Declension of surnames in Russian - features, rules and examples. What surnames are not declined: step-by-step instructions Declension of Korean names

Content

Compared to Europeans, the Chinese began using surnames before our era. Initially they were characteristic only royal family, aristocracy, but gradually they began to be used ordinary people. Some of them have transformed over time, while others have remained unchanged.

Origin of surnames

If some peoples still do not even have such a concept, then Chinese culture, on the contrary, takes this issue very seriously. Ancient Chinese surnames initial stage had two meanings:

• “xing” (xìng). A concept that was used to define blood relatives, family. Later, a meaning was added to it, indicating the place of origin of the clan. This concept was precisely used by representatives of the imperial family.
• "shi" (shi). It appeared later and was used to show family ties within the entire family. This was the name of the clan. Over time, it began to denote the similarity of people by occupation.

Over time, these differences disappeared. Today there are no differences between people, but the inhabitants of the Celestial Empire still treat their family with care, honor and carefully study it. Interesting fact It can be assumed that Koreans use Chinese characters to write their personal names. They adopted them from the inhabitants of the Middle Kingdom and made them Korean, for example, Chen.

Meaning of Chinese surnames

Chinese surnames and their meanings have different origins. They have them large number, but only about two dozen are widespread. Some came from professional activity(Tao is a potter). Some are based on the name of the dominion states into which China was fragmented in feudal times (Chen), and some are named after the ancestor who gave the name to the clan (Yuan). But all foreigners were called Hu. Names, of which there are a huge number, are of greater importance in the country.

Translation

There are many dialects in the country, so the same name can sound completely different. Transliterating it into other languages ​​can change the meaning completely, since most of them do not convey intonation, which plays a large role in Chinese. Many languages ​​have developed special transcription systems in order to somehow unify the spelling and translation of Chinese surnames.

Chinese surnames in Russian

Last names in Chinese are always written first (one syllable), and only then the name is written (one or two syllables), since family comes first for them. In Russian, according to the rules, they are written similarly. A compound name is written together, and not with a hyphen, as was the case until recently. In modern Russian, the so-called Palladian system is used, which, with the exception of some amendments, has been used to record Chinese surnames in Russian since the nineteenth century.

Chinese male surnames

The nicknames of the Chinese do not differentiate by gender, which cannot be said about the name. In addition to the main name, twenty-year-old boys were given a second name (“zi”). Chinese male names and surnames carry traits that a man should have:

• Bokin - respect for the winner;
• Guozhi – state order;
• Deming - dignity;
• Zhong – loyal, stable;
• Zian – peaceful;
• Iyngji – heroic;
• Kiang – strong;
• Liang – bright;
• Minj – sensitive and wise;
• Rong – military;
• Fa – outstanding;
• Juan - happiness;
• Cheng – achieved;
• Eiguo – country of love, patriot;
• Yun – brave;
• Yaozu – worshiper of ancestors.

Women's

Women in the Middle Kingdom leave their own after marriage. The Chinese do not have specific rules that guide them when naming a child. Here the main role is played by the imagination of the parents. Chinese female names and surnames characterize a woman as a gentle creature, full of affection and love:

• Ai – love;
• Venkian – purified;
• G – pure;
• Jiao – graceful, beautiful;
• Jiya – beautiful;
• Zhilan – rainbow orchid;
• Ki - beautiful jade;
• Kiaohui – experienced and wise;
• Kiyu – autumn moon;
• Xiaoli – morning jasmine;
• Xingjuan – grace;
• Lijuan – beautiful, graceful;
• Lihua – beautiful and prosperous;
• Meihui – beautiful wisdom;
• Ningong – calmness;
• Ruolan - like an orchid;
• Ting – graceful;
• Fenfang – fragrant;
• Huizhong – wise and loyal;
• Chenguang – morning, light;
• Shuang - frank, sincere;
• Yui – moon;
• Yuming – jade brightness;
• Yun – cloud;
• I am grace.

Declension

In Russian, some Chinese surnames are declined. This applies to those that end in a consonant. If they end in “o” or a soft consonant, then it remains unchanged. This applies to male names. Women's names remain unchanged. All these rules are observed if personal names are used separately. When written together, the declination will only be last part. Assimilated Chinese personal names will be subject to full declension in Russian.

How many surnames are there in China?

It is difficult to determine exactly how many surnames there are in China, but it is known that only about a hundred of them are in widespread use. The Celestial Empire is a country with a population of many billions, but paradoxically, most of its inhabitants have the same surname. According to tradition, the child inherits it from his father, although recently only the son could wear it, the daughter took her mother’s. Currently, the names of the genus do not change, although at the initial stage the hereditary names could change. This makes life difficult for the official authorities as it is very difficult to maintain records in such circumstances.

An interesting fact, but almost all personal names in Chinese are written in one character, only a small part consists of two syllables, for example, Ouyang. Although there may be exceptions: the writing will consist of three or even four hieroglyphs. Chinese people with the same surname are not considered relatives, but only namesakes, although until recently people were prohibited from marrying if they had the same surname. Often the child could be given double births - father and mother.

Most common

This may seem funny to some, but just over twenty percent of the inhabitants of the Middle Kingdom have three surnames. The most common Chinese surnames are Li, Wang, Zhang, Nguyen. IN modern language they even meet set expressions like “three Zhangs, four Lis”, which mean “any”. They may have different spellings depending on the transliteration.

Funny Chinese first and last names

In accordance with the pronunciation, many foreign words look, if not funny, then bizarre when spoken by someone else. Therefore, even the most harmless word in a foreign language can cause laughter in a Russian person. But sometimes parents’ imagination leads to the fact that in the language itself, names can mean funny and sometimes just wild things. Funny Chinese first and last names:

• Sun Wyn;
• Sui Wyn;
• Chew Yourself;
• Get up Sun.

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Often, secretaries and clerks, when drawing up protocols, are faced with the manager’s requirement not to decline certain names. We will tell you in the article which surnames actually do not decline. We have prepared a summary table of the most common cases with which difficulties arise.

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What are some misconceptions about the declination of surnames?

Most Russian speakers are unfamiliar with the laws of declension of given names and surnames. Despite the fact that there are many reference books and manuals on this topic, the issue of declination of surnames remains difficult for many people. In many ways, misconceptions regarding the rules for declination of surnames interfere. Here are some of them.

The declension of a surname depends on its linguistic origin. For example, all Georgian, Polish or Armenian surnames are not declined.

The declension of a surname depends on the gender of its bearer.

If the surname coincides with a common noun - Volya, Svoboda, Zhuk - it does not decline.

However, the most common misconception is that there are so many rules for declension that there is simply no point in memorizing them.

In order to refute these misconceptions, let's consider the basic rules for changing surnames by case. We have formulated them in the form of step-by-step instructions, with which you can quickly conclude whether the surname changes by case or not.

Table: declension of surnames in Russian

Download the table in full

How to determine whether a surname is declining: step-by-step instructions

Step #1.

Look at the end of the last name. If it ends in -ov (-ev,), -in (-yn), -sky (-tsky), decline it as standard

Such surnames can be changed without problems. But be aware of two important exceptions.

A. If the surname ends in -ov, -in, but is foreign (for example, Chaplin or Darwin), then it will change according to cases as a noun of the second declension (for example, table) - Chaplin, Darwin.

B. Women's surnames in -ina (Smorodina, Zhemchuzhina) change depending on how the male version of the same surname changes. If the male version sounds like Smorodin or Zhemchuzhin, then the female surname in the instrumental case will sound like Smorodina or Zhemchuzhina, and if the male version coincides with the female surname - Zhemchuzhina or Smorodina, then the female surname will be declined as a common noun. An example is in the table below.

	Charlie Chaplin	Anna Smorodina (born Smorodin)	Irina Zhemchuzhina (same as born)
	Charlie Chaplin	Anna Smorodina	Irina Zhemchuzhina
	Charlie Chaplin	Anna Smorodina	Irina Zhemchuzhina
	Charlie Chaplin	Anna Smorodina	Irina Zhemchuzhina
	Charlie Chaplin	Anna Smorodina	Irina Zhemchuzhina
	Charlie Chaplin	Anna Smorodina	Irina Zhemchuzhina

Step #2.

If you have a non-standard surname, note what sound it ends with

The main rule that should be followed is that the type of declension is primarily influenced not by the gender or nationality of the speaker, but by whether it ends with a vowel or consonant.

Step #3.

Do not change your last name, which ends in -yh, ikh, as well as e, i, o, u, y, e, yu

For example, the book by Belykh, the speech of Loye, Gramigna, Ceausescu, Lykhny, Maigret and Liu.

Note. In everyday speech and in the language of literature, where it is depicted colloquial speech , sometimes you can find the declination of male surnames into -y or -i. For example, Chernykh's report. Sometimes you can find the declension of Ukrainian surnames in -ko - Chernenka or Shevchenko. The last version of surname changes was common in the 19th century. But now both the first option and the second are undesirable.

Step #4.

If the surname ends with a consonant (except -i and -yh), look at the gender of its owner

Men's surnames are inclined to a consonant, but women's names are not. The linguistic origin of the surname does not matter. Male surnames that coincide with common nouns are also declined.

For example, reports by Krug, Shock, Martirosyan (for male surnames) and reports by Krug, Shock, Martirosyan (for female surnames).

Note 1. There are male surnames of East Slavic origin that can be inclined in two ways. We are talking about surnames that, when changed, have a fluent vowel - Zhuravl: Zhuravel or Zhuravlem. Most reference books recommend preserving the fluent vowel (Zhuravel) when declining, since from a legal point of view it is important to preserve the integrity of the surname. However, the owner of the surname may insist on the option he has chosen. The main thing in this case is to adhere to the uniformity of changing the surname by case in all legal documents.

Note 2. Last names starting with -th (Shahrai) deserve special mention. Here we are also faced with the possibility of double changing the surname. If the surname is perceived as an adjective, for example, Topchiy, then it changes as Topchego, Topchyu, etc. If the surname is perceived as a noun, it changes as Topchiya, Topchiyu. Such complex cases concern only those surnames in which the consonant “th” is preceded by the vowels “o” or “i”. In all other cases, the surname changes according to the general rules (Shahrayu, Shakhraya, etc.)

	Ivan Chernykh	Ivan Krug	Anna Krug	Ivan Shakhrai
	Ivan Chernykh	Ivan Krug	Annu Krug	Ivan Shakhrai
	Ivan Chernykh	Ivan Krug	Anne Krug	Ivan Shakhrai
	Ivan Chernykh	Ivan Krug	Annu Krug	Ivan Shakhrai
	Ivan Chernykh	Ivan Krug	Anna Krug	Ivan Shakhrai
	Ivan Chernykh	Ivan Krug	Anne Krug	Ivan Shakhrai

Step #5.

The surname ends in the vowel -ya. Is there another vowel before it? If yes, persuade her

Examples: Inna Shengelaya’s notebook, diploma issued to Nikolai Lomaya, meeting with Anna Reya; crimes of Lavrentiy Beria, meeting with Georgy Danelia.

Step #6.

The surname ends in the vowel -a. Is there another vowel before it? If yes, don't persuade her

Examples: Nikolai Galois’s notebook, diploma given to Irina Eria, meeting with Igor Gulia.

Step #7.

The surname ends in -a or -ya, but is preceded by a consonant. Pay attention to the origin of the surname and the emphasis in it

There are only two exceptions to remember:

A. French surnames with an emphasis on are not declined last syllable: books by Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola and Anna Gavalda, aphorisms by Jacques Derrida, goals by Drogba.

B. Mostly Finnish surnames ending in -a are unstressed: meeting with Mauno Pekkala.

All other surnames - Eastern, Slavic, Japanese - ending in stressed and unstressed -a or -ya are declined. Decline also surnames that coincide with common nouns.

Examples: Irina Groza’s notebook, a diploma issued to Nikolai Mukha, Elena Kara-Murza’s lecture, Bulat Okudzhava’s songs, Igor Kvasha’s roles, Akira Kurosawa’s films.

	Marguerite Galois	Nina Danelia	Anna Groza
	Marguerite Galois	Nina Danelia	Anna Groza
	Marguerite Galois	Nina Danelia	Anna Grose
	Marguerite Galois	Nina Danelia	Anna Groza
	Marguerite Galois	Nina Danelia	Anna Groza
	Marguerite Galois	Nina Danelia	Anna Grose

Why is it important to follow the rules for declension of surnames?

You risk encountering misunderstandings if you do not follow the rules for declining surnames.

For example, consider this situation. You have received a letter signed as follows: “letter from Vasily Groz.” Following the laws of Russian grammar, you will most likely assume that a man's surname, which in the genitive case has the ending -a, will have a zero ending in the nominative case and conclude that the author of the letter is Vasily Groz. Such a misunderstanding would not have arisen if the letter had been signed correctly - “letter from Vasily Groza.”

Another example. You have been given an article by A. Pogrebnyak. It is natural to assume that the author of the article is a woman. If it later turns out that the author is a man, Anatoly Pogrebnyak, this may lead to misunderstanding.

Kim O.M. On the morphology of Korean surnames in the Russian language // Anthroponymics. Sat. Art. / Institute of Linguistics, USSR Academy of Sciences. - M.: Nauka, 1970. P. 147-149.

According to the author of this article, materials from periodicals, fiction and scientific literature, as well as observations of oral speech indicate anarchy in the practice of using Korean surnames in the Russian language. The inappropriate tendency to not decline Korean surnames is especially widespread. The author identifies the main reason, in her opinion, for the discrepancy and sees a solution in establishing uniform rules for the use of this group of words in the Russian language, based on the principle of preserving the norms of the Russian language.

Olga Mikhailovna Kim, Doctor of Philology, Professor

On the morphology of Korean surnames in Russian

O. M. Kim

In the motley and immense variety of names, patronymics and surnames used in the modern Russian language, one can also find anthroponyms such as O, No, Lee, Pak, Kim, etc. All of them are very simple in structure. These are monosyllabic words ending in a vowel sound (Ni, Nu, O, etc.) or a consonant (Nam, Kim, Ten, Don, etc.) and two-syllable words ending in “yot” (Hegai, Ogai, Kogai, etc. ) . The bearers of these surnames are Koreans.

Materials from periodicals, fiction and scientific literature, as well as observations of oral speech indicate extraordinary anarchy in the practice of using Korean surnames in the Russian language. The unauthorized tendency not to decline Korean surnames is especially widespread, including those that do not contradict the norm and possibilities of Russian declination: the brigades of George Pak, Sergei Tsoi; letter to Kim Pyotr Ivanovich.

Let us present the figures obtained from the analysis of answers to the question: “Underline (without referring to manuals and reference books) the correct option, in your opinion: Letter to Sergei (Pak or Pak), waiting for (Pak or Pak) Sergei Ivanovich, etc.

A factor that contributes to some extent to liberation from the tendency not to decline Korean surnames is, in our observation, the education of the speaker. Here are some numbers:

Declension or non-declension of Korean surnames in written and oral speech It also largely depends on the environment in which the surname is used, i.e., on its distribution. Surnames without names or in combination with initials are declined more often than the “F + I” or “F + I + O” models. Wed: Speech by Comrade. Kim at the XVI Congress of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan; The complex mechanization units headed by V. Ogai and F. Pak especially distinguished themselves, but: The highest harvest was produced by the teams of Sergei Kwon, Maxim Kim, and Georgy Pak (“Truth of the East”, 1961-1962).

The main reason for the inconsistency and anarchy of the use of Korean surnames in the Russian language should be sought in the complete absence of any ordered tradition in this area. The current rule that “in compound names and surnames of Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, only the last part is declined if it ends in a consonant” is suitable only for the “F + Korean name” model [Pak Da-il, Choi Yong-gen and etc.). The non-declension of surnames in such combinations is explained by the fact that, when they enter the Russian language, they undergo a kind of simplification: to a speaker of another language, in particular Russian, the boundary between the components, the boundary between the first name and surname, is unclear, and the whole complex is perceived by him as one

complex whole. The question of whether to decline or not to decline Korean surnames would be exhausted by the indicated rule, if not for the fact that, in addition to the Koreans of Korea, the surnames Kim, Nam, Lee, etc. are also borne by thousands of citizens of the USSR, who in their absolute majority adopted European names and the Russian way of calling a person by name and patronymic. And for them, the issue of declination of Korean surnames claims to be the priority of some kind of normalization work. It is put forward by the needs of printing practice, teaching at schools and universities, etc.

The task of Russian scholars is to establish uniform rules for the use of this group of words in the Russian language, based on the principle of preserving the norms of the Russian language. Korean male and female surnames do not differ in endings. The surnames Nam, Tsoi, Ten are worn by both men and women, as well as the surnames Li, Ni, No. Given such features of Korean anthroponymy, the declension or non-declension of Korean surnames (as well as names and nicknames) in the Russian language should act as an important differential feature by which the gender of the bearer of a given surname is determined. All Korean surnames ending in a consonant or "yot" must be declined when denoting males. Used without inflection, these same surnames indicate that they belong to female persons. Korean surnames such as Liu, Li, Ni, etc., both qualitatively and quantitatively, do not fit the model of Russian nouns, and therefore stand outside the types of declension in the Russian language.

Surnames like Ogai., Kogai are typical only for Koreans of the USSR. Linguistically, they are variants of the surnames O, Ko, etc., although legally No and Nogai, O and Ogai, etc. pairs are thought of as different. The phonetic design of Korean surnames in Russian (a very interesting question in itself) is not subject to consideration in this article.

D. E. ROSENTHAL. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. M., 1967, pp. 224-225.

1. Geographical names

1.1. If the geographical name is not declined, then it is marked several. In other cases, for each toponym a gender form is given. pad. It is given in full:

1) with monosyllabic names: Belz, Bel lza; Gzhel, Gzheli;

2) in non-word names, which are ordinary phrases: Stary Oskol, Stary Oskol;

3) in compound words written with a hyphen: Baba -Durma z, Baba -Durma for; Ba den - Ba den, Ba den - Ba den [de].

In other cases, the form gen. pad. is given in truncated form: Badhy z, -a; Babad g, -a; Bavleny, -en; Badajo s, -a.

1.2. For some toponyms, forms of other cases are also given: for geographical names in - evo, -ovo, -foreign, -yno forms of genus, creative are given. and sentence pad., since in speech practice, in the press, in television and radio broadcasts, these names are sometimes not declined, which contradicts the traditional norm of the Russian literary language, for example: Bagerovo, -a, -om, in Bagerovo (urban town, Ukraine) ; Ko sovo, -a, -om, in Ko sovo (Rep. Serbia); Gabrovo, -a, -om, in Gabrovo (city, Bulgaria).

1.3. East Slavic names ending - O with a preceding consonant, do not decline: Dubno, several. (city, Ukraine); No, several. (city, Ukraine); Gross bottom, several. (city, Belarus).

1.4. In geographical names on - ev, -yev, -ov, -in the forms of the genitive and instrumental are given: Belev, -a, -om (city, Tula region, Russian Federation); Bobro in, -a, -om (city, Voronezh region, Russian Federation); Bardejov, -a, -om (city, Slovakia); Babi n, -a, -om (lake, Canada).

1.5. Foreign place names ending in a vowel - A, experience significant fluctuations in inclination:

many borrowed geographical names, mastered by the Russian language, are declined according to the type of noun. wives kind of on - A stressed, for example: Bukhara, -ы; Bugulma, -s; Ankara, -s;

Toponyms of French origin with final stress are not declined: Yura, several. (mountains - France; Switzerland);

Japanese place names ending in - are declined A unstressed: O saka, -i; Yoko bitch, -i [yo];

Estonian and Finnish names ending in - are not declined A, -I unstressed: Sa vonlinna, several. (city, Finland); Yu väskylä, several. (city, Finland); Sa aremaa, several. (island, Estonia);

Abkhazian and Georgian toponyms ending in unstressed experience fluctuations in declination - A. The Dictionary lists the names in the inflected version: Шxa pa, -ы (g. - on the border of Georgia and Kabardino-Balkaria, Russian Federation); Ochamchi ra, -y (city, Republic of Abkhazia); Gudau ta, -y (city, Republic of Abkhazia);

complex geographical names do not tend to - A unstressed, borrowed from Spanish and other Romance languages: Bai ya Blanca, several. (city, Argentina); Bai ya-La ypa, several. (city, Argentina); Here s-de-la-Fronte ra [re, de, te], several. (city, Spain);

complex Slavic names are declined as nouns, which are nouns in the presence of word-formation features of adjectives, for example: Bya la-Podlya ska, Bya la-Podlya ski (city, Poland); Banská Bistrica, Banská Bistrica (city, Slovakia); Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora (city, Poland);

both parts in names with the word river are inflected, for example: Moscow -river, Moskva -river, on the Moscow river, etc. But in colloquial speech there are cases of indeclinability of the first part of these combinations: beyond the Moscow river, on the Moscow river, etc. d. However, such use does not correspond to the norm of literary language.

1.6. Place names ending in vowels - And, -s and not perceived in Russian as plural forms. numbers are given in indeclinable form, for example: Burley, several. (village, Kazakhstan); Karshi, several. (village, Turkmenistan); Ismayilli, several., (city, Azerbaijan); Mary, several. (city, Turkmenistan); Dzhusaly, several. (town, Kazakhstan).

1.7. For monosyllabic names ending in a soft consonant, the forms gen., date are given. and sentence fallen., since they experience fluctuations when declination: Rus', Rus', to Rus', in Rus'; Ob, Ob, to Ob, on Ob; Perm, Perm, to Perm, about Perm; Kerch, Kerch, to Kerch, in Kerch. In the latter case, the stress is fixed on the base.

1.8. For names ending in consonants - and, -ts, -w, gender forms are indicated. and creativity fallen., since in creation. pad. under stress it is written - O, and without accent - e, for example: Fateh, -a, -em (city, Kursk region, Russian Federation); Kirzha h, -a, -o m (city, Vladimir region, Russian Federation).

1.9. Some foreign names like Se nt-Ka tarins [se] are not inclined several., (city, Canada); Pe r - Lashe z [pe], several. (cemetery in Paris); Pla ya-Hiro n (Pla ya-Hiro n), several. (village, Cuba).

1.10. Some foreign language names from the area of ​​urban nomenclature are given in indeclinable form with the second part - straight, -square: Woll-street, several.; Washington Square, several. etc.

O, -e, -And, -at, -yu, are presented in the Dictionary in an indeclinable form, for example: SHI LO Nikolai, Shi lo Nikola ya (Russian geologist); CRAFT Vasily, Craft Vasily (Russian breeder); DURNOVO Ivana, Durnovo Ivana (Russian statesman); VA JKULE Laima, Va ikule Laima (Latvian pop singer); VESKI And anne, several. (Estonian pop singer); BASILASHVI LI Ole g, Basilashvi li Olega (Russian actor); ILIE SKU Ion, Ilie sku Io na (Romanian statesman); BENTO Yu Pasca l, Bento Yu Pasca la (Romanian composer).

3. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in -a, -ya, -iya, -aya, -oh

Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - A, -I, -and I, -oh, -oh, as a rule, are inclined. But there are also cases of their indeclension, which is associated with the place of stress in the word and the tradition of their use in the Russian language:

3.1. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - A, -I non-accented ones, as a rule, are inclined; for example: TO MA Svetlana, TO WE Svetlana (Russian actress), DO GA Evgeniy, DO GI Evgenia (Moldova composer).

3.2. Japanese first and last names ending in - A unstressed, recently in print, in television and radio broadcasts, and in literature, they are regularly inclined. The Dictionary gives: KUROSA WA Akira, Kurosa you Akira (Japanese director); HATOYA MA Ichi ro, Hatoya we Ichi ro (Japanese statesman).

3.3. Georgian names and surnames of the indicated type experience fluctuations during declension, but in accordance with the norm of the Russian literary language they should be declined, for example: OKUDZHA VA Bula t, Okudzha you Bula ta; HORA VA Aka kiya, Hora you Aka kiya; VA ZHA Pshavela, VAZHA Pshavely. But the name of the Georgian poet ending in - A stressed, Shota Rustavi is not traditionally declined in Russian.

3.4. Finnish given names and surnames ending in - A unstressed, mostly not inflected, for example: KE KKONEN U rho Kaleva, Ke kkonena U rho Kaleva, PE KKALA Ma yno, several.

3.5. First and last names ending in - A with the previous one - And, do not decline, for example: GAMSAKHU RDIA Konstantin, Gamsahu RDIA Konstantin (Georgian writer).

3.6. Slavic surnames ending in - A stressed, incline: Skovoroda Gregory, Skovoroda Gregory (Ukrainian philosopher); POTEBNYA Aleksandra, Potebnya Aleksandra (Ukrainian and Russian philologist-Slavist).

3.7. French surnames and personal names ending in - A percussion, do not bow: TALMA Francois, several. (French actor); THOMA Ambrois z, Thomas Ambrois (French composer); GAMARRA Pierre, Gamarra Pierre (French writer); DUMA Alexandra, Dumas Alexandra (French writer).

3.8. Some African surnames start with - A shock experience fluctuations in declination: BABANGIDA Ibragi m, Babangida Ibragi ma (states figure of Nigeria); YAMARA Semoko [se], several. (general figure of Chad).

3.9. Women's personal names and surnames ending - oh Declined according to the model of the declension of personal names such as Ra ya, Ta ya, Agla ya. The Dictionary gives the forms of gender, date. and sentence pad., for example: GULA I I nna, Gula i Inn, to Gula e I nna, about Gula e I nna (Russian actress); SANA I Marina, Sana and Marina, to Sana e Mari not, about Sana e Mari not (Russian figure skater).

3.10. Male surnames ending - oh decline according to the type of declension of noun. “needles”, for example: PIKHO I Rudolf, Piho and Rudolf, to Piho e Rudolf, about Piho e Rudolf (Russian statesman).

3.11. Georgian surnames ending in - and I, are declined according to the model of the name Mari I (Mari I, gen., dat., prel. AndAnd), although in speech practice, on TV and radio, and in print, surnames of this type are sometimes not declined, which does not correspond to the norm of the Russian literary language. Correct: DANELIA Georgy, Daneliya Georgy, to Daneliya Georgy, about Daneliya Georgy [ne] (Russian film director); ALEXA NDRIA Na na, Alexandria Na us, to Alexandria Na not, about Alexandria Na not (Georgian chess player); CHKO NIYA Lamara, Chko niy Lama ry, to Chko niy Lama, about Chko niy Lama (Georgian actress).

3.12. Personal names I ya, Li ya, Vi ya, Ti ya, Gi ya (masculine Georgian name) are given gender and date forms. and sentence pad. with ending - II: And I, And and, to And and, about And and. There is a second way of inflecting these names: And I, And and, to I e, about I e. The dictionary gives preference to the first, i.e.: And I, And and, to And and, about And and.

3.13. For personal names and surnames of eastern origin such as Aliya, Alfiya, Zulfiya, gender and date forms are given. and sentence pad.: Zulfiya, -ii; to Zulfiya, about Zulfiya.

4. Male and female surnames and personal names ending with a consonant (including th)

4.1. Male surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are declined: DAL Vladi mir, Da la Vladi mir; BRECHT Berto lta, Brechta Berto lta [re].

4.2. Male and female surnames ending in - their, -s, do not bow: RAVENSKIKH Nikolai, Ravenskikh Nikolai (Russian director); CHEREMNY X Mikhai l, Cheremny X Mikhai la (Russian artist); Cheremny x, several. (feminine form).

4.3. To male names and surnames ending in hissing and - ts, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity pad. Under the stress of creation. pad. is written - O, and without accent - e, for example: Liszt Ferenc, Liszt Ferenc, Liszt Ferenc (Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor); BA RENZ Willem, Barents Willem, Barents Willem (Dutch navigator); BILA SH Aleksandra, Bilasha Aleksandra, Bilasho m Aleksandr (Russian composer); BA LAZH (Balash) Bela, Balazha (Balasha) Bely, Balazhem (Balash) Beloy (Hungarian writer). However, there are exceptions, for example: TE LESHOV Nikolai, Teleshova Nikola I (Russian writer); VLADI MIRTSOV Bori s, Vladi Mirtsova Bori sa (scientist - Mongolian); KOKO VTSOV Pa Vel, Koko Vtsova Pa Vla (Russian Semitic scientist).

4.4. Male surnames of East Slavic origin that have a fluent vowel during declension may have two declension options - with and without loss of the vowel, depending on the tradition of their use in literary speech. The Dictionary gives: ZA YATS Anatoly, ZA Yats Anatoly (Russian poet); SUDET Ts Vladi mir, SUDET Ts Vladi mir (Russian military leader); GRITSEVETS Sergei, Gritsevets Sergei (Russian pilot); LUCHENO K I Grief, Luchenka I Grief (Belarusian composer); KOVALYONOK Vladi Mir, Kovalyonka Vladi Mir (Russian cosmonaut); MAZURO K Yuri, Mazuro ka Yuri (Russian singer).

4.5. For male surnames and personal names of Western Slavic and Western European origin, gender forms are given. pad. without dropping a vowel, for example: GA SHEK Jarosla v, Gasheka Jarosla va (Czech writer); GA VRANEK Bo Guslav, GA VRANEK Bo Guslava [ne] (Czech linguist); GOTT Karel, Go tta Karela [re] (Czech singer).

4.6. Male Polish, Czech and Slovak surnames in - skiy, -Tsky usually given with full endings in the nominative case and declined according to Russian models (following the model of the declension of adjectives), for example: OLBRY KHSKI Danie l, Olbry KHSKI Danie la [ie] (Polish actor); OGINSKI (Oginski) Michal Kleo fas, Oginski (Oginski) Michal Kleo fas (Polish composer). But sometimes surnames of this type are used in an indeclinable form, for example: POLA NSKI Roman, Polanski Roma (Polish film director), although on the recommendation of experts they should be declined. The dictionary gives: POLANSKY (Polanskiy) Roman, Polanskiy (Polanskiy) Romana.

4.7. Women's surnames can be formed in different ways: with full endings (- Skye, -Tskaya) and with truncated (- ska, -tska). In both cases, they are more often declined according to Russian models (following the model of the declension of full adjectives), for example: BANDRO VSKA-TU RSKA Eva, Bandrovskaya-Turskaya E you (Polish singer); BRY LSKA Barbara, Brylska Barbara (Polish actress); CHERNY-STEFANSKA Galina, Czerny--Stefanska Galina (Polish pianist). Quite often, the name Brylskaya is pronounced incorrectly, placing emphasis on the first syllable: Barbara. But in Polish the stress is always on the penultimate syllable: Barbara ra. The Dictionary gives: BRY LSKA Barbara ra.

4.8. With borrowed male surnames ending in unstressed - ov, -in, genus forms are given. and creativity pad. with ending - ohm: DA RVIN Charles, Da Rvin Charles, Da Rvin Charles (English naturalist); CHA PLIN Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer [peh, se] (American film actor, film director); FLO TOV Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich (German composer). Similar Russian surnames are in the works. pad. ending - th.

4.9. European female surnames with unstressed - ov, -in presented in the Dictionary in indeclinable form: HO JKIN Do roti, several. (English scientist, woman); CHA PLIN Geraldina, Cha PLIN Geraldina (American actress).

4.10. The Dictionary also includes male surnames with accent - in. If these are Russian and Russified male surnames, then they are inclined according to the general rule, i.e. they have a creative meaning. pad. percussion - th. Therefore, this form is not given in the Dictionary, for example: KARAMZI N Nikolai, Karamzina Nikolai; BUTURLI N Vasily, Buturlina Vasily.

4.11. Female surnames of the above type are also inclined according to the Russian model: ROSTOPCHINA Evdoki I, Rostopchino y Evdoki and (Russian poetess).

4.12. To borrowed non-Russified male surnames with an accent - in the form of creation is given. pad. with unstressed - ohm: RACINE Jean, Racine Jean, Racine Jean (French playwright); BARTOLI N Era zm, Bartoli on Era zm, Bartolin nom Era zm (Danish scientist).

4.13. Female surnames of this type are presented in an indeclinable version: DENEV Katri n [de], several. (French actress), BIRKI N Jane, several. (French actress).

4.14. Women's surnames and names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are given in indeclinable form, for example: VOYNICH Etel el Lilian [te], several. (English writer); COURSE L Nico l [se], several. (French actress).

4.15. Female personal names of biblical origin (Agar, Rachel, Ruth, Shulami f, Esther, Judi f) are declined according to the type of declension of the word “salt” (sol, soli, with salt, about salt), for example; Agary, Agary, with Agary, about Agary. The Dictionary lists the forms gen., creative. and sentence pad. The name Rashe l (Rashel, Rashe li, with Rashe li, about Rashe li), but the stage name of the French actress RACHE L ( present femme. - Eli doesn’t bow to Rush el Feli x)

4.16. The name Lyubov is declined without dropping a vowel; the Dictionary provides forms of gender, date. and sentence fall: Love, Love, to Love, oh Love. The names Nine l and Assol fluctuate in declination. The dictionary gives: Nina l, -i [ne] (f. name); Assol, several. (f. name).

5. Complex borrowed names and surnames

5.1. In complex Western names and surnames, connected by a hyphen, the last word is declined: BELMONDO Jean-Paul, Belmondo Jean-Paul (French actor); RUSSO Zha-n-Zhak, Rousseau Zha-n-Zhaka (French writer and philosopher); KAPABLA NKA Jose -Rau l, Capabla nki Jose -Rau la [se] (Cuban chess player). If the second name is not inflected, then the first name takes on the function of inflection, for example: TRENTIGNA N Zsa n-Louis, Trentigna na Zsa na-Louis (French actor); GUY-LUSSA K Jose f-Louis, GAY-Lussa ka Jose f-Louis [ze] (French chemist and physicist).

5.2. In compound names and surnames of Vietnamese, Korean, Burmese, Cambodian, Chinese, etc., the last part is declined: KIM YONG NAM, Kim Yong Na ma (North-Correspondent statesman); BA THEIN TIN, Ba Thein Ti na [te] (Burmese statesman); CHE A SIM, Che a See ma (Cambodian statesman); LI PEN, Li Pe na (Chinese statesman).

6. Double surnames

In Russian double surnames, both parts are declined if their endings can be declined, for example: SOKOLO V-MIKITO V, Sokolo va-Mikitova (Russian writer); GOLENI SHCHEV-KUTU CALL, Shin Shcheva-Kutu Zov (Russian poet, philologist, literary critic), but: SOKOLO V-SKALYA, Sokolo va-Skalya (Russian artist).

If the first part is not used as an independent word, it does not decline: DE MUT-MALINO VSKY, De mut-Malinovsky (Russian sculptor); Grum-Grzhima Yilo Vladi mir, Grum-Grzhima ylo Vladi mira (Russian scientist-metallurgist); BO NC-BRUE HIV, Bo NC-BRUEVICH (Russian military leader).

Kim is a male name.
Option to spell the name in transliteration (Latin): Kim

Name meaning

From Evdokim. "Chief" (Celtic)
Kim, as a rule, is an uncomplicated person; he is not a mystery to those around him: all his feelings are literally written on his face. He is inclined to trust people unconditionally, and since he is a useless psychologist, he is often deceived by them. But he cannot forgive this and will harbor evil for years. He knows how to keep his word and, if he promises, he will certainly do it. Purposeful in his youth, having reached a certain position, he calms down and arranges himself so as not to bother himself with excessive worries about his daily bread. However, these people are excellent at making others work for them. They are not too ambitious and strive more for a calm, prosperous life. From time to time, showing extraordinary fighting qualities, the Kims fight for the implementation of some plans that have overwhelmed them. In the team, in spite of everything, they are usually loved, in any case, few are able to get seriously angry with them, but when they leave, no one he will not regret such a valuable employee. Kim is always the master of the house, however, he marries several times, and even when he is married, he often looks at women, however, all this does not prevent him from being an exemplary family man.

Numerology of the name

Soul number: 9.
Those with the name number 9 are dreamy, romantic and impulsive. They are cheerful, love big noisy companies, they tend to make broad gestures, they love to help people. However, “Nines” are prone to inflated self-conceit and often flirt and turn into arrogant egocentrics. “Nines” are cheerful, amorous and romantic. However, their feelings are not always constant, which is often expressed in “frivolity” in their personal life. Nines are quite selfish. Only a very strong personality can build a strong family with a “nine”.

Hidden Spirit Number: 1
Body number: 8

Signs

Planet: Neptune.
Element: Water, cold-humidity.
Zodiac: Sagittarius, Pisces.
Color: Aquamarine, sea green.
Day: Thursday, Friday.
Metal: Rare earth metals, platinum.
Mineral: Topaz, aquamarine.
Plants: Grapes, poppy, roses, saffron, weeping willow, algae, mushrooms, water lily, henbane, hemp.
Animals: Deep sea fish, whale, seagull, albatross, dolphin.