Slyudyansk Mining Administration in the 50s. Slyudyansk Mining Administration

Ancient history

The first people appeared on the territory of Slyudyanka in the Eneolithic era. This can be judged from the burials found in 1962 on Shamansky Cape. Burials were discovered there ancient man, attributed by archaeologists to the Kitoi Eneolithic era. Drawings and rock paintings of ancient people were found in caves on the Shamansky Cape, but after the level of Lake Baikal rose due to the start of operation of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, they found themselves under water. In addition, there were legends among the local population that in the Uluntui valley there were graves of ancient people, in which, in addition to the actual remains, iron spearheads were found. It is now impossible to verify this data.

The territory of Slyudyanka before the arrival of the Russians

It is believed that in the 1st century BC. e. The Huns lived on the territory of the Southern Baikal region. Then they were replaced by Kurykans. In the 11th century they were supplanted by Mongol tribes, including the Buryats. They settled on the southern, southeastern, eastern and southwestern coasts of Lake Baikal, including the territory of Slyudyanka. In addition to the Buryats, Evenks lived in the southern Baikal region. As the Decembrist Lorera noted, at the time of his arrival in 1813, Kultuk was still a village inhabited mainly by Evenks, and when the Russians arrived, their camp was located on the site of Slyudyanka.

Slyudyanka from 1647 to 1890s

In the middle of the 17th century, Russian colonization of Siberia began. There were several prerequisites for the creation of settlements in the south of Siberia in those days. One of them is mica mining. Mica was one of the most valuable goods for explorers, in addition to furs and salt. The Cossacks who arrived in southern Baikal began searching for this particular mineral. Their search was crowned with success. In the middle reaches of one of the small mountain rivers, later called Slyudyanka, mica was found. At the mouth of the river next to it there was an Evenki camp. In its place, it was decided to organize a small fort in order to mine mica and protect the miners and miners from the Evenks. Its founder was the explorer Ivan Pokhabov, a Yenisei Cossack, a boyar's son. The creation of the fort was reported to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The river at the mouth of which the fort stood was named after him. The fort at this place did not last long and was moved a few years later by the Russians to the place where Kultuk now stands.

After the transfer of the fort, there were no settlements on the territory of Slyudyanka until 1802. This territory was of no agricultural value, and the main Russian outpost in the south of Lake Baikal was Kultuk, located two kilometers from Slyudyanka. Despite this, the territory was very sparsely populated and undeveloped. In 1766 and 1780s. Traveler Eric Laxman visited the territory of Slyudyanka. He became interested in minerals in the vicinity of Slyudyanka and discovered deposits of jade, lapis lazuli and rediscovered mica deposits, which by that time had been forgotten and not developed. The impetus for an increase in population and the beginning of the development of the south Eastern Siberia became the decree of Paul I “On the population of the Siberian region adjacent to the Chinese borders, retired soldiers, criminals, subject to exile and given up by serfs from the landowners with the inclusion of recruits, and on the benefits for these settlers.” After the decree was issued, settlers from the central provinces Russian Empire began to populate the previously undeveloped backward border region. Mica mining has been revived. In 1802 the Slyudyansk winter hut was founded. The next impetus for the development of Slyudyanka was the decision to build a wheeled road from Irkutsk to Kyakhta. This decision was necessary, since the center of Eastern Siberia was not connected with the main center of international trade in Russia at that time. The first road was built by 1805 and passed through Khamar-Daban, however, it was inconvenient and was used only during the period when it was impossible to transport goods along Lake Baikal. In the 1830s of the 19th century, the Kyakhta merchant Igumnov built the Circum-Baikal Road at his own expense, which was named Igumnovskaya in his honor. But, according to the descriptions of engineers and officials, it was not ideal and in some places it was practically impassable. A postal station was organized at the Slyudyansky winter quarters. In the 1850s N.N. Muravyov-Amursky approved the idea of building the Circum-Baikal Highway along the shore of Lake Baikal. By that time, Kyakhta began to lose its former significance. Verkhneudinsk became its competitor, and it was decided to build a road along the very shore of Lake Baikal, first to Posolsk, and then to Verkhneudinsk. In 1856 N.N. Muravyov-Amursky gives the order to begin construction of the new Circum-Baikal wheel road. Construction was carried out through the efforts of exiled Poles, who rebelled in 1866. Wheel and postal service along the road was opened in 1864.

Slyudyanka from the 1890s to 1917

In 1899, land was allocated from the lands belonging to the Kultuk rural assembly for the construction of a railway settlement. This is how the village of Slyudyanka was founded. It housed the First and Second sections of the Construction Administration of the Circum-Baikal Railway. The surprise of many historians is why it was necessary to create the Slyudyanka railway junction, and not make it in the then largest settlement in the south of Lake Baikal, Kultuk. There is an assumption that the construction of Slyudyanka was the personal wish of the then Minister of Railways Khilkov. According to another version, the village assembly of Kultuk refused to allocate land on the territory of Kultuk proper for a railway station, since in this case there are already small areas suitable for Agriculture the land would be occupied by a station and locomotive depot. The Circum-Baikal Railway was a strategically important and very expensive link of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The locomotive depot, as well as the world-famous Slyudyansky station made of white marble, were commissioned in 1904, and in 1905 traffic was opened on the Circum-Baikal section of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In 1912, an initiative was put forward to transform the village into

« ...the city of Slyudyanka, because in terms of the number (4072 souls of both sexes), class composition and occupation of the population, this village, which currently has the character of an urban settlement, in the future, due to natural geographical conditions: the proximity of many useful minerals (mica, white clay, alabaster, marble) and the convenience of selling them along the railway and waterways adjacent to the village should inevitably expand and develop».

Goldfarb S., Kobenkov A., Kharitonov A. Travel to the land of marble mountains. Chapter 4.// Library of historical knowledge

The village developed rapidly. By 1916, 5,109 people lived in Slyudyanka, there was a church, 6 schools, 4 inns, a tavern and about 60 shops.

Revolutionary events

In 1903 – 1904 a Social Democratic group appeared in the city. With the beginning of the revolutionary movement of 1905 in Irkutsk, unrest began along the entire railway. In December 1905, the Council of Workers' and Employees' Deputies was created in Slyudyanka railway. To support the rebels in Irkutsk, the Bolsheviks, led by Babushkin, captured a train with weapons in Chita, but at the Slyudyanka station Babushkin was captured by a punitive expedition, taken to Mysovsk and executed there with his comrades. In memory of this event, a memorial plaque was installed on the pediment of the Slyudyansky station. The famous revolutionary figure Sergei Kirov conducted propaganda work in Slyudyanka. The October Revolution of 1917 took place in Slyudyanka in the form of spontaneous strikes. Soviet power was established almost in the first days after the revolution. In the spring of 1918, the Czechoslovak Corps began to march in the Irkutsk province. In July, the Slyudyansky Revolutionary Committee announced the introduction of martial law. On July 17, the train of the commander of Centrosibiria arrived in Slyudyanka, and on July 19, military clashes began. The White Guards met desperate resistance from a detachment of Slyudyansk Red Guards, troops of Nestor Kalandarishvili. The icebreaker "Angara" was brought to the aid of the Reds, but on July 23 the city was abandoned. The front rolled back to Verkhneudinsk. The power of the Russian government with its center in Omsk was established in Slyudyanka. A red underground was immediately organized. He carried out sabotage at the shipyard in Listvenichny and other actions. On January 8, 1920, after the dramatic events in Irkutsk, the Slyudyansk partisans finally decided on an open armed uprising against the local government garrison. The Bolsheviks, led by Georgy Rzhanov, emerged from the forest and entered the battle. Soviet power was re-established in Slyudyanka.

Soviet period

After the establishment of Soviet power, the negative consequences of the Civil War and devastation were revealed. In Slyudyanka in 1924 there was only one school and one club. The only cultural and entertainment center was the propaganda train “Blue Blouse”, which traveled with concerts for residents of railway villages. Despite the government's statements about the eradication of homelessness in the USSR, homeless children still remained. There were many of these in Slyudyanka, and therefore in 1936 funds were allocated from the regional budget for the construction of an orphanage in Slyudyanka.

The class struggle intensified. Right after Civil War In Slyudyanka, confiscation of property from the wealthy segments of the population began. Also, under the pretext of storing weapons, the Slyudyanskaya St. Nicholas Church was closed. It was transformed into a club named after May 1.

Disputes arose regarding the volost administration. As a result, until 1930 the administration of the volost committee was carried out from Kultuk, which caused discontent among the Slyudyanites. In 1930, the Slyudyansky district was founded, and it was decided to make the working village of Slyudyanka its center. In 1928, Slyudyanka was granted the status of a workers' settlement, and in 1936 - the status of a city.

The industry of that time in Slyudyanka was represented by railway enterprises, mainly a locomotive depot, a brick factory, mica mining (the Slyudyanka mine was opened in 1927) and local crafts - fishing, berry and pine nut picking.

In 1939, 12,331 people lived in Slyudyanka.

During the Great Patriotic War, 3,461 people were mobilized from Slyudyanka.

Slyudyanka was a deep rear area during the war. The production of mica and the operation of the railway were carried out with shock labor. East Siberian Pravda has repeatedly written about workers on the labor front, Slyudyansk workers - the head of the Slyudyansk mining department Berteneva, mica factory worker Anastasia Stupa, Stakhanovite miners, machinists who achieved significant savings in coal by caring for their machines, fishermen of the Baikal fishing collective farm, who received the All-Union Prize for shock work, about the women of Slyudyanka who cleared the paths. At the same time, financial assistance was provided to the army. The locomotives of the depot alone collected about 23 thousand rubles. The Slyudyanka military hospital was also opened in Slyudyanka. V.P. Snedkov became the head physician. Many fighters here were cured and returned to duty. Local enterprises and the pioneer organization took patronage over them. The famous Baikal scientist Gleb Vereshchagin gave lectures at the hospital.

In September 1945, a train accident occurred near Slyudyanka. A train carrying soldiers returning from the Japanese front derailed. 15 people died. In memory of them and the wounded who died in the hospital, a memorial was opened on June 22, 1989 in Uluntui Pad.

In memory of the Slyudyanites who did not return from the front, another memorial was created in the city - a memorial in Pereval Park. The sculptural composition consists of a monument to the soldier-liberator and plates with the names of the dead. On one of them are the names of the Heroes Soviet Union I. V. Tonkonoga and G. E. Beresneva. Every year a local Victory Parade is held near the memorial.

After the war, Slyudyanka continued to develop. During the war and post-war years A geological study of the territory was carried out. Samples of about 200 minerals were found, and new mica veins were explored. But the main event was the discovery of a deposit of marbled limestone. The thickness of the productive horizon here reached 350 m, and its length was about 10 kilometers. The possibility of using it as a raw material for cement production was considered. Raw material reserves at that time were estimated at 200 million tons. In 1955, construction began on what was then the largest Irkutsk region quarry for the extraction of building materials. By 1957 it was completed, and the quarry, named after the deposit, Pereval, produced the first tons of raw materials. Along with the quarry, a residential area for 1,500 people was built, consisting of panel apartment buildings.

Mica mining developed. It was used in various industries, including radio engineering and aerospace. To process mica, a mica factory was organized in Slyudyanka. Mining in the post-war period was in full swing. Nine mines were in operation. The mined out adits were abandoned and mining began. In 1958, one of the mines was flooded. Unprecedented engineering studies were carried out to drain the water. A five-kilometer-long mine was created to drain underground water into Baikal. However, mica mining was suddenly stopped in 1973. It was necessary to ensure sales of Aldan phlogopite mica in order to justify investment in the project.

After the war, Slyudyanka became a major railway junction. It was decided to build a section of the Slyudyanka - Bolshoy Lug - Irkutsk railway. Construction was completed by 1949. Slyudyanka II and Rybzavod stations (near the fish canning plant) were also built at the same time. By 1960, the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway from Mariinsk to Slyudyanka was electrified. In 1961, the city's locomotive depot was converted into a locomotive depot. In 1980, the depot was transferred from the Irkutsk branch of the Eastern Railway to Ulan-Udenskoe.

In 1975, mica mining was completely stopped. It was necessary to repurpose the mine management to save jobs. It was decided to extract building materials. The Slyudyansk Mining Administration became part of the Rosmramorgranit industrial association of the Ministry of Construction Materials Industry of the RSFSR and began mining marble, gneiss and granodiorites at the Burovshchina (in the village of the same name), Dynamite and Orlyonok deposits. During mining, a stone processing workshop and a mosaic slab workshop were organized. 30% of the products were exported from the region, mainly to Moscow and other cities, where work was carried out on lining metro stations. In 1985, the mine administration produced 45 thousand m² of facing slabs and 50 thousand m² of mosaic slabs.

Modern period

With the advent of the Russian Federation, the decline of industry in the city began. As a result of privatization, the Slyudyansk Mining Administration was transformed into JSC "Baikal Marble" in 1993, and then it split into various JSCs, such as JSC "Baikalpromkamen", JSC "Baikal Stone Processing Plant", JSC "Burovshchina Quarry". At the same time, the South Baikal Fish Canning Plant was privatized and named JSC South Baikal Fish Factory and Co.

In 1994–1995, the residents of Slyudyanka were terrorized by the serial killer Boris Bogdanov. He was a forester and a professional hunter. he lay in wait for his victims in the forest, usually these were people picking wild garlic or mushrooms in the forest. According to official data, the criminal had fifteen victims, according to unofficial data (taking into account the homeless people living in the forest) - 20 people. The police were unable to detain the sadist, since he professionally confused his tracks in the forest and had phenomenal instincts, each time escaping from pursuit at the last moment. He miscalculated on May 22, 1995. The house where he was hiding was surrounded. One of the operatives, Alexander Kutelev, was shot dead by a maniac during the storming of the house. When Bogdanov realized that he could not escape, he shot himself

In 1998, the South Baikal Fish Canning Plant ceased to exist. Its closure was associated with the general crisis of the fishing industry in the Irkutsk region. A strict tax policy, as well as serious competition from Far Eastern fish, undermined the development of the fish processing industry in Slyudyanka. It is also important that the fish catch in Baikal Negative influence discharge water from Lake Baikal to increase electricity generation at hydroelectric power stations. An attempt to revive the plant by processing chicken and pork meat into semi-finished products failed.

In 2005, as part of the celebration of the centenary of the Circum-Baikal Railway, the Slyudyanka I station was reconstructed. A new landing platform was built (from the city side). The main platform of the station was tiled. Repairs were also made to the station building. It was changed appearance, an exhibition exposition appeared in it, telling passengers about the Circum-Baikal Railway.

In 2011, Slyudyanka celebrated the 75th anniversary of receiving city status. For this anniversary, housing construction for Slyudyanka residents has resumed. For veterans of the Great Patriotic War As part of the Federal program to provide them with housing, a residential complex is being built. A sports and fitness complex is being completed. Large-scale work was carried out to equip the city's outdoor sports facilities.

After the war, Slyudyanka became a major railway junction. It was decided to build a section of the Slyudyanka-Bolshoi Lug-Irkutsk railway. Construction was completed by 1949. In the same year, the Slyudyanka II and Rybzavod stations (near the fish canning plant) were built. By 1960, the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway from Mariinsk to Slyudyanka was electrified. In 1961, the city's locomotive depot was converted into a locomotive depot. In 1980, the depot was transferred from the Irkutsk branch of the Eastern Railway to Ulan-Udenskoe.

In 1975, mica mining was completely stopped. It was necessary to repurpose the mine management to save jobs. It was decided to extract building materials. The Slyudyansk Mining Administration became part of the Rosmramorgranit industrial association of the Ministry of Construction Materials Industry of the RSFSR and began mining marble, gneiss and granodiorites at the Burovshchina (in the village of the same name), Dynamite and Orlyonok deposits. During mining, a stone processing workshop and a mosaic slab workshop were organized. 30% of the products were exported from the region, mainly to Moscow and other cities of the Soviet Union, where work was carried out on lining metro stations. In 1985, the mine administration produced 45 thousand m² of facing slabs and 50 thousand m² of mosaic slabs.

Slyudyanka since the 1890s. before 1917

In 1899, land was allocated from the lands belonging to the Kultuk rural assembly for the construction of a railway village. This is how the village of Slyudyanka was founded. It housed the First and Second sections of the Construction Administration of the Circum-Baikal Railway. There are different versions about why it was necessary to create the Slyudyanka railway junction, and not make it in the then largest settlement in the south of Baikal, Kultuk. There is an assumption that the construction of Slyudyanka was the personal wish of the then Minister of Railways Khilkov. According to another version, the village assembly of Kultuk refused to allocate land on its territory for a railway station, since in this case the already small lands suitable for agriculture would be occupied by the station and the locomotive depot. The Circum-Baikal Road was a strategically important and at the same time very expensive link of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The locomotive depot, as well as the world famous Slyudyansky station made of white marble, were commissioned in 1904, and train traffic was opened in 1905. In 1912, an initiative was put forward to transform the village into

Slyudyanka- a city in the Irkutsk region Russian Federation, administrative center of the Slyudyansky district. Located at the western tip of Lake Baikal, 110 km from Irkutsk. Population - 18,241 people. (2017).

A large railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway. The Circum-Baikal Railway begins from Slyudyanka II station. The federal highway passes through the city M55"Baikal". Tourist center of the Irkutsk region. Marble and cement raw materials are mined nearby. In the past, Slyudyanka was famous for the mining of mica-phlogopite and lapis lazuli.

On the site of the city in 1647, the Kultuk fort was created, which was subsequently moved to the place where the village of Kultuk is now located. After this, only in 1802 the settlement of Slyudyanskoe winter quarters on the Circum-Baikal Tract appeared in this place. In 1899, the railway settlement of Slyudyanka was founded, which received the status of a workers' settlement in 1928, and the status of a city in 1936.

Toponymy

The name Slyudyanka is of Russian origin. The basis is the appellative “mica” - the name of a mineral mined for 350 years in the vicinity of a populated area. Slyudyanka did not change its name, being a fort, a winter hut, a village and a city. The river that flows within the city and in the middle reaches of which mica deposits were discovered is also called Slyudyanka.

Story

Ancient history

The first people appeared on the territory of Slyudyanka in the Eneolithic era. This can be judged by the burials of an ancient man found in 1962 at Shamansky Cape. These burials were attributed by archaeologists to the Kitoi Eneolithic era. Drawings and rock paintings of ancient people were found in caves on the Shamansky Cape, but after the level of Lake Baikal rose due to the start of operation of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, they found themselves under water.

The territory of Slyudyanka before the arrival of the Russians

Little is known about this stage in the history of Slyudyanka. Historians suggest that in the 1st century BC. e. The Huns lived on the territory of the Southern Baikal region. Then they were replaced by the Kurykans, a people of Turkic origin. According to historians, they are the ancestors of the Yakuts. Based on the found burials of the Kurykans, it can be judged that they were cattle breeders, knew how to smelt iron, were rich relative to the tribes around them, and possessed developed art. In the 11th century they were supplanted by Mongol tribes, including the Buryats. They settled on the southern, southeastern, eastern and southwestern coasts of Lake Baikal, including the territory of Slyudyanka. In addition to the Buryats, Evenks lived in the southern Baikal region. When the Russians arrived, their camp was located on the site of Slyudyanka. As the Decembrist Lorer noted, by the time of his arrival in 1813, Kultuk, the nearest settlement to the territory of Slyudyanka, was still a village inhabited mainly by Evenks.

Slyudyanka from 1647 to the 1890s.

At the beginning of the colonization of Siberia, mica was one of the most valuable goods for explorers, in addition to furs and salt. The Cossacks who arrived in southern Baikal began searching for this particular mineral and found it in the middle reaches of one of the small mountain rivers, later called Slyudyanka. At the mouth of the river next to it there was an Evenki camp. In its place, it was decided to organize a small fort in order to mine mica and protect the ore miners and miners from the Evenks. Its founder was the explorer Ivan Pokhabov, a Yenisei Cossack, a boyar’s son. The creation of the fort was reported to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The fort at this place did not last long and was moved a few years later by the Russians to the place where Kultuk now stands, but the river at the mouth of which the fort stood was named after its founder.

After transferring the jail, no settlements there was no such thing on the territory of Slyudyanka until 1802. In 1766 and 1780s. Traveler Eric Laxman visited the territory of Slyudyanka. He became interested in the minerals in its vicinity and discovered deposits of jade, lapis lazuli and rediscovered mica deposits, which by that time had been forgotten and not developed.

After the appearance of the decree of Paul I “On the population of the Siberian region...” in 1802, settlers from the central provinces of the Russian Empire set up the Slyudyansk winter hut on the site of modern Slyudyanka and revived mica mining. The next important step for the development of the Southern Baikal region was the decision to build a wheeled road from Irkutsk to Kyakhta. A postal station was organized at the Slyudyansky winter quarters. In the 50s In the 19th century, Muravyov-Amursky approved the idea of building the Circum-Baikal Highway along the shore of Lake Baikal. By that time, Kyakhta began to lose its former significance. Verkhneudinsk became its competitor, and it was decided to build a road along the very shore of Lake Baikal, first to Posolsk, and then to Verkhneudinsk. Construction was carried out through the efforts of exiled Poles who rebelled in 1866. Wheel and postal service along the road was opened in 1864.

Slyudyanka since the 1890s. before 1917

By 1916, 5,109 people lived in Slyudyanka, there was a church, 6 schools, 4 inns, a tavern and about 60 shops.

Revolutionary events

At the beginning of the 20th century, revolutionary organizations began to develop in Slyudyanka. In 1903-1904 A social democratic group appeared in the city. With the beginning of the revolutionary movement of 1905 in Irkutsk, unrest began along the entire railway. In December 1905, the Council of Deputies of Railway Workers and Employees was created in Slyudyanka. To support the rebels in Irkutsk, the Bolsheviks, led by I.V. Babushkin, captured a train with weapons in Chita, but at the Slyudyanka station Babushkin was captured by a punitive expedition, taken to Mysovsk and executed there with his comrades. In memory of this event, a memorial plaque by sculptor G.V. Neroda was installed on the pediment of the Slyudyansky station.

The famous revolutionary figure Sergei Kirov conducted propaganda work in Slyudyanka.

The October Revolution of 1917 took place in Slyudyanka in the form of spontaneous strikes. Soviet power was established almost in the first days after the revolution. By July 1918, units of the rebel Czechoslovak Gaida Corps approached Slyudyanka, and the Slyudyansky Revolutionary Committee announced the introduction of martial law. On July 17, the train of the commander of Centrosiberia arrived in Slyudyanka, and on July 19, military clashes began. The White Guards met desperate resistance from a detachment of Slyudyansk Red Guards, troops from Nestor Kalandarishvili and the icebreaker Angara, specially brought to help the Red Army, but on July 23 the city was abandoned by Bolshevik forces. The front rolled back to Verkhneudinsk. Despite the success in the general battle near Posolsk, Kolchak power was established in Slyudyanka. An underground was immediately organized. It took an active part in party affairs. They rescued 27 Slyudyansk Red Guards who were hiding in the surrounding forests, and carried out sabotage at the shipyard in Listvennichny. On January 8, 1920, it was decided to organize an armed uprising against the Kolchakites, who were already collapsing. The Slyudyansk Bolsheviks, led by Georgy Rzhanov, came out of the forest and entered the battle. Soviet power was finally established in Slyudyanka.

Slyudyanka before the Great Patriotic War

Water tower

Immediately after the establishment of Soviet power, disputes arose between Kultuk and Slyudyanka regarding volost administration. As a result, until 1930, the administration of the volost committee was carried out from Kultuk, which caused dissatisfaction with the Slyudyansk village committee. By a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR on November 13, 1930, the Slyudyansky district was separated from the East Siberian Territory, and it was decided to make Slyudyanka its center. In 1928, Slyudyanka was granted the status of a workers' settlement, and in 1936 - the status of a city.

The class struggle intensified. Immediately after the Civil War, confiscation of property from the wealthy segments of the population began in Slyudyanka. Also, under the pretext of storing weapons, the Slyudyanskaya St. Nicholas Church was closed. It was transformed into a club named after May 1.

The industry of Slyudyanka at that time was represented by railway enterprises, mainly a locomotive depot, a brick factory and mica mining (the Slyudyansk mine was opened in 1927). Local crafts were also developed in the city - fishing, collecting berries and pine nuts. Due to the insufficient supply of workers and railway workers with food, forest products made up a significant part of the diet local residents.

In Slyudyanka in 1924 there was only one school and one club. The only cultural and entertainment center was the propaganda train “Blue Blouse”, which traveled with concerts for residents of railway villages. In 1936, funds were allocated from the regional budget for the construction of an orphanage for street children in Slyudyanka.

In the 30s, repressions began in Slyudyanka. About 500 people were repressed in the city. On the mountains near Slyudyanka there were logging sites where exiles and repressed people worked.

Slyudyanka during the Great Patriotic War

During the Great Patriotic War, 3,461 people were mobilized from Slyudyanka.

Slyudyanka was a deep rear area during the war. Mining mica and maintaining stable operation of the railway was carried out with hard work. "East-Siberian Truth" has repeatedly written about workers on the labor front, Slyudyansk workers - the head of the Slyudyansky mining department Berteneva, mica factory worker Anastasia Stupa, Stakhanovite miners, machinists who achieved significant savings in coal by caring for their machines, fishermen of the fishing collective farm "Baikal" who received the All-Union award for impact work, about the women of Slyudyanka who cleared the paths. At the same time, financial assistance was provided to the army. The locomotives of the depot alone collected about 23 thousand rubles. The Slyudyanka military hospital was also opened in Slyudyanka. V.P. Snedkov became the head physician. Many fighters here were cured and returned to duty. Local enterprises and the pioneer organization took patronage over them. The famous Baikal scientist Gleb Vereshchagin gave lectures at the hospital. In September 1945, a train accident occurred near Slyudyanka. A train carrying soldiers returning from the Japanese front derailed. 15 people died. In memory of them and the wounded who died in the hospital, on June 22, 1989, a Memorial was opened in Uluntui Pad.

In memory of the Slyudyanites who did not return from the front, another memorial was created in the city - a memorial in Pereval Park. The sculptural composition consists of a monument to the soldier-liberator and plates with the names of the dead. On one of them are the names of Heroes of the Soviet Union I.V. Tonkonoga and G.E. Beresnev. Every year a local Victory Parade is held near the memorial.

Slyudyanka after the Great Patriotic War

During the war and in the post-war years, geological exploration of the territory was carried out. Samples of about 200 minerals were found, and new mica veins were explored. The main event was the discovery of a deposit of marbled limestone. The thickness of the productive horizon here reached 350 m, and its length was about 10 kilometers. The possibility of using it as a raw material for cement production was considered. Raw material reserves at that time were estimated at 200 million tons. In 1955, construction began on the largest construction materials quarry in the Irkutsk region at that time. By 1957, it was completed, and the Pereval quarry, named after the deposit, produced the first tons of raw materials. Along with the quarry, a residential area for 1,500 people was built, consisting of panel apartment buildings.

Mica mining developed. It was used in various industries, including radio engineering and the aerospace industry. To process mica, a mica factory was organized in Slyudyanka. Mining in the post-war period was in full swing. Nine mines were in operation. The mined out adits were abandoned and mining began. In 1958, one of the mines was flooded. Unprecedented engineering studies were carried out to drain the water. A five-kilometer-long mine was created to drain groundwater into Baikal. However, mica mining was suddenly stopped in 1973. It was necessary to ensure sales of Aldan mica-phlogopite in order to justify the investment in this project.

After the war, Slyudyanka became a major railway junction. It was decided to build a section of the Slyudyanka - Bolshoy Lug - Irkutsk railway. Construction was completed by 1949. In the same year, the Slyudyanka II and Rybzavod stations (near the fish canning plant) were built. By 1960, the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway from Mariinsk to Slyudyanka was electrified. In 1961, the city's locomotive depot was converted into a locomotive depot. In 1980, the depot was transferred from the Irkutsk branch of the Eastern Railway to Ulan-Udenskoe.

In 1975, mica mining was completely stopped. It was necessary to repurpose the mine management to save jobs. It was decided to extract building materials. The Slyudyansk Mining Administration became part of the Rosmramorgranit industrial association of the Ministry of Construction Materials Industry of the RSFSR and began mining marble, gneiss and granodiorites at the Burovshchina (in the village of the same name), Dynamite and Orlyonok deposits. During mining, a stone processing workshop and a mosaic slab workshop were organized. 30% of the products were exported from the region, mainly to Moscow and other cities of the Soviet Union, where work was carried out on lining metro stations. In 1985, the mine administration produced 45 thousand m² of facing slabs and 50 thousand m² of mosaic slabs.

Modern period

Since the early 1990s, the decline of industry in the city began. As a result of privatization, the Slyudyansk Mining Administration was transformed into JSC Baikal Marble in 1993, and then it split into various JSCs, such as JSC Baikalpromkamen, JSC Baikal Stone Processing Plant, and JSC Burovshchina Quarry. In the same year, the South Baikal Fish Canning Plant was privatized and named JSC South Baikal Fish Factory and Co.

In 1994-1995 The residents of Slyudyanka were terrorized by the serial killer Boris Bogdanov. Being a forester and a professional hunter, he lay in wait for his victims in the forest, usually these were people collecting wild garlic or mushrooms in the forest. According to official data, the criminal had fifteen victims, according to unofficial data (taking into account the homeless people living in the forest) - 20 people. The police were unable to detain the sadist, since he professionally confused his tracks in the forest and had phenomenal instincts, each time escaping from pursuit at the last moment. On May 22, 1995, the house where he was hiding was surrounded. One of the operatives, Alexander Kutelev, was shot dead by a maniac during the storming of the house. When Bogdanov realized that he could not escape, he shot himself. One of the city streets was named after Kutelev.

In 1998, the South Baikal Fish Canning Plant ceased to exist. Its closure was associated with the general crisis of the fishing industry in the Irkutsk region. A strict tax policy, as well as serious competition from Far Eastern producers of canned fish, undermined the development of the fish processing industry in Slyudyanka. An attempt to revive the plant by transferring the enterprise's capacity to process chicken and pork meat into semi-finished products failed.

In 2005, as part of the celebration of the centenary of the Circum-Baikal Railway, the Slyudyanka I station was reconstructed. A new landing platform was built (on the city side). Repairs were also made to the station building. Its appearance was changed, and an exhibition display appeared in it, telling passengers about the Circum-Baikal Railway.

In 2011, Slyudyanka celebrated the 75th anniversary of receiving city status. For this anniversary, housing construction for Slyudyanka residents has resumed. A residential complex is being built for veterans of the Great Patriotic War as part of the Federal program to provide them with housing. A sports and fitness complex is being completed. Work was carried out to equip the city's outdoor sports facilities.

Geography

Geographical position

Slyudyanka is located in Eastern Siberia, in the south of the Irkutsk region, on the southern shore of Lake Baikal, 110 kilometers along the M-55 highway and 126 kilometers along the Trans-Siberian Railway from Irkutsk. The Circum-Baikal Railway starts from the city. The city stands on two rivers, in the foothills of the Khamar-Daban mountain system. The area of the city is 38.7 km² (without the Slyudyansky municipal formation); 436 km² (together with it).

Distance from Slyudyanka to the nearest cities (in a straight line) Kultuk ~ 3 km. Usolye-Sibirskoye ~ 121 km. Irkutsk ~ 80 km. Kyren
~ 103 km.

Tankhoy ~ 94 km. Chersky peak ~ 20 km. Zakamensk ~ 149 km. Baikalsk ~ 32 km.

Relief

The city is located on a foothill plateau (pediment) at the foot of the Khamar-Daban mountain system. The lowest point of the city is the edge of Lake Baikal, which is 456 meters above sea level. The plateau is formed by estuarine valleys and is filled with alluvial deposits of the Slyudyanka and Pokhabikha rivers. The plateau is inclined towards the water surface of Lake Baikal. Its length from west to east is about 5 kilometers, from north to south - from 2 to 4 kilometers. The plateau is surrounded by the Komarinsky ridge and one of its spurs, jutting into Baikal - the Shamansky Cape. Shamansky Cape is one of the most recognizable elements of the Slyudyansk relief, as well as a popular vacation spot.

Earthquakes

Slyudyanka is located in the Baikal rift zone, and therefore earthquakes of up to 11 magnitude are possible there. Large earthquakes (magnitude up to 6 points) occurred in Slyudyanka in 1862, 1959, 1995, 1999. The earthquake in February 1999 damaged the Slyudyansk wastewater treatment plant. But the most powerful earthquake occurred on August 27, 2008.

On August 27, 2008, at 10.35 local time, the strongest earthquake in its history, with a magnitude of 7-9, occurred in the Slyudyansky district. The epicenter was located 50 kilometers north of Baikalsk. In Slyudyanka the tremors reached magnitude 8. By a happy coincidence, not a single residential building collapse occurred in the city and no one died. In houses built in 1940-1950. Numerous cracks appeared (along 40 Let Oktyabrya and Perevalskaya streets). There was a displacement of the railway track and a break in the electrical wiring, so long-distance trains and commuter trains on the Mysovaya - Angarsk section were delayed for several hours. The district administration allocated funds to help those affected by the earthquake. The damage was estimated at 80 million rubles. Holidays for schoolchildren have been extended until September 8. Some houses were declared uninhabitable, demolished, and new ones were built in their place. The building of the former kindergarten, in which primary classes of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 4 were taught, became unusable. It was demolished and built in its place kindergarten No. 213 JSC Russian Railways.

Geology

Slyudyanka is located in the foothills of the Khamar-Daban mountain system, consisting of rocks of the age of the Baikal and Early Caledonian folding; therefore, the main rocks found in the vicinity of Slyudyanka are granites, marbles, crystalline schists, diopsides, feldspars, etc. The city's four most famous minerals are phlogopite mica, marble, lapis lazuli (lapis lazuli) and marbled limestone.

Mica crystal. Mineralogical Museum named after V. Zhigalov

The first attempts to start industrial mining of mica were made in 1902, when local ore miner Yakunin discovered mica veins 3 kilometers from railway station and staked them out. Industrial mining of mica began in Slyudyanka only in 1924. The Slyudasoyuz trust was created, and then, in 1929, the Slyudyansk Mining Administration was organized. Mica mining was carried out at a rapid pace due to the high demand for mica in electrical engineering and military engineering. By 1975, mica mining ceased. Now the mica mines may be of interest only to tourists.

Currently, the most used mineral is marbled limestone. Its extraction is carried out by OJSC Quarry Pereval. For the construction of the dams of the Angarsk cascade of hydroelectric power stations, cement was needed, and in 1958, in the vicinity of Slyudyanka, a quarry was opened to extract raw materials for the production of cement, which was extracted from limestone and sent to the Angarsk cement plant. In 2008-2010, the quarry worked intermittently.

An equally valuable mineral is marble of different colors, from white to pink. It was mined in the Burovshchina quarry. After the cessation of mica mining, the Slyudyansk mine was repurposed for the extraction and processing of marble. Marble from Slyudyanka was used for the production of tombstones and as a facing stone. They line the Novosibirsk metro station "Krasny Prospekt", the Kharkov metro station "Proletarskaya", the Moscow metro stations "Barrikadnaya", "Ulitsa 1905 Goda".

Lapis lazuli began to be mined in the vicinity of Slyudyanka immediately after the discovery of its deposit by Laxman, already mentioned above. The first batch was sent to St. Petersburg for cladding the walls of Peterhof. Azure stone was also used for cladding the walls of St. Isaac's Cathedral and as a raw material for producing ultramarine paint. From 1851 to 1863, its mining in the Malobystrinsky quarry was carried out by the craftsman of the Yekaterinburg lapidary factory Permikin. After 1863, its production ceased for almost 100 years. Obruchev, who visited Slyudyanka in 1889, noted the abandonment of these places. In 1967, the Baikalquartz Gems organization again organized lapis lazuli mining, but in 1995 the company went bankrupt.

Academician Fersman in one of his works called Slyudyanka a mineralogical paradise. In addition to the above minerals, about 400 more minerals were found in the mountains near Slyudyanka, such as apatite, diopside, wollastonite, glavcolite, uranothorite, mendeleyevite, goldmanite, azurite, andalusite, Afghanite, bystrite, vermiculite, graphite, dolomite, hydrogoethite, quartz, corundum , laurelite, molybdenite, orthoclase, plagioclase, rhodonite, sphalerite, florensovite, schorl, etc.

Hydrography

Rivers

Two rivers flow within the city: Slyudyanka and Pokhabikha. The Slyudyanka is a temporary watercourse. This is due to the fact that the main tributary went underground, and its waters were then artificially diverted to Baikal, and rainfall is not constant. In the past, major floods occurred on the Slyudyanka River. The largest of these occurred in 1971. To protect the population, dams were built along the river. Another river, Pokhabikha, has a constant flow into Baikal. This is due to the presence of underground nutrition near this river. Also in 1971, Pohabiha experienced a major flood by local standards. The problem of local rivers is the formation of ice in winter, especially on Pokhabikha.

Lakes of Slyudyanka

There are several lakes on the northwestern outskirts of Slyudyanka. These lakes were part of the Baikal waters, but during the construction of the Circum-Baikal Road, an embankment was created, and the lakes were separated from Baikal. They are used as fishing spots, and after freezing, winter car races are held on their ice. Muskrats live on these lakes. Some birds use these bodies of water as habitat and nesting sites.

In the mountains, near Chersky Peak, there are several very picturesque lakes, such as Lake Heart and Lake Devil, which apparently are of glacial origin. They are very attractive to tourists and local residents who make one-day treks to them.

Southern Baikal

But still, the main water body for the city is Baikal, specifically its southern part. The waters of Southern Baikal began to be studied in the middle of the 19th century. Benedikt Dybowski, a Polish exile-scientist, studied, together with his assistant Viktor Godlewski, the hydrodynamics and hydrobiology of the waters of Lake Baikal near Slyudyanka, determined the exact timing of the freezing of the lake, and measured the depth of Lake Baikal near Slyudyanka. Scientists have found that near Slyudyanka the depth increases sharply, and 15 kilometers from the coast it is already 1320 meters. On average, Baikal freezes on January 9 and opens on May 4. The ice thickness in the southern basin is about 1-1.5 meters.

Soils, vegetation and fauna

There are several types of soils in the city. The first type is swamp soils. They are represented in the western and northwestern parts of the city, in the sector of low-rise buildings on the site of drained swamps. In addition to Slyudyanka, they are found in other coastal parts of the Slyudyansky district, the Baikal region and the northern regions of the region. Another type of soil is alluvial soil. They are found in the Slyudyanka and Pokhabikha valleys when their channels exit the mountain valleys onto the plateau. They occupy a small area. Throughout the city, the soil contains a large number of mica, and thanks to him they began to search here and found deposits of phlogopite. Also in the vicinity of the city there are podburs and podzols.

In terms of vegetation cover, Slyudyanka and its surroundings belong to the East Siberian subregion of light coniferous forests and its southern taiga zone. Siberian pine trees predominate. Cedar, or Siberian pine, is the main tree of the Khamar-Daban ridge. Larch and Scots pine are mixed with it. Near the city there are forests with a predominance of birch and aspen. This is due to the fact that in the mountains nearby the city in the 50s. In the 20th century, logging was carried out. To the southeast of Slyudyanka there are endemic fir forests. The undergrowth is dominated by juniper and raspberries, with bergenia, kashkara, and berry bushes growing.

The Slyudyanka area is home to several species of game animals: sable, squirrel, bear; upland game - wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse. Bears began to appear more and more often near populated areas in the Slyudyansky district; their number in the area is approximately 1,200 individuals. Due to the lack of food in the forest, bears are looking for food sources near numerous tourist centers.

Ecological state

Due to the fact that the main fuel for boiler houses and heating of private houses in winter is coal, smog is observed in the city at this time. During the establishment of an anticyclone, the smoke does not dissipate in the basin, and a haze constantly hangs over the city. The smog problem was partially resolved with the construction of a central city boiler house, which, according to the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers on the protection of Lake Baikal dated April 13, 1987, was supposed to replace a large number of departmental ones. However, the smog remained. Within the framework of the target program “Protection environment in the Irkutsk region" funds are allocated for the construction of the Rudnaya electric boiler house.

Many mineral deposits located near Slyudyanka, such as the Baikal iron ore deposit, the Andreevskoye wollastonite deposit, and the apatite deposit, are not developed due to the fact that they are located in the water protection zone of Lake Baikal.

Religion

The main part of the population of Slyudyanka has long been Orthodox Christians. In the city there is a representative office of the Irkutsk diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church - the parish of St. Nicholas Church.

Nowadays there are not many Catholics left in the city, but in the past they played a significant role in the life of the city. In the city there is a Catholic chapel of St. George the Victorious, where services are regularly held. The city also has representatives of such religious movements as Seventh-day Adventists, Pentecostals, Baptists and Jehovah's Witnesses. A common occurrence among Protestants in the city is having many children.

The Muslim diaspora of the city is represented by immigrants from Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. There are no religious buildings for adherents of Islam in the city. Buddhists and shamanists in the area are represented by Buryats from the Tunka Valley and the rest of the Irkutsk region. Buryat shamanists in the past worshiped Baikal and its elements; the Shamansky Cape was the place of rituals and worship.

General information. The district was formed in 1930. It is located in the southernmost part of the Irkutsk region, along the coast. In the north it borders with the Irkutsk, Shelekhovsky and Usolsky districts, in the south and southeast - with the Republic of Buryatia.

The area of the region is 6.3 thousand km 2 (0.8% of the region's territory). The administrative center - the city of Slyudyanka - is located 127 km from. The Trans-Siberian Railway, Moscow and Tunkinsky highways pass through the area.

The population of the district is 46.5 thousand people. (1.7% of the regional number). The share of the urban population is high (93.1%), which is concentrated in two cities (Slyudyanka - 20.7 and Baikalsk - 17.4 thousand people) and two villages (Kultuk - 4.8 and - 0.4 thousand people .). Labor resources- 19.7 thousand people.

The area has a pronounced industrial specialization. The agricultural complex has not developed here due to a shortage of agricultural land.

Relief. The territory of the region has a mountainous terrain and is covered with coniferous forests, in which the predominant species are pine, larch and cedar.

Land resources. Approximately 60% of the region's territory is occupied by forests (mainly mountain taiga), 32% by water bodies (mainly Lake Baikal - 31.8%). Bio-non-productive lands occupy 8% (of which roads - 0.4%).

Agricultural land accounts for only 2.5 thousand hectares (0.4% of the area of the region), of which almost half is occupied by hayfields. There are only 880 hectares of farmland under arable land, 356 hectares in household plots, 270 hectares in garden plots, and 187 hectares in peasant farms.

Approximately 11% of the region's coastal lands, mostly forested, became part of the Pribaikalsky State National Park.

Water resources. The area is located on the coast of the largest freshwater lake on the planet. Many clean rivers and streams flow through its territory, originating in the coastal mountain ranges. Therefore, the possibilities of centralized water supply from surface sources are practically unlimited. However, in the water protection zone of the lake it is necessary to limit water consumption and restrain the development of any water-intensive industries.

Currently, the total volume of water intake in the region is estimated at 45-48 million m 3, of which 88% is consumed by industrial and transport enterprises (mainly the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill), 12% is used for household and drinking needs.

Hydropower potential. The potential hydropower resources of the main rivers of the region (Irkut, Snezhnaya, Utulik) are estimated at 2.8 billion kWh of average annual electricity generation. Technically possible for use - 1.8 billion kWh.

At one time they planned to turn the course of the Irkut into Baikal and not far from the village. Kultuk to build the Kultuk hydroelectric power station with an average annual output of 1.6 billion kWh. In addition, cascades of small hydroelectric power stations were supposed to be built on the mountain rivers of Khamar-Daban. However, their construction is unlikely in the foreseeable future due to environmental and economic restrictions.

Forest resources. The total timber reserve is 60 million m3. The average annual increase is 330 thousand m3. The share of coniferous species accounts for over 90%. The main species is cedar (its average age- 165 years). Share of forests Group I in forested area - 99.3%.

Taking into account the complex terrain and the ecological significance of forests in the coastal zone, the estimated cutting area is determined to be only 11.4 thousand m 3 . Therefore, wood is harvested mainly for local consumption.

The forest resources of the Baikal basin should be used primarily for environmental, nut-hunting and recreational purposes, for organizing recreation and tourism.

Hunting resources. The territory of the region has all the conditions for amateur and sport hunting. The area of hunting grounds here exceeds 400 thousand hectares. There is a game reserve “Irkutny” (16 thousand hectares). In 2000, the hunting department established the following standards for the removal of game animals and birds: sable - 92, Siberian weasel - 190, ermine - 270, hare - 520, squirrel - 15 thousand, fox - 2, wolverine - 2, lynx - 4, bear - 7, wapiti - 23, roe deer - 24, musk deer - 70, wolf - 47, wood grouse - 880, hazel grouse - 10 thousand.

Mineral resources. located at the junction of two largest geological structures of the first order: the Siberian platform and the Sayan-Baikal fold belt. The main geological events ended here towards the end of the Proterozoic. In these areas, rocks of terrigenous and granitoid formations are widely developed. The basins are filled with thick (200-1400 m) accumulations of sand, pebbles, clays and loams. The volumetric mass of alluvial sand is 2.66 g/cm 3, loam is 2.03 g/cm 3 (porosity is 0.6-0.7). The processes of waterlogging, soil heaving, thermokarst, ice formation, and solifaction are developed in the basins. Avalanches occur in the mountains, mudflows occur, and karst phenomena are observed. Seismicity in the rift zone is 8-10 points. Almost all deposits of the Slyudyansk mineralogical province are confined to the Karelian folded zone.

The listed geological features of the region, as well as deposits that are rare in concentration and varied in manifestations (their total number reaches 15), determined at one time the specialization of the region. Here is located the oldest mining region in Eastern Siberia, the development of which began in the 18th century.

The area has the following industrially significant mineral resources: mica-phlogopite (Table 39.4), marble, brick clays (Murinskoye and Bystrinskoye deposits), graphite (Bezymyanoye deposit), construction sand (Pankovskoye deposit), construction crushed stone (Angasolskoye deposit), construction stone (Osinovskoe deposit).

The existing mineral resource base once determined the specialization of the region. Before the construction of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, the share of the mining industry in the region exceeded 50%. Currently, this share has decreased to 1-2%, and the mining potential is not used to its full extent. This is caused, among other things, by environmental prohibitions in the first water protection zone, where there are restrictions on mining and mineral extraction. Therefore, the Slyudyansky district, having enormous mineral resources and the industrial infrastructure of the mining complex, cannot fully use its mining potential. At the same time, the development of this particular potential should be considered as one of the possible ways to replace pulp and paper production, which is currently the main one in the structure of the region’s specialization.

Transport node. After the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, it developed as a large railway junction. There was a fairly large depot, railway workshops, and the only pure marble station on the country's roads was built.

After the creation of the Irkutsk reservoir and the laying of an electrified section through the Baikal ridges, trains switched from electric traction to steam locomotive traction (until the mid-1960s). Then, after the electrification of the entire line, electric locomotives were replaced here with direct current to variable (until the mid-1990s). After switching to alternating current the entire section of the main line (from Irkutsk to Udan-Ude), through Slyudyanka trains are moving through, without changing locomotives.

Pulp and paper industry. After the construction of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, the basis of the region's specialization is pulp and paper production (over 80% of the region's industrial production). The plant owns approximately half of all industrial and production assets in the region. The BPPM problem was described in more detail in Chapter. 37.

Prospects for the specialization of the region. There is an opinion that after the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill is repurposed, tourism may become the basis for the region’s specialization. Indeed, the Slyudyansky district has significant recreational resources, but can the recreational sector become the basis in the structure of the district in the near future? I think this is not possible yet.

Firstly, in order to attract a large number of tourists and obtain significant financial resources for the area, comparable, say, to a mining complex, it is necessary to create not just tourist centers and hotels in the area, but to provide a range of services related to showing the beauty of Lake Baikal, high quality service and comfortable accommodation. According to preliminary estimates, this will require 500-800 million dollars. capital investments. Only for reconstruction and bringing to a safe condition the Circum-Baikal Railway from the village. Kultuk to the port of Baikal requires approximately 80-100 million dollars. In addition, the recreational sector requires highly qualified and highly paid personnel, the training of which is just beginning. To attract specialists here, again you need to provide them high level social conditions. Where to get the funds for all this, especially in the new economic conditions, when each region must rely on its own strength?

Secondly, as the experience of recreational services shows Black Sea coast Caucasus and Baltic states, with a sufficiently large flow of tourists, recreational loads become extreme and can cause irreversible environmental consequences. This problem is especially relevant for such a fragile ecosystem as Baikal. For this reason, for example, in the Baltics, the flow of tourists to traditional vacation spots on the Baltic coast is limited.

What other areas of economic activity can act as an alternative to the future development of the area in the medium term? There is an opinion that small business. But it is not yet able to take on the entire social burden of the region, since the share of this sector of the economy in the total volume of products produced by the region does not exceed 1.5%. In addition, small business, as well as the recreational sector, has Thus, there are no serious material prerequisites for a change in specialization. On the contrary, it is necessary to increase the efficiency and environmental friendliness of the existing production potential here, including the mining complex, which in the future can provide funds for investment in the recreational and tourism sector.

Mining complex of Slyudyansky district

The mining complex is the oldest branch of specialization in the Slyudyansky district.

Mica mining. Until 1974, industrial mining of mica-phlogopite was carried out in the area using the underground method. Since 1975, the mines have been mothballed due to the start of widespread development of other deposits (Aldan, Kovdor). However, the quality of mica in the area was very high and its development could be cost-effective. Moreover, the forecast reserves of raw materials here were estimated at 500 thousand tons, and the quality of finished products from Slyudyansk mica was 1.5 times higher than from Aldan mica, with a lower production cost. At the beginning of “perestroika”, the Irkutsk Geological Department had a feasibility study for the resumption of production (costs about 3 million rubles, in 1990 prices).

Reserves of mica-phlogopite in the Slyudyansky region

at the time of production cessation

Mines 1 and 4 (Uluntai Pad, near the town of Slyudyanka)
Mine 2 (3.5 km from the town of Slyudyanka along the Uluntai Pad)
Mine 3 (1.2 km south of Slyudyanka)

Rudnik 8 (1.2 km south of Slyudyanka)
Mine 9 (12 km northwest of Slyudyanka)

Extraction of marble stone. Before the crisis of the 1990s. The annual volume of marble stone extraction was 5 thousand m3, of which approximately 3 thousand m3 was exported outside the region, the rest was processed on site. In addition, 1.2 thousand m 3 of this building material was imported annually from various deposits of the Urals (Mramornoe, Kosyaga, Ufaleyskoye) to Slyudyanka for processing, which was caused by the need to produce marble tiles of various colors for interior decoration needs.

Marble at the Burovshchina quarry is mined in an open pit using low-power powder charges (up to 50 kg per charge), which causes certain damage to the quality of the raw material. As a result, the yield of finished products is 23% of the volume of mined stone. In addition, the Burovshchina quarry is located in close proximity to the coastline and open-pit mining violates the natural coastal landscape.

Slyudyansk Mining Administration. It was part of the system of the Ministry of Construction Materials of the RSFSR and specialized in the extraction of marble stone and phlogopite mica (until 1974). Now it is a joint stock company. It has three quarries for the extraction of pink marble and granodiorite: “Burovshchina” (7 km from the city), “Dynamite” (in the mountains, directly outside the city) and “Orlyonok” (in). In addition, the enterprise includes a manufacturing facility in the city of Slyudyanka, as well as a mothballed quarry for the extraction of gray marble in the village. Buguldeika ().

Quarry "Pereval" The enterprise was founded in 1957 and operated as a division of the Angarsk Cement and Mining Plant (ATsGK), supplying it with up to 75% of the mined stone. In addition to cement raw materials, the company produces crushed marble and decorative chips. Daily productivity for cement raw materials is up to 5 thousand tons, crushed stone - 0.8 thousand tons, crumbs - 0.3 thousand tons.

Marble is mined in two quarries; the operation of the first one ends. The design life of existing quarries with reserves is 30-50 years. The structure of the deposit is heterogeneous: half of the reserves are cement raw materials with a MgO content of over 0.8%; the second half is “substandard”.

Field development is underway powerful explosions, then the raw materials are transported to the first crusher, after which the overhead cableway (built in 1957) is delivered to the screw crusher, sorted into fractions and sent to the finished product warehouse, from where it is sent by rail to the ACGK and other consumers.

The production does not seem to be environmentally hazardous for Lake Baikal. The main sources of dust pollution are the stages of pouring, crushing of raw materials and storage.

Prospects for the development of the Bystrinsky ore cluster. Long-term prospects for the development of the mining complex of the region are associated with two main directions: firstly, with its reorientation towards more in-depth processing of extracted raw materials, and secondly, with a gradual transfer of production outside the lake’s drainage basin, to the Bystrinsky ore cluster (the Bystraya river basin ).

The Bystrinsky ore cluster began to form in the mid-1970s. In terms of economic and geographical position, in terms of the saturation of transport routes and industrial and social infrastructure facilities, this node is still much inferior to Slyudyansky. However, it is already obvious that the Bystrinskaya site is the main potential source of low-magnesium marbles, iron-free diopside raw materials, wollastonite-diopside crystalline schists, lapis lazuli, facing syenites, basalts, and titanomagnesites.

It is quite obvious that the Bystrinsky ore cluster can become the second pole of industrial growth of the Slyudyansky mining region, which will subsequently have to “pull away” part of the mining industry of the city of Slyudyanka, located in the Baikal drainage basin. In the future, it may become the basis for the economic specialization of the region.

The basis of the new mining hub will be the Bystrinskoye deposit of low-magnesium marbles. It is located on the right slope of the river valley. Bystraya and its watershed with the river. Pokhabikhoy, 7 km west of the Pereval quarry and 13 km south of the village. Fast. In terms of reserves and quality of marble raw materials, it significantly surpasses the Pereval and Komarskoe deposits located in the area.

The deposit's raw materials are suitable for the production of cement, including its highest grades. In addition, the marbles of the Bystrinsky mountain cluster (according to the conclusion of the Research Institute of Cellulose and Cardboard in the city) meet the requirements of the pulp and paper industry for raw materials for the production of kraft pulp. There is also a fundamental possibility of using Bystrinsky marbles for the production of neutral calcium hypochlorite as a filler in the production of plastics and paints.

The scale of the deposits is such that it allows us to raise the question of building a new cement plant or the second stage of the Angarsk cement-mining plant in the Irkutsk region.

The integrated use of marbles from the Bystrinskoye deposit in the cement, pulp and paper, chemical industries and agricultural production will ensure high profitability of its industrial development, streamline and reduce the volume of transportation of raw materials, and improve the quality of cement.

The concept of the transition to industrial development of the Bystrinsky cluster should include a number of stages providing for the organization of mining and processing facilities outside the Baikal basin, and only after this will a phased withdrawal (transfer) of facilities from the Slyudyansky mining cluster be carried out. As for the development of low-magnesium Bystrinsky marbles, this can initially take place on the basis of the production and transport infrastructure of the Pereval quarry, with the construction of a road (about 10 km) to the Bystrinsky deposit.

The Bystrinsky mining cluster should be considered as an integral complex deposit, where each individual mineral (be it diopside or low-magnesium marble) is its component. The mineral resources of this node cannot be divided, and their development cannot be carried out partially. All resources should be developed comprehensively, in accordance with a single master plan. In this sense, a mining consortium, as a voluntary association of mining enterprises and local authorities of the region, seems to be the most acceptable exponent of a single, collectively developed concept of development. Let's say, why does each mine need its own boiler house, its own warehouses, its own roads? After all, it is possible to make part of the production, transport and supporting infrastructure an object for collective use. At the same time, production efficiency will sharply increase.

There is still a very weak material and technical base. The share of fixed assets owned by small enterprises does not exceed 0.1% of the total value of fixed assets in the district.

And processing of facing materials from natural stone. The administrative and industrial center is the city of Slyudyanka, Irkutsk region. It is part of the industrial association "Rosmramorgranit" of the Ministry of Construction Materials Industry of the RSFSR. Created in 1927 as an enterprise for the extraction of mica (muscovite) on the basis of the Slyudyansky deposit, known since the 17th century. In 1975, the Slyudyansk Mining Administration completely stopped mica mining and switched to deposit development. The Slyudyansky Mining Administration includes: quarries "Burovshchina", "Dynamite", "Orlyonok", a stone-processing workshop, a workshop for the production of mosaic slabs, etc.

The Burovshchina deposit is located on the northern wing of the Bezymyannaya syncline and is composed of lower metamorphic rocks (various gneisses and). The useful stratum is marble with a thickness of 20-140 m. There are 2 sections at the deposit - North-Western and South-Eastern. The dip of the formation is from 45 to 90°. Internal structure The useful thickness is heterogeneous (with lens layers of calciphyres, white marble and granite-pegmatites). The marble is karst and covered on the surface with loose Quaternary sediments. The marble is pink, predominantly coarse-grained with a transition to medium- and rarely fine-grained. The texture is massive, often banded. Cracked marble. Average density 2670 kg/m3, 0.4-2.1%, water absorption 0.07-0.34%, dry tensile strength 53.3-92.5 MPa, abrasion 0.08-0.11 g /cm 2. Explored reserves of the field are 2.2 million m 3 (1986).

The Orlyonok granodiorite deposit is confined to a large massif of igneous rocks of the Sayan Proterozoic-Sinian complex. The useful strata are granodiorites (average thickness 45 m) with rare veins of granites and pegmatites. In the upper part of the intrusion, the granodiorites are weathered (the average thickness of the weathering zone is 3.5 m). Overburden rocks are sandy-clayey deposits with an average thickness of 5.4 m. Granodiorites are gray, medium-grained, massive, and are broken into blocks up to 19 m 3 by a system of cracks. Average density 2720 kg/m3, porosity 1.49%, water absorption 0.19%, abrasion 0.16 g/cm2, dry tensile strength 129.7 MPa. Explored reserves 7.9 million m 3 (1986).

Dynamitnoe (explored reserves 1 million m 3, 1985) is being developed for marble crushed stone for decorative finishing of reinforced concrete products.

When developing deposits of facing stone, for the first time in the practice of domestic stone mining, large-sized excavators, methods of contour cutting and powder breaking of blocks from the massif were used. The annual capacity of the "Burovshchina" quarries is 5 thousand m 3 blocks, "Dynamite" - 134 tons of decorative crushed stone (1985). Delivery of raw materials from quarries using road transport and electric forklifts. About 30% of the volume of mined blocks is used to produce facing slabs in the stone processing shop of the Slyudyansky Mining Administration, the rest is sent to stone processing plants in Moscow, the Urals and foreign countries.

In the stone processing workshop, blocks are cut, granite and marble slabs are grinded and polished. To make more complete use of waste, areas for the production of consumer goods and decorative laminated boards were built at the workshop. When making mosaic slabs, presses and grinding equipment are used. In 1985, 45 thousand m 2 of facing slabs and 50 thousand m 2 of mosaic slabs were produced.