The first preliminary results of the Unified State Exam 2017 in social studies have been summed up. We, by tradition, invite you to familiarize yourself with the tasks that this year’s graduates had to solve, especially in the written part 2.

Unified State Exam 2017 in social studies took place

And, although the full results of this season passing the Unified State Exam have not yet been summed up, we are in a hurry to familiarize the coming generation of graduates who will take the 2018 Unified State Exam in social studies with the tasks encountered at the Unified State Exam.

Thus, through the mouth of the head of the department, Kravtsov, it was announced that last year it was 17.5% of graduates, this year - 13,8%. Still, a lot on average every sixth of those taking the test receives this “D” and loses the chance to enroll in their university.

At the same time, it is worth noting that some graduates still had hopes of increasing their score on the exam result.

Unified State Exam 2017 assignments in social studies

Now I propose to look at the work of a graduate of the Far Eastern federal district and tasks encountered in this work. Let us remind you that we cannot show the tasks of Part 1, the completion of which is impossible to appeal. The structure of tasks corresponds

Now the graduate answer forms themselves.

And points for completed tasks. It should be noted high percent execution and huge losses Overall score - 63, which roughly corresponds to the national average this year, but, when fighting for places on the budget prestigious universities, may not be wealthy.

Analysis of the completion of Unified State Exam 2017 tasks

On assignment 21 to the text, everything is written out very competently, in accordance with the theory. There is no need to be afraid of double-checking.

On assignment 22 removed for first position. Naturally, economic responsibility is not “...failure to comply with business ethics...” The logic is broken, any liability is measures for failure to fulfill obligations (responsibilities).

...the legal consequences established by acts of legislation of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment by a business entity of the instructions provided for by acts of legislation in the field of economic relations.

For assignment 23. The examples in the first and second positions are not written out very correctly.

It is difficult to say for sure without the text whether the sources of economic growth themselves are written out correctly, unfortunately.

If they are written out correctly, then the examples are given CORRECTLY (!). It seems to me that 0 could have been set here only if the wording in the text itself was incorrect. In any case, this is worth bringing to the attention of the commission members during the appeal!

On assignment 23 YOU CAN challenge the scores, or at least ask to review and understand this task! The examples are correct!

On task 24. The graduate correctly describes ways to regulate economic policy, but the examples are completely lacking in specifics, which was clearly required in the terms of the assignment. The graduate simply explains what he means, and they will definitely point this out to you.

For example, it was required to write that 1) Antimonopoly policy. For example, in the Russian Federation, the FAS structure imposed a fine on a corporationGoogle, for abusing their market position.

You see, this is a task High level difficulties , AND REQUIRES DEEP KNOWLEDGE ON THE PROPOSED TOPIC. IT IS NOT SHOWN IN THE RESPONSE.

It is worth drawing the attention of the commission members during the appeal that the essence of the explanation is conveyed correctly,

BUT, WITHOUT SPECIAL CHANCES FOR SUCCESS, unfortunately...

On assignment 25 You simply fell under the verification criterion, according to which an incorrect DEFINITION DOES NOT PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY to check the completion of the task further.

And indeed, the definition is not correct, because “a way of managing someone, something...” sounds extremely frivolous... The tutor had to explain that such vagueness in the definition is IMPOSSIBLE!

Here, for example, is the definition from my website

Here's the classic definition Max Weber:

Power- this is any opportunity, no matter what it is based on, to realize one’s own will in a given socially even in spite of opposition.

There is no point in appealing, it has been verified correctly.

On assignment 26 I have some big questions.

Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Article 81. Termination of an employment contract at the initiative of the employer

An employment contract can be terminated by the employer in the following cases:

1) liquidation of an organization or termination of activities by an individual entrepreneur;

(clause “b” as amended by Federal Law dated June 30, 2006 N 90-FZ)

I think that the graduate explained everything CORRECTLY and gave examples! Must stand maximum 3 points!

1 and 3 explanations are absolutely included in the Law, and in the second, the liquidation of the organization is replaced by the word bankruptcy, it is explained that the company is closing..

Article 3. Signs of bankruptcy of a legal entity

1. A legal entity is considered unable to satisfy the claims of creditors for monetary obligations, for the payment of severance pay and (or) for wages of persons working or who worked under an employment contract, and (or) to fulfill the obligation to make mandatory payments, if the corresponding obligations and (or) obligation not executed by him within three months from the date on which they should have been executed.

(as amended by Federal Law dated June 29, 2015 N 186-FZ)

IT DOES NOT NEED TO FIRED EMPLOYEES, but logically it is correct.

Task 27. IT IS ALSO ABSOLUTELY UNCLEAR WHY THEY TOOK THE POINT.

If the concept is used correctly (I cannot understand this from the wording of the task, unfortunately), then 2-3 criteria for progress for modern society(so-called humanitarian), used CORRECTLY!

The wording “level of satisfaction” is very vague and will not be counted!

The problem is that the concept of CRITERIA for progress is very vague, some researchers even believe that there are NO CRITERIA (Korotaev A.V. Social evolution: factors, patterns, trends. M: Eastern literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003. - p.7.)

From the latest information and research:

The Social Progress Index is a combined indicator of international research project The Social Progress Imperative, which measures the achievements of the world's countries in terms of social well-being and social progress. Developed in 2013 under the leadership of Michael E. Porter, Chairman of The Social Progress Imperative, a Harvard University professor and expert in strategic management and international competitiveness. The Index's editorial board includes representatives from a number of leading universities and research centers, including Harvard Business School and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

The index covers countries for which reliable indicators are available and is based on a combination of data from public opinion polls (12%), assessments of development experts (25%) and statistical information from international organizations (61%).

When determining the success of a country in the field of social progress, over 50 indicators are taken into account, combined into three main groups:

1. Basic human needs are food, access to basic medical care, housing, access to water, electricity and sanitation, and the level of personal safety. In general, this falls under what is written “life satisfaction” (!)

2. The foundations of human well-being are access to basic knowledge and the level of literacy of the population, access to information and means of communication, level of healthcare, environmental sustainability.

3. Opportunities for human development - the level of personal and civil freedoms, ensuring the rights and opportunities of a person to make decisions and realize their potential.

Even if experts considered that the level of health care and mortality follows one from the other, you need to pay attention that this is statistically DIFFERENT indicators, The level of healthcare development, for example, is measured by the UN by the number of doctors per 1000 population!

YOU NEED TO APPEAL, DEMAND 1 point!

According to task 28, I am sure that two “mandatory” points are hit – 2, 3. It is logical that paragraph 4 should have included examples of positive deviant behavior, but, in any case, there is at least 2 points here.

CRITERIA HAVE BEEN COMPLETED, NO ERRORS, MINIMUM 1 POINT NEEDS TO BE DISPUTED!

1. “Social stratification is the actual stratification of society”

   

   They took into account an example from India, although it is not very fully disclosed!

   So, let's summarize!

   For tasks 23 it is quite possible to ask for a revision of points, without the text I can’t say more precisely!

   ASSIGNMENTS 26, 27 and 28 can receive 1 point for revision.

   For essay 29 they can give 0 and subtract 2 points.

   The result of the appeal to the Unified State Examination

   What happened in the end? Like the vast majority of appeals, the appeal to the conflict commission ended in nothing, the result was abandoned. Here short story about the procedure itself:

   Evgeniy Sergeevich, hello.

   We didn’t “recapture” anything at all.

   There's a blank wall there.

   On those questions (to which you wrote about the “futility” of trying) or those where they suggested that Nikita’s initial formulation was incorrect, the commission gave exactly the same arguments as you, word for word. And they repeated after you in the essay (that you had to put 0).

   According to 26, 27, 28, none of our arguments were taken into account and were explained by the fact that the criteria were not met.

   By the way, I have a higher law degree and 15 years of practice, so I naturally got involved with her under Art. 81 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. But it was inflexibly stated that Nikita indicated a disciplinary violation as the third point, but it was necessary to write precisely that it should be a serious one-time violation. My arguments that the child specified in parentheses and revealed the meaning remained unheeded. When I tried to read the criteria from your tables and explain that they were met, I was told that Far East they are different 😳

   In general, we have what we have 😄

   In any case, I thank you very much. It's a pity that we met late. Good luck and all the best to you.

1. Constant practice is required.
   • Special attention give demo version Unified State Examination in Social Studies 2020. The demo version from FIPI will help you understand the structure of the ticket and understand the requirements. will guide you on what topics you need to study.
   • Prepared for the solution 10 training options with answers. They were developed by teachers based on a demo version.
   • The more tests are solved, the higher the preparedness will be, as the memorization mechanism is triggered. Don't be lazy to work on your mistakes. Decide online tests every week until you make mistakes. Registered users on the site can track statistics of solved tests.
2. Manage your time correctly to solve practice tests to get the maximum number of points.
   • Tasks 1-3 and 10 are solved in 1-4 minutes;
   • Tasks 4-9 and 11-28 are given from 2 to 8 minutes;
   • Tasks 29 - 45 minutes.
3. Work with text
   • To complete standard tasks 21-24, skills in working with text information are important. Practicing to solve Unified State Exam tests in social studies online, pay attention to tasks that require not just extracting and reproducing the essence from the information web, but also interpretation, your own understanding of what was said or written, and the use of social science knowledge in the formulation.
   • Task No. 29 (essay) includes 5 alternative tasks focused on writing an essay on one of 5 topics. Topics represent statements by famous public figures, as well as representatives of politics, science and culture. The task is traditionally considered the most difficult in CMMs.
   • Helpful hint: To write a high-quality essay, you must be able to reveal the meaning of a judgment (statements, quotes), draw on the studied provisions of the social sciences, draw your own conclusions and elaborate with vivid examples.

Converting points to grades

• 0-41 points - “unsatisfactory”;
• 42-54 points - “C”;
• 55-66 points – “good”;
• 67 points and above - “excellent”.

The minimum is 42, and the maximum is 100.

The Unified State Exam test in social studies consists of:

• Part 1– of 20 problems, with a short answer in the form of a word, several words or numbers. Half of the tasks relate to basic level, the other part to increased. The first part is estimated at 35 primary points.
• Part 2– of 9 problems, with a detailed answer. Tasks 21 and 22 are basic, and from 23 to 29 are of increased complexity and are worth 30 points. Look with a detailed answer in social studies.

Remember!

• In 2019, the social studies exam will take 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes).
• It is forbidden to take with you foreign objects (cheat sheets, smartphones, headphones, smart watches, etc.).
• On the last day before the exam, review the material covered and review the solved options again.

Russian language and mathematics. According to data from past years, almost half of graduates (49%) pass social studies. And this is not surprising, since the Unified State Exam in social studies is required for admission to all humanities specialties.

In essence, the subject of “social studies” includes information on various aspects life of society, studied within the whole class humanities: economics, law, philosophy, sociology, political science and, to some extent, history.

The version of the KIM Unified State Exam in social studies has undergone minor changes. The developers revised the difficulty of tasks No. 28 and 29, which is why the maximum primary score for the entire test increased from 62 to 64.

Unified State Examination

Last year, to pass the Unified State Exam in social studies with at least a C, it was enough to score 19 primary points. They were given, for example, by correctly completing the first 13 tasks of the test.

It is not yet known exactly what will happen in 2019: we need to wait for the official order from Rosobrnadzor on the correspondence of primary and test scores. Most likely it will appear in December. Considering that the maximum primary score has increased from 62 to 64, it is very likely that the minimum score may change slightly.

In the meantime, you can focus on these tables:

Structure of the Unified State Exam

In 2019, the Unified State Exam test in social studies consists of two parts, including 29 tasks.

• Part 1: 20 tasks (No. 1–20) with a short answer (choose the correct answer from those proposed, establish a correspondence between the elements of two sets, insert the missing word in the text);
• Part 2: 9 tasks (No. 21-29) with a detailed answer (answers to questions, mini-essays).

Preparation for the Unified State Exam

• Pass Unified State Exam tests online for free without registration and SMS. The tests presented are identical in complexity and structure to the actual exams conducted in the corresponding years.

• Download demo versions of the Unified State Exam in social studies, which will allow you to better prepare for the exam and pass it easier. All proposed tests are developed and approved to prepare for Unified State Examination Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI). In the same FIPI all official Unified State Exam options.

The tasks you will see most likely will not appear on the exam, but there will be tasks similar to the demo ones on the same topics.

General Unified State Examination figures

Year	Minimum Unified State Examination score	Average score	Number of participants	Failed, %	Qty 100 points	Duration - Exam length, min.
2009	39
2010	39	56,38	444 219	3,9	34	210
2011	39	57,11	280 254	3,9	23	210
2012	39	55,2	478 561	5,3	86	210
2013	39	56,23	471 011	5,3	94	210
2014	39	55,4				235
2015	42	53,3				235
2016	42					235
2017	42					235
2018

Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Exam

Average general education

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (10-11)

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (6-9)

Unified State Exam in Social Studies: analysis of tasks with a teacher

We analyze the tasks and arrange answers to the questions of the social studies exam.

Every year, almost half of all Russian graduates take the Unified State Examination in social studies - this is the most popular exam after the Russian language and mathematics. The reasons are clear - the results of this test are necessary for admission to many humanities specialties.

The exam consists of two parts, containing 29 tasks: For the first 20 tasks (No. 1–20), you need to give a short answer - choose the correct one from the one proposed, correlate the different options with each other, and enter the missing word. The remaining 9 tasks (No. 21-29) must be answered in detail.

235 minutes are given to complete the work.

Exam evaluation criteria. The passing score for the exam is 19 primary points, for this you need to accurately complete the first 13 tasks.

Despite the fact that a hundred-point scale is used when assessing results, many are interested in what rating he received on a five-point scale. Let's give the equivalent: “satisfactory” - 42-54 points, “good” - 55-66 points, “excellent” - from 67 points.

Romana Nikolaevna Kis, history and social studies teacher, 20 years of work experience:“Before starting work, I recommend that my students read the entire text of the work in order to have general idea about the materials presented in the work. In brainstorming conditions, the internal resource of the body is used and with further completion of tasks, the effect of novelty will be eliminated, the student will be ready to perceive each new task. As materials for work, we use a set of materials for preparing students in social studies FIPI Unified State Exam 2017. Option No. 7.”

Read also: Unified State Examination in History: reviewing assignments with the teacher



When performing this task, you should always look at the title of the table. In this case, the table is called “Factors of Production”, it indicates one of the factors - Earth, and its characteristics are given. The main factors of production are known: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial abilities and information. We look at the indicated characteristic - the activities of people, the use of mental and physical abilities acquired in the learning process, etc. refer us to such a factor of production as work. It is important for students to remember the factor income of each factor of production; this allows them to more accurately answer questions related to factors of production.

This task requires knowledge of a generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). In this case we see: abilities as individual characteristics of a person; worldview as a system of views, concepts and ideas of a person about the world and his place in it; character as certain properties and qualities of a person that influence the behavior of an individual; interest as a conscious need that characterizes people’s attitude towards objects and phenomena of reality. That is, when performing this task, it is recommended to mentally give an explanation to each concept. With this approach, it soon becomes clear that in this task the generic, i.e. generalizing for all these concepts will be the concept personalities- a set of socially significant properties and qualities, which will include abilities, interests, character and worldview.

In this task we are asked about Galina’s social traits (qualities). We remember that a person is biosocial, we remember what features of a person express his sociality ( the most important properties personality: knowledge about the world and about oneself, skills, social experience, moral values). Therefore, blonde hair and brown eyes show Galina’s natural, individual features. But the fact that she is kind and sympathetic are socially significant properties of her personality. Answer 2 is correct. The external attractiveness of a girl also indicates her individual characteristics given to her by nature, as does her height. But the fact that Galina is an honest person, and is also friends with many of her classmates, shows how much she knows how to live and interact in society. So: 2,5,6.

We remember that an important element of market self-regulation is competition, and also do not forget the types of market competition and their essential characteristics (pure (free) competition, monopolistic, oligopoly, pure monopoly, monopsony). Considering first judgment, we cannot say unequivocally that a monopoly has only disadvantages. On the one hand, yes - the market mechanism demonstrates a tendency towards monopolization of production, since in order to protect against competitors, collusions and mergers occur. But we know about the sanitizing or health-improving function of the market. In market conditions, unprofitable enterprises go bankrupt, the economy is freed from ineffective economic activities, and more powerful industries strengthen and prosper. Therefore, it is difficult to speak unequivocally about the disadvantages of a monopoly. Second judgment true, because a monopolist, having no competitors, independently sets prices for its products. That is why the role of the state pursuing antimonopoly policy is so important. Third judgment right. Oligopoly is characterized by the existence of several large firms in the market - from two to five, which control the bulk of the market. In the fourth judgment signs of pure (free) competition are given, when the price is set as a result of balancing supply and demand, and individual sellers cannot influence the price of the product, so the answer is incorrect. Fifth judgment- correct, because In a monopsony, a single buyer dictates the price and sales volume. Answer: 2,3,5.

When completing task 12 in the Unified State Exam in social studies, you need to carefully read the terms of the sociological survey. In this case, they found out how many domestic and imported products were on the shelves of their stores. settlements. The chart shows data for 2005 and 2015. Before reading the judgments presented, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In 2005, the share of domestic and imported products, according to respondents, was the same, and 40% of respondents think so. Next comes the position - domestic products 30%. In 2015, half of the respondents chose the position of domestic products. A trend toward an increase in the share of domestic products was also observed in 2005. In both cases, the least choice of answer is - I find it difficult to answer. Now we look at the judgments presented in the answer options. First answer corresponds to the trend we identified: the share of those who noted that stores carry more domestic goods has increased over 10 years. The answer is correct. Second answer- No. The share of those who responded that imported goods increased decreased rather than increased by 2015. Third answer correct, since the share of those who noted an equal amount of domestic imported goods actually decreased. Fourth answer- incorrect, the share of those who found it difficult to answer was smaller in 2005 than the share of those who answered about the dominance of imported goods. AND fifth answer correct, since we immediately, when analyzing the materials, identified this trend - in 2015, half of the respondents answered that the share of domestic goods is higher than imported ones.

When completing task 16, it is necessary to remember the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and especially the characteristics of the principle of political pluralism (the ban on the establishment of an official ideology, political diversity, freedom of political opinions and actions, opposition as the basis of a multi-party system). First position has no relation to political pluralism, since it reveals the principle of federalism in the Russian Federation - the equality of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Second, third and fourth positions reveal the essence of the principle of political pluralism. Fifth position It also reveals the principle of federalism of the Russian Federation - state integrity. Answer: 2, 3, 4.



Analyzing the materials of task 17, we highlight the basic concepts and norms related to criminal law. Article 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation defines the tasks of criminal law. This is the protection of the most significant social relations (human rights and freedoms, property, public order and public safety, ensuring peace and human security from criminal attacks). Means, first judgment about the protective function of criminal law will be correct. Second judgment is also true, because a fine and life imprisonment are punishments provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Third judgment true, it reflects the main characteristics of criminal law as a branch Russian law. Fourth proposition incorrect, since the principles of equality of parties, property independence, independence, autonomy of will relate to private law - Civil law RF. Fifth judgment is incorrect - business turnover as a source of law relates to Civil Law.


Task 18 is related to Labor Law. Here we consider one of the parties to the labor relationship - the employer, his rights and obligations. The employer, when concluding a collective agreement with employee representatives, is obliged to provide complete and reliable information necessary for concluding a collective agreement, reaching an agreement and monitoring their implementation. Answer A- responsibilities. The employer has the right to demand that employees perform their labor duties. Answer B- rights. Ensuring working conditions provided for by law, as well as compensating for harm caused to employees in connection with the performance of their job duties (the employee’s right to labor safety) are the responsibilities of the employer. Answers B, D- responsibilities. Answer D- is the right of the employer to conduct collective negotiations and conclude collective agreements.

Task 19 requires a clear knowledge of the grounds for obtaining Russian citizenship on a general basis. Obtaining citizenship on a general basis means: continuous residence in the territory of the Russian Federation for 5 years, renunciation of the citizenship of another state (this position is indicated in the task - Jose Luis applied to the authorized body of state Z with an application to renounce citizenship), the presence of a legal source of funds existence, compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and legislation, knowledge of the Russian language. Thus, answers 2, 3, 5 are true.


When completing task 20, you first need to try to read the text and substitute the words yourself, this is how you achieve an understanding of the semantic content of the text, and when reading it again, turn to the list of available words. We try to read, inserting words that are similar in meaning, then select from those available in the task.

“Social control is a mechanism by which society ensures compliance with certain rules, violation (A) which damages the functioning of the social system (in this case, compliance with rules, the violation of which causes damage shows the consequences of non-compliance with the rules). In this capacity are morality and law, customs (B), administrative decisions, etc. (here is a list of types social norms). The effect of social control comes down mainly to the application of various sanctions (IN) to violators of accepted social norms (it is logical that for violation of social norms there is a sanction - an element of social control). At the same time, social control involves rewards for compliance (G) social norms (the signs of social control are indicated here - the connection with sanctions - punishments for violating norms and rewards for their compliance).

Social control acts as an element of any management system (D) a social process, as a feedback mechanism that ensures the execution of the commands of the governing body (the regulatory function of social control is reflected here).

Social control can be found in the earliest societies. With the development of productive forces and division of labor, the role of social control increases, and its social structure becomes more complicated. Social institutions emerge (E)"dealing almost exclusively with social control (for example, the judiciary)."


When starting to complete tasks on texts 21-24, you should initially read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pencil to ensure maximum absorption of the content.

Based on Article 27, paragraph 2, a marriage is declared invalid by the court. According to paragraph 4 of Article 27, a marriage is recognized as invalid from the moment of its conclusion. A marriage is called fictitious if the spouses or one of them registered the marriage without the intention of starting a family.

Title of the article: “Cases when an invalid marriage is recognized as valid.”

When the assignment says to illustrate with an example, it means it is necessary to give a specific example, a life situation.

Citizen N. and citizen D., having entered into a fictitious marriage, a year later gave birth to a son, K., and are raising him together, living together, and having a common family budget. They attend courses for young parents (in this example we can observe how fictitious conditions for marriage have grown into family ones).

The law considers a conscientious spouse to be one of the spouses whose rights were violated by the conclusion of an invalid (fictitious) marriage. If we are asked to model a situation, this means that we must provide specific examples illustrating the property rights of a conscientious spouse. Right to receive content. Citizen K., recognized by the court as a bona fide spouse after a court decision to dissolve an invalid (fictitious) marriage, was assigned by the court maintenance in the amount of 30 thousand rubles monthly from the person who entered into a fictitious marriage with her. Recognition of the terms of the marriage contract. After the court declared the marriage between citizen S. and citizen K. invalid, citizen S., recognized by the court as a bona fide spouse, was retained the right to shared property established under the terms of the marriage contract.

In order to answer the question posed, you need to understand what is the subject of family law: relations associated with marriage and termination of marriage; personal non-property and property relations between family members and here we will find a field for our assumption. Because the important issues here are raising children, acquiring and dividing property, providing assistance to disabled family members; relations arising in connection with the placement into a family of children left without parental care.

1. Equality of rights of spouses in realizing their interests. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees men and women equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their implementation. Therefore, upon marriage, the state guarantees spouses equal opportunities to realize family and marital relations. For example, the conditions for marriage and circumstances that prevent marriage.
2. Protecting the interests of disabled and minor family members. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, motherhood, childhood, and the family are under the protection of the state. Therefore, in the event of divorce in which the spouses have minor children, the marriage will be dissolved in court, under the control of state authorities.
3. Prioritize raising children. The state prioritizes the responsibility of parents to care for the well-being and development of their children. If the parents do not comply with the established procedure, the parents may be deprived of parental rights; here state coercion comes into force.

This task can only be successfully completed if you know the basic concepts of the course. A social institution is a historically established form of organizing the joint activities of people, implementing socially useful functions. The main social institutions in the economic sphere are property, banks, and the firm. Social institutions - family, kindergarten, schools perform the most important function of social institutions - they ensure the socialization of individuals.

1. Leads to monopolization of production, since protection from competition stimulates collusion and mergers. In this situation, the state can, through its coercive power, prohibit merger agreements, adopt antitrust legislation, or apply economic sanctions to monopolists.
2. Does not guarantee solutions to socio-economic problems: unemployment, inflation, the State takes measures to regulate the amount of money in circulation, sets the interest rate, investment volumes, exchange rate. All these measures are aimed at combating inflation. To combat unemployment, the state sets the minimum wage, the length of the working day and rest time, and freezes prices in order to reduce the level of social tension in society.
3. Distributes economic benefits based on the results of competition, which leads to social inequality. Government support for small and medium-sized businesses, which will create a healthy competitive environment and many jobs, redistribution of income to eliminate excessive social inequality, equalization of social economic development regions.

Read each episode carefully and immediately find a fragment related to the form of the state. The head of state is elected by popular vote - we are talking about a republic. Adhering to a universally binding ideology is a sign of totalitarianism. Constant state control over all spheres of social life is a sign of totalitarianism. Extrajudicial persecution of opposition movements is a sign of totalitarianism. The state includes territories that do not have political independence - a sign of a unitary state. The components of the form of a state include: form of government, political regime and state-territorial structure.

1. Form of government - republic (The head of state is elected by popular vote);
2. Political regime - totalitarian;

The state-territorial structure is a unitary state (the State includes territories that do not have political independence).

To write a plan for any social science topic, you must clearly understand the structure of studying the topic. Because the plan is aimed at recreating the structure of the topic. The writing of the plan depends on the quality of assimilation of the topic material and understanding of its structure. In this case, the topic of the plan is clear and transparent. We are talking about the most important social science phenomenon - socialization. It is important to reveal such a topic through the very characteristics of socialization, then show the stages of socialization, the agents of socialization, the functions of socialization, touch on the issues of resocialization and desocialization, and end the plan with a problematic question regarding the topic of the plan.

1. Socialization as the process of an individual’s assimilation of social norms and values ​​of society necessary for a successful life in society.
2. Stages of socialization:
A) primary (socialization of the child);
B) secondary (school, university);
C) final (socialization of an adult acquiring new social roles - husband, father, grandfather)
3. Agents of socialization:
A) primary socialization (family, school, group of friends);
B) secondary socialization (university, army, church, media, etc.)
4. Socialization functions:
A) mastering a system of knowledge about the world, man, society;
B) gaining experience of interaction in society;
C) mastering moral norms and values;
D) mastering skills, abilities, competencies
5. Processes of desocialization and resocialization.
6. Problem influence environment on the processes of socialization of a person’s personality.

When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly understand the sphere of society to which the chosen topic relates. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your knowledge base, understand which of the topics you have a clearer understanding of the conceptual apparatus of the topic, and for which of the topics you can give the most relevant examples.

In this case, we choose a topic from the economics section. Read the quote carefully. We understand that the problem of limited resources immediately arises, given the boundless (endless) needs of man. In essence, the main question of economics is how to satisfy the unlimited needs of a person with limited economic resources. The quote touches on another problem - the impossibility of satisfying all human needs, which means the need to make a choice in favor of the most necessary goods. So, we are addressing the problems of a literate consumer.

Writing an essay:

In this statement, the authors raise the most important economic problem - the limited resources necessary for the production of material goods. As is known, there are very few free goods in nature, unlimited and available to all who need them. Economic goods - means necessary to satisfy people's needs and are at the disposal of society in a limited amount, cannot satisfy endless human desires in full. Here we come to the main question economic theory: how to satisfy the endless and growing needs of the population with limited material resources? The problem of limited resources leads society to the need to make choices. The choice is made by producers of material goods, using the necessary resources known to us as factors of production (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurial abilities, information). Each of these productive resources has its own limitations. Thus, labor, as a factor of production associated with the activities of people in the production of goods and services through the use of their physical and intellectual capabilities and skills, may be limited by the size of the working population, territorial location or professional competencies. It is well known that land, as a factor of production, including all types natural resources, available on the planet and suitable for the production of material goods, is limited by natural relief, the amount of suitable land necessary for occupation agriculture or the presence and development of mineral resources and their exhaustibility. Physical capital will be limited by the level of scientific and technological development of society, and monetary capital - by the volume of money supply in circulation by the state and the level of inflation. Only 13% of the planet's population has entrepreneurial abilities, which shows the rarity of their talent. Information as a factor of production will be at least limited by the level of science and education in a particular economic system. In addition to the main factors of production, factors such as general culture production and consumption, science, state of morality, level of legal consciousness. The manufacturer, relying on the initial available economic goods, taking into account production costs - the manufacturer’s costs for the acquisition and use of production factors and the amount of economic profit (the difference between the total revenue of the company and economic costs), which will allow assessing the possibility of the existence of the enterprise, will produce the product that will be the maximum beneficial for him in conditions of market competition.

An example is the Model N, the fifth model of the Henry Ford company, which became a real bestseller in production and consumption. It was cheap and reliable, strong and unpretentious. In 1906, Ford managed to sell 2,194 copies - a huge success by the standards of the early twentieth century. In America at that time, 485 American companies offered their products to consumers. The production technology was simple, but the average price of a car in the 1900s was $1000 - fantastic money for that time. Henry Ford understood even then that it was possible to beat competitors only if prices were lowered. And he succeeded; Ford created not only a cheap, but also a reliable car that was in great demand among buyers. An example is the Mercedes company, which, during the global economic crisis of 2008-2010, abandoned the mass production of five-door expensive models and switched to the production of three-door models, which made it possible, first of all, to save jobs at the enterprise, not to close factories, located on the territories of other states. And preserve the consumer market.

Let us turn again to another part of the quote, which states that it is impossible to have everything you want, so you have to choose. The problem of economic choice is important not only for the manufacturer, but also for the consumer. Willingness to acquire goods has two sides: desire and opportunity. Opportunity is associated with such an economic concept as demand - the buyer’s willingness to purchase goods and services at a certain price at a certain point in time and in certain quantities. In other words, demand expresses the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity of it that buyers are willing and able to buy. Non-price factors also have a great influence on the quantity of demand. An example is the cosmetics market, which is traditionally one of the most dynamic and profitable sectors of the economy.

It is known that before the crisis of the summer of 1998, experts estimated the annual volume of the cosmetic market at 3 billion US dollars. After the crisis, this amount fell by almost half. However, the crisis has provided an opportunity for domestic producers to take the lead. As a result, there was almost complete import substitution of goods in the middle price category. The non-price factor played a role here. After the crisis, domestic manufacturers were able to overcome the consumer stereotype “only imported cosmetics can be good” by offering customers a high-quality product. Today, the Russian cosmetics industry has excellent prerequisites for growth: the country has a developed chemical industry, a significant number of specialists and scientific laboratories. In addition, national traditions force women to spend significant sums on maintaining beauty. The climatic conditions of Russia require special skin care, which creates additional opportunities for the manufacturer, but consumers always have the opportunity to make their choice.

*Since May 2017, the united publishing group "DROFA-VENTANA" has been part of. The corporation also included the Astrel publishing house, an equipment company educational organizations equipment "DROFA-new school" and digital educational platform "LECTA". Alexander Brychkin, a graduate of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Economic Sciences, head of innovative projects of the DROFA publishing house in the field of digital education, was appointed General Director ( electronic forms textbooks, “Russian e-school", digital educational platform LECTA). Before joining the DROFA publishing house, he held the position of vice president for strategic development and investments of the publishing holding EKSMO-AST. Today, the publishing corporation "Russian Textbook" has the largest portfolio of textbooks included in the Federal List - 485 titles (approximately 40%, excluding textbooks for special schools). The corporation's publishing houses own the most popular sets of textbooks in Russian schools in physics, drawing, biology, chemistry, technology, geography, astronomy - areas of knowledge that are needed for the development of the country's productive potential. The corporation's portfolio includes textbooks and teaching aids For primary school, awarded the Presidential Prize in the field of education. These are textbooks and manuals in subject areas that are necessary for the development of the scientific, technical and production potential of Russia.