – “E” (without stress) when pronounced. For example:

• yellow (yolk), click (clicks), cheeks (cheek), acorn (stomach), cheap (cheapness), alkali (alkaline), black (blacken), brush (bristles), etc.

e). Passive participle suffix –yonn (-yon) and their derivatives. For example:

• baked, simplified, carried away, distracted, distressed, distressed, peppered, baked, doomed, etc.

and). The ending of the prepositional case of the pronoun “what”: about what, at what, in what, etc.

A note to the entire article. These rules do not apply to proper names - surnames of people and geographical names. Such words are written in accordance with personal and regulatory documents.

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How do you spell " ABOUT" And " Yo" after the hissing ones

Below we will look at the spelling of letters " ABOUT" And " Yo" in stressed positions (in endings, suffixes, roots and other parts, as well as in pronouns and borrowed words) and in unstressed positions.

Writing ABOUT And Yo after sibilants under stress

Always in a strong position, i.e. under stress, after the letters “zh”, “sh”, “sch” and “ch” you should write “O”, i.e.:

In the endings of nouns or adjectives, as well as in the suffixes of adverbs that end in “ O".For example: cloak, shoulder, hut, knife; hot, good; stranger - stranger, big - big

In suffixes of nouns. For example:

• "Ovshchin (a)": stabbing
• "Otk (a)": rattle, however tap dance is an exception
• “About (a)”: slum, thicket, however studies is an exception
• "Onk(a)" or " onk(s)”: trousers, little hands, little book, vest
• "Onysh" or " onok": little frog, little barrel, little bear, little mouse, little boy
• “Ok”: cockerel, borscht, boot, push, hook, jump
• “Ovk (a)”: rechovka, raincoat, hacksaw, chizhovka, small things - but it is important to note here that “ ABOUT" is used only in words that are derived from adjectives and nouns, and should not be confused with verbal nouns, for example, “ overnight"

In the suffixes of adjectives " ov". For example: canvas, brocade, hedgehog, penny.

In suffixes of adjectives and adverbs " okhonk." For example: fresh, fresh.

In adjectives and nouns, in place of the fluent vowel “ O". For example:

• Colloquial words: nuzhon (from needed), dolzhon (from must), strashon (from scary)
• Ridiculous (from funny)
• Intestines (from the intestines)
• Scrotum (from moshna)
• Knyazhon (from the princess)
• Seam (from seam)
• Arson, heartburn, burn (from burning)
• Gluttonous, glutton, glutton (from eating)

In the roots of words, when the letter " ABOUT" does not alternate with the letter " Yo" after sibilant letters and is always located in a strong position (under stress). For example: evening, rustle, shuffle, prim, clink glasses, blinkers.

In Russian surnames, which are derived from adjectives, " ABOUT" or " Yo" are written based on the traditional form, i.e. the way it was recorded in the documents. For example: Pugachev, Kalachev, Kalachov, Khrushchev, Khrushchov, Chernyshev, Chernyshov, etc.

Separately, you need to remember how to write the following proper names with the letter “ ABOUT" after the hissing ones: Sholokhov, Zhora, Pechora, Pechory, Zhostovo

If words are borrowed from any other language, then after the hissing letters it will also be written “ ABOUT", in a strong position. For example: show, shop, shorts, offshore, torchon, gherkin, cruchon, hood, anchovy, kharcho, force majeure, dude, joule, joker, junk, borjom, etc.

Foreign-language proper names are similarly written with the letter “ ABOUT". For example: George, Georges, Chaucer, Shaw, John, Johnny, Jody, Joyce and others

In any other case, after the hissing letters “zh”, “ch”, “sh”, “sch”, which are in the stressed position, it is necessary to write the letter “E”, i.e.:

At the endings of verbs “- eat", "-eat", "-eat". For example: you lie, you push, you bake, you bake, you cut, you cut.

In imperfect verbs that end in " -yow", as well as in passive participles and nouns formed from them. For example: uproot – uprooted – uprooting; demarcate – delimited – delimitation

In nouns formed from verbs and ending in “- yovka." For example: to peel - peeling, to shade - shading, to spend the night - overnight.

In nouns with the suffix " –er.” For example: massager, groomer, trainer, conductor, trainee, retoucher.

In passive participles, as well as in adjectives formed from verbs and having the suffixes “- yon" And "- yonn", and in the words derived from them. For example: waxed, learned - learning, stewed - stew, baked, loaded, burnt - burnt, detached - detachment - detached - detached, softened - softened, baked - baked, tense - tense - tension - tense - tense

In past tense verbs and words derived from them, instead of the fluent " ABOUT". For example: walked - left - came, read - took into account, burned - set fire - burned - burned - burned - lit.

In pronouns in the prepositional case. For example: on what? About what? And also in the words: how much, no matter, moreover, more

At the root in a strong position after the letters " w", "h", "sh", "sch" it is necessary to write " Yo" in the event that words with the same root are marked with “ E". For example:

• Click (click), lye (alkalis), lye (slit), cheeks (cheek), dandy (flaunt)
• Sherstka (wool), whisper (whisper), lattice (sieve), millet (millet), purse (purse), cheap, cheap (cheaper)
• Callous (stale), black (rabble), bangs (chelo), bees (bee), pechechka (liver), honor (honor), vecherka (evening), twine (becheva)
• Heavy (heaviness), hard (tin), perch (perch), wives (wife), yellow (yolk), gutter (groove), chewed (chew)

In words borrowed from foreign languages, in which a vowel sound that differs from Russian appears in a strong position “ ABOUT". For example: Schönbrunn, Schönberg, Schötz, Schözh, Schöst, Schönbeck

Writing " ABOUT" And "Yo" after hissing ones in unstressed positions

Regarding the writing " ABOUT" And " Yo" after the hissing letters " zh", "ch", "sh", "sch", then there are only two basic rules:

In certain words borrowed from other languages, in unstressed position it is necessary to write “ ABOUT". For example: driver, chocolate, highway, shock, chauvinism, poncho, ranch, lecho, chonguri, banjo, majordomo, majoritarian, juggler, jockey, Chogori, Jonathan

In words that contain the prefix “- between", in an unstressed position one should similarly put “ ABOUT". For example: intercommunity, intersectoral, interregional

Thus, we have considered the main rules for writing “ ABOUT" And " Yo" after the hissing letters. And we are sure that if you repeat them a few more times and master their spelling properly, you will no longer have problems and confusion, but will become more competent.