Joint armed forces are troops, forces and means, command and control bodies allocated by agreement between two or more states for joint actions in order to ensure their security. The combined armed forces of each state, as a rule, include the most trained and equipped with modern weapons, technical means connections and parts.

The special forces of the CRRF consist of representatives of internal affairs bodies or police, internal troops, security agencies and special services, as well as bodies for the prevention and liquidation of consequences of emergency situations.

The UN Armed Forces are the combined armed forces of the member states of the United Nations, the procedure for their creation is regulated by Article 43 of the UN Charter. The military contingents provided by UN member countries at the disposal of the Security Council, under its leadership and command, essentially constitute the joint armed forces of the UN. Their task is to help prevent hostilities, restore and maintain order, and provide humanitarian assistance. Their functions also include monitoring compliance with the ceasefire agreement, monitoring the withdrawal of troops and patrolling buffer zones. Traditionally, the armed forces of the Scandinavian countries, Canada, Austria, Ireland, France, Great Britain, as well as Ghana, Nepal, and Fiji took part in the formation of the UN multinational forces. In modern conditions, military formations of the USA, Russia, Ukraine and other states are also involved in participation in them.

The Combined NATO Armed Forces (NATO) are the coalition armed forces of the states that are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Created in accordance with the decisions of the fifth session of the NATO Council in September 1950.

Currently, 28 states are members of NATO: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal , Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA, Spain, UK, Turkey. NATO's primary mission is to protect the freedom and security of its member states through political and military means. NATO adheres to the principle that an attack on one or more members of the organization is considered an attack on the alliance as a whole.

The structure of NATO's Joint Armed Forces in terms of numbers, combat strength and equipment is more focused on local-scale military actions and peacekeeping operations (including outside the bloc's area of ​​responsibility), solving problems of preventing or eliminating sources of threats associated with terrorism and proliferation weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

NATO's Allied Forces consist of theater nuclear forces and general purpose forces. Nuclear forces are assigned the role of a deterrent for potential aggressors. They include squadrons of tactical aircraft carriers of the Air Force (Air Force) and the Navy (Navy). General purpose forces are the most significant in composition and are represented by formations of the ground forces, air force and navy, which are not part of the nuclear component of the bloc.

The European Defense Community project was announced by French Prime Minister René Pleven in 1950. Then, in July 1950, North Korea, with Chinese support, attacked South Korea to unite the country under the communist flag. In Europe, fears grew that a similar scenario could also be realized here, and then a project was developed according to which the armed forces of France, Italy, West Germany and the Benelux countries were to unite under a common command. , he was not supported by the French National Assembly.

Attempts to create a unified European army continued. In 1991, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and Spain formed joint brigades with a single command in Strasbourg and called them Eurocorps. In 1995, the French, Italians, Spanish and Portuguese agreed to create Eurofor (European Operational Rapid Force).

At the Helsinki Conference in 1999, the European Union began to develop a common defense policy, and the concept of a rapid reaction force was developed. The conference participants decided to use rapid reaction forces only for peacekeeping operations and humanitarian missions. At the same time, the prerogative of the UN was recognized when making decisions on the commencement of peacekeeping operations, as well as NATO’s “right of first refusal,” which allowed the use of European troops only if the alliance for some reason refused to participate in the operation. The decision to create the European Union Rapid Reaction Force (EUFOR, European Union Force) was made in September 2000.

Issues of ensuring military security were at the top of the agenda at the EU summit, and then British Prime Minister David Cameron spoke out against the creation of a unified EU armed force.

The German newspaper Welt am Sonntag published an interview with the head of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, who said that the EU needs to create its own unified army as a tool for defending the interests of Europe. This idea was approved by German Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen, and the German opposition criticized Juncker's proposal.

In Great Britain, Sweden, Poland. As EC spokesman Margaritis Schinas said, this issue will be raised at the EU summit in June.

The countries of the League of Arab States (LAS) have approved the creation of an inter-Arab joint military rapid reaction force, the purpose of which is to eliminate threats in the region.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

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JOINT NATO FORCES (NATO)

coalition weapons forces of the states that are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Created in accordance with the decisions of the 5th session of the NATO Council in September. 1950 and aimed against the USSR and Eastern Europe. countries that united in 1955 to form the Warsaw Organization. Agreement (OVD). The construction of the NATO Allied Forces was carried out in accordance with the strategist. the concepts of “massive retaliation” (until 1967), “flexible response” (officially since 1967), etc. With the end of the Cold War, the dissolution of the Department of Internal Affairs (1991) and the decrease in the likelihood of a large-scale war, a “new strategist” was adopted. concept" (1991), providing for the creation of a "multinational operator forces" to conduct NATO operations (including joint ones with states that are not members of the alliance) under the auspices of the UN, with the sanction of the OSCE or independently. In 1999, a course was set for further adaptation of the military. NATO organization to the changed military-political. environment. New OBC structure NATO, in terms of numbers, combat strength and equipment, is more military-oriented. actions on a local scale and conducting peacekeeping operations (including outside the bloc’s area of ​​responsibility), solving problems to prevent or eliminate sources of threats associated with terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Basic features of integration military NATO structures: collective planning of the Allied Forces; joint operator planning; creation of a multinational formations; deployment of troops outside the national ter.; general norms and standards for military equipment, combat training and logistics. security; united and jointly teachings, etc.
NATO's Allied Forces consist of theater nuclear forces and general purpose forces. Nuclear forces are assigned the role of a deterrent for potential aggressors. They include squadrons of tact carrier aircraft. air force and navy. General purpose forces are the most important. in composition and are represented by formations of the Ground Forces, Air Force and Navy, not included in the cores. block component. According to their subordination, NATO Allied Forces are divided into troops (forces) already transferred to the world. operating time subordination of the corresponding united commands (NATO response forces; forces and assets included in the joint NATO air defense system in Europe; military units and units of nuclear forces and air forces on combat duty); allocated for transfer to NATO with the beginning of the transfer of weapons. peace be with you. for military situation and in other special cases (compounds and military units, in order to bring them to combat readiness, additional personnel are required, removal from storage and receipt from warehouses of weapons and military equipment); intended for transfer to NATO during the strategy. deployments (combined and military units subject to mobilization).
According to operative purpose, NATO Allied Forces are divided into reaction forces (RF), intended. for priority use; Ch. defensive forces (GOS) and troops (forces) reinforcement. Most means. composition are GOS, intended. for conducting large-scale wars. actions as part of the troops (forces) of the 1st operational. echelon. Includes land, air. and pestilence Components. Consist of regul. and reserve. formations of the Army, Air Force and Navy of the alliance countries (in total about 35 divisions and 95 separate brigades, over 4 thousand combat forces and 500 warships). Personal staffing composition - not lower than 60%, military. technology – 100%; readiness time to complete tasks – 30 days. Reinforcement troops (forces) include reg. and mobilized connections. and military units (including those transferred from the USA and Canada to Europe) that were not included in the SR and GOS (about 25 divisions and 30 separate brigades, over 300 units, about 100 ships).
By belonging to the strategist. Allied forces are divided into Allied Forces Europe and Allied Forces Atlantic. The control system includes commands and headquarters of strategic, operational and strategic. and operator levels. Strategist. NATO Allied Command in Europe has in its area of ​​responsibility 2 regional commands (RC) of NATO Allied Forces (“North” and “South”), 4 service (component) and 7 subregional commands (SRK). Strategist. 3 RKs (“West”, “East”, “South”) and 2 departments are subordinate to the command on the Atlantic. command (strike fleet and combined submarine forces).

FOREIGN MILITARY REVIEW No. 5/2002, pp. 2-5

GENERAL MILITARY PROBLEMS

NATO COALITION COMMAND STRUCTURE

Lieutenant Colonel K. KASATKIN

The NATO leadership, in accordance with the program for reforming the command structure of the bloc's joint forces, continues to carry out a set of measures to reorganize the command and staff structures of the alliance. At present, the formation of coalition command and control bodies has been largely completed, as a result of which the number of commands and headquarters has been reduced by more than 3 times (from 65 to 20), mainly due to the abolition of units at the operational-tactical and tactical levels.

The new structure of NATO command and control bodies includes three levels of commands and headquarters of the bloc. The first level (strategic) is the strategic commands (SC) of NATO Allied Forces in the Atlantic and Europe; the second (operational-strategic) - regional commands (RC); third (operational) - subregional (SRK) and specific (OVVS, OVMS) commands.

All NATO command and control bodies are staffed according to a multinational principle, which has a number of characteristic features: staffing of strategic level management bodies is carried out by representatives of all countries of the alliance; regional and subregional commands and headquarters include representatives of at least five member states of the alliance; the quota of positions of participating countries in the headquarters of subregional commands is distributed as follows: at least 50 percent. positions are allocated for representatives of the state on whose territory the headquarters of the SRK is located, the rest are occupied by military personnel sent by countries most actively participating in the activities of a particular command or most closely cooperating with it in the military-technical field.

In accordance with the directive documents of the NATO Allied Forces, only strategic and regional commands have areas of responsibility. Sub-regional commands perform tasks within the boundaries of the corresponding regional command.

The dividing line between the strategic commands remained unchanged, with the exception of the area around the Canary Islands and the airspace above them, which, at the request of Spain, were included in the area of ​​​​responsibility of the Allied Command in Europe (previously they were part of the area of ​​​​responsibility of the Supreme Allied Command in the Atlantic).

The formation of the structure of NATO command and control bodies is carried out taking into account the concept of “multinational operational forces” (MNOS), which provides for the possibility of involving military contingents of countries outside the alliance in operations carried out by the North Atlantic Alliance.

To deploy command and control bodies for multinational groups of troops (forces) at NATO headquarters at various levels, operational groups are formed, which will become the basis for the deployment of MNF headquarters. Depending on the scale and nature of the upcoming operation, they are expected to be supplemented with reinforcement and support groups.

In accordance with the guidelines of the strategic concept of the North Atlantic Alliance, the commands and headquarters of the Allied Forces of the bloc must be able to simultaneously deploy two headquarters to manage large groups of troops (forces), and to control minor formations (one or two formations) - a number of small headquarters. The deployment of MNF headquarters is expected to be carried out mainly on the basis of subregional commands located near the area of ​​conflict (crisis situation).

NATO's Strategic Commands in Europe and the Atlantic are headed by Supreme Commanders (representatives of the US Armed Forces), who manage the combined armed forces of the alliance through the corresponding headquarters of the strategic commands and are responsible for the overall management of the development of the bloc's armed forces, planning and implementation of all types of military activities in their areas of responsibility , and, if necessary, beyond them.

The commanders-in-chief of regional commands are entrusted with the task of directly controlling the groupings of troops (forces) transferred to their disposal. In addition to the issues of managing the activities of the bloc’s troops (forces), NATO commanders at all levels are entrusted with solving a number of fundamentally new tasks, which include the fight against international terrorism, countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and organizing operational and combat training activities within the framework of the PfP program.

Command bodies of NATO Allied Forces in Europe. The overall leadership of the united armed forces of the bloc in Europe is carried out by the Supreme Allied Commander of NATO (representative of the US Armed Forces) through the headquarters of the strategic command, which is located in Casteau (Belgium).

The area of ​​responsibility of the NATO Allied Command in Europe includes the territories of Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Turkey, Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary, the waters of the Northern, Irish, Norwegian, Baltic, Mediterranean, Ligurian, Tyrrhenian, Ionian, Adriatic, Aegean, Marble, Black and Azov seas, zones of the Baltic and Black Sea straits, the Strait of Gibraltar, the English Channel, the Canary Islands, coastal waters and the airspace above them.

At the headquarters of the NATO Allied Forces in Europe there are nine departments: L - personnel, J2 - intelligence, J3 - operational, J4 - logistics, J5 - current planning, J6 - communications and information systems, J7 - forward planning and organization of combat training, J8 - budgetary and financial and J9 - military-civil activities.

Two regional commands are subordinate to NATO Strategic Command Europe: NATO Allied North and South. The headquarters of these commands have seven similar directorates (J3 and J7, as well as J5 and J9 combined).

To the regional command of the Allied Forces at NATO "North" the functions of the abolished NATO Allied Commands in the North-West European and Central European theater of operations were transferred. The headquarters of the RK Allied Forces North is located in Brunsum (Netherlands). Representatives of the German or British Armed Forces are appointed to the position of Commander-in-Chief (on a rotation basis). The area of ​​responsibility of this command includes the territories, airspace and coastal waters of Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Poland and the Czech Republic, the waters of the Northern, partly Norwegian and Baltic seas, as well as the Baltic Straits area.

The regional command of the Allied Forces of NATO "North" subordinates two branch commands (Allied Forces "North" and Allied Forces "North") and three subregional ones ("North", "North-East" and "Center").

In terms of their organizational structure, the headquarters of these commands are basically identical and correspond to the headquarters of the regional command.

At the same time, at the headquarters of subregional commands, in whose area of ​​responsibility the ground troops, more positions are allocated for representatives of the Army; at the headquarters, which may be entrusted with directing the actions of troops (forces) in coastal areas, the number of naval officers has been increased.

Command of the Allied Air Forces at TO "North"(Ramstein, Germany) deployed at the base of the NATO Allied Command in the Central European Theater of Operations. A representative of the US Armed Forces is appointed to the position of commander, who is the assistant to the Commander-in-Chief of the ROK Allied Forces North on the use of air force groups of the bloc. In addition, he is entrusted with the functions of the air defense commander and the head of the regional system for controlling aerospace in the area of ​​responsibility of the RK Allied Forces North and coordinating aviation actions with other commands. Subordinate to the commander are five air operations control centers (ACCO), deployed in Germany (the cities of Kalkar and Meschetten), Denmark (Finderud), Great Britain (High Wycombe) and Norway (Reitan).

OVMS Command at TO "North"(Northwood, UK) is headed by a representative of the British Armed Forces, who is also the commander of the regional command of NATO Allied Forces “East” of the strategic command of the Allied Forces of the bloc in the Atlantic, and the headquarters of these commands are a single body. The command carries out the tasks of managing naval groups in the area of ​​​​responsibility of the regional command of NATO Allied Forces North.

Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces at TO "North"(Jotta, Norway), headed by a representative of the Norwegian Armed Forces, provides leadership to coalition groups of troops (forces) during combat operations in northern Europe. The same command is entrusted with the tasks of organizing air defense and protecting sea communications in the Northeast Atlantic.

Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces at the North-East(Karup, Denmark, headed by a representative of the Danish Armed Forces) is intended for command and control of troops (forces) during military operations in the Baltic Straits zone and on the approaches to them. In addition, the troops (forces) of the North-East SRK can be involved in solving problems jointly with groups of the sub-regional command of the NATO Allied Forces Center in Central Europe.

Subregional Command of Allied Forces at TO "Center"(Heidelberg, Germany, based on the principle of rotation, representatives of the Armed Forces Germany and the USA) is intended to guide the actions of coalition groups of troops (forces) in Central Europe.

The regional command of the NATO Allied Forces “South” (headquarters in Naples, Italy, representative of the US Armed Forces) was formed on the basis of the headquarters of the NATO Allied Command in the Southern Theater of Operations. Its area of ​​responsibility includes the territories, airspace and coastal waters of Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Hungary, and the Mediterranean, Black and Azov Seas. This regional command is entrusted with the tasks of controlling the troops (forces) of the united armed forces of the bloc in the south of Europe through its subordinate branch commands (ALLIED and OVMS), as well as through four subregional ones (“South”, “South-East”, “South-Centre” and "South-West"). In terms of their structure and the tasks solved by their headquarters in peacetime and wartime, these commands are similar to the corresponding commands of the RK Allied Forces North.

Allied Air Defense Forces Command at TO "South"(Naples, Italy, representative of the US Armed Forces) manages the activities of the joint air forces within the area of ​​​​responsibility of the entire regional command. The Commander of NATO Allied Forces “South” is the assistant to the Commander-in-Chief of the Republic of Kazakhstan Allied Forces “South” on the use of air force groups of the bloc. In addition, he is entrusted with the functions of air defense commander and head of the regional system for controlling aerospace in the area of ​​responsibility of the RK Allied Forces South and coordinating aviation actions with other commands. The commander also has five air operations control centers deployed in Italy (Poggio Renatico), Turkey (Eskisehir), Greece (Larissa), Spain (Torrejon) and Portugal (Monsanto).

OVMS Command at TO "South"(Naples, Italy, representative of the Armed Forces of this country) performs tasks of managing naval groups in the area of ​​​​responsibility of the regional command of the NATO Allied Forces “South”.

Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces at the Southeast "South-East"(Izmir, Turkey, representative of the armed forces of this country) is intended to organize the protection of maritime communications in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, prevent possible aggression from Libya, Iraq, Iran and Syria, as well as to conduct peacekeeping operations in the Balkans and the Middle East.

Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces at the South-Center(Larissa, Greece, representative of the Armed Forces of this country) performs tasks to protect the interests of Western European states in the central part of the Mediterranean Sea, the Aegean Sea and the western part of the Black Sea. Since the Allied Forces Command Center "South-Center" is located in an area with an unstable situation, NATO military experts believe that it will actively participate in organizing peacekeeping operations in the Mediterranean region.

Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces at TO "South"(Verona, Italy, representative of the Armed Forces of this country) is responsible for organizing the protection of maritime communications in the central part of the Mediterranean Sea and peacekeeping operations in the Balkans.

Sub-regional command of the Allied Forces at the South-West(Madrid, Spain, representative of the Spanish Armed Forces) is responsible for the protection of maritime communications in the Western Mediterranean (Gibraltar). In addition, he is entrusted with the tasks of organizing and conducting peacekeeping operations in the Maghreb countries, preventing the activities of international extremist organizations in the western Mediterranean and mass migrations of the population.

Command and control bodies of NATO Allied Forces in the Atlantic. The overall leadership of the united armed forces of the bloc in the Atlantic is carried out by the Supreme Allied Commander of NATO (representative of the US Armed Forces) through the headquarters of the strategic command, which is located in Norfolk (USA). The command's area of ​​responsibility includes the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland and Portugal, as well as the North Atlantic north of the Tropic of Cancer, excluding the territory of the Canary Islands and its airspace. Eastern border The area of ​​responsibility runs along the coast of Africa, then north along the border of NATO's Allied Forces in Europe. The western limit of the area of ​​responsibility is the East Coast of North America, excluding Cuba. The maritime border of the zone of responsibility with states that are not members of the alliance actually runs along the border of their national territorial waters. The northern border of the NATO Allied Forces Command area of ​​responsibility in the Atlantic stretches to the North Pole.

At the headquarters of the NATO Allied Forces Committee on the Atlantic there are three departments: L - military policy and strategic planning, J2 - resources, J3 - communications and information systems.

The headquarters of the Allied Regional Commands Atlantic are located at the sites of the former Allied Commands, which are similar in organizational structure to the regional commands in Europe. At the same time, in everyday conditions, regional commands do not have strictly defined areas of responsibility. These zones are designated by NATO Supreme Commander Atlantic in the event of an escalation of the situation or a crisis situation in the region.

Regional Command of the Allied Forces in the East(Northwood, UK, representative of the British Armed Forces) supervises the activities of the bloc's troops (forces) in the north-eastern and eastern parts of the NATO Strategic Command area of ​​responsibility in the Atlantic, including Iceland. As noted above, the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Commander-in-Chief East is at the same time the Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Regional Command North of NATO Strategic Command Europe, and the headquarters of these commands are a single body.

Regional command of the Allied Forces in the West(Norfolk, USA, representative of the American Armed Forces) supervises the activities of the bloc's troops (forces) in the western part of the area of ​​responsibility of the NATO Strategic Command in the Atlantic.

Regional Command of the Allied Forces at the Southeast "South-East"(Lisbon, Portugal, representative of the Portuguese Armed Forces) supervises the activities of the bloc's troops (forces) in the south-eastern part of the area of ​​responsibility of NATO Strategic Command in the Atlantic, including Portugal.

NATO Strike Fleet Command in the Atlantic(Norfolk, USA, representative of the American Armed Forces) is subordinated directly to the strategic command of NATO Allied Forces in the Atlantic, but if necessary, it is envisaged to transfer it to the operational subordination of the Supreme High Command of NATO Allied Forces in Europe.

NATO Joint Submarine Command in the Atlantic(Norfolk, USA, representative of the American Armed Forces) is subordinated directly to the NATO Strategic Command in the Atlantic. The headquarters of this command does not have international status and its staffing includes only positions for US Navy officers.

Subordinate to the Commander, Allied Submarine Force, NATO, is the bloc's combined submarine force in the Atlantic, which includes submarines from the US, British and other participating countries. The organization of the use of submarines in the interests of the alliance is entrusted to the commander of the submarine forces of the US Atlantic Fleet, who is at the same time the commander of the combined submarine forces in the area of ​​responsibility of the NATO Allied Command West and in general in the area of ​​​​responsibility of the NATO Allied Command in the Atlantic. The commander of the combined submarine forces is entrusted with the function of coordinating the use of multipurpose submarines so that they do not impede the performance of missions by strategic SSBNs.

The new organization of NATO command and control bodies, developed, according to Western European experts, “taking into account the assessment of the prospects for the development of the military-political and military-strategic situation in the Euro-Atlantic region, ensures the creation of a new European security system within the bloc. It is also designed to “connect” the armed forces of new members of the alliance to it without carrying out major reorganization measures.”