Physical map of Chukotka. Life in Chukotka

Satellite map of Chukotka

Switching between the satellite map of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the schematic one is done in the lower left corner of the interactive map.

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - Wikipedia:

Date of formation of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug: December 10, 1930
Population of Chukotka: 50 150 people
Chukotka telephone code: 427
Area of ​​Chukotka Autonomous Okrug: 737,700 km²
Chukotka vehicle code: 87

Districts of Chukotka:

Anadyrsky Bilibinsky Chukotsky.

Cities of Chukotka - list of cities of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in alphabetical order:

Anadyr city founded in 1889. City population - 15468
Bilibino city founded in 1955. City population - 5348
Pevek city founded in 1933. City population - 4547

Chukotka autonomous region occupies a significant territory in the Far East. The occupied territory is so vast that the borders of this subject of Russia touch by sea with one of the largest powers - the United States.

Sights of Chukotka- These are numerous sites of ancient people. For example, the ancient settlement of Uelen is the easternmost region of Russia. Archaeologists have found that people lived there 2000 years ago. There is also an ancient site on Lake Kooleni, which is more than 6,000 years old. Scientists have discovered ancient sites and burial grounds there.

Among the natural attractions of the district there are some that have no analogues anywhere else in the world. One of them is whale alley. It consists of many jaws and whale skeletons that were dug and left there by the ancient Eskimos.

Sights of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug: Providence Bay, Whale Alley, Cape Navarin, Ancient Naukan, Lake Elgygytgyn, Chukotka District Local Lore Museum, Holy Trinity Cathedral, State Nature Reserve Wrangel Island, Chaunsky Regional Museum of Local Lore in Pevek, Museum of the Beringian Heritage of the Village of Provideniya, Providensky Local Lore Museum.

20.03.19 46 608 51

In the northernmost city of Russia

I was born in Chukotka and left there after school. Now my mother lives there.

Lena Arkhireeva

born and raised in Chukotka

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is the Far North. There are frosts below −50 °C, tundra, polar day and polar night. Here is the northernmost city of the country: Pevek. I lived in Pevek for 17 years. Almost everyone knows that Chukotka is in the north, it is very cold there and deer and Chukchi live there. Sometimes they remember the former governor of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Roman Abramovich, and know that gold is mined here.

In the article I will tell you how people live in Chukotka, what difficulties they face and what makes mine unique hometown Pevek.

What kind of city

Pevek is the regional center of the Chaunsky district of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (ChAO) and the northernmost city in Russia. It is located on the shores of the Pevek Strait and Chaun Bay. The capital of Chukotka - the city of Anadyr - is 640 km from Pevek, 1450 km to Magadan, and 5600 km in a straight line to Moscow. It has its own airport and seaport through which the Northern Sea Route passes.

3 accidents

was registered in Chukotka in 2018. All three are in Anadyr. Chukotka also consistently ranks last in the country in terms of crime rates

The first Russians appeared in Chukotka in the 17th century. In search of fur-bearing animals, Cossack Semyon Dezhnev and his detachment walked along the entire northern coast, went out into the Pacific Ocean and reached the mouth of the Anadyr River. In 1933, geologists found tin in Chukotka, and the authorities turned their attention to this region. Once there were camps here, but now gold, silver, tin, uranium and mercury are mined.

Chukotka is a border zone. Until 2018, in order to come here, even citizens of the Russian Federation had to obtain a special permit from the border service. Currently, this restriction applies only to Wrangel Island and neighboring nature reserves.

The city of Pevek got its name from a hill that the Chukchi called "peekinei", which means "thick, swollen mountain." The city arose in 1933 and became a port with a convenient harbor: large ships can enter here, it is protected by islands. Until 1967, Pevek was not on geographical maps due to secrecy.

The population of Chukotka is 49 thousand people. Of these, 15 thousand live in Anadyr, and only a little more than 5 thousand live in Pevek. In the 90s, many enterprises stopped operating here, and where there was work, wages were not paid on time. People left their apartments and went to the “mainland”. The remaining Pevek residents lived without money for months: some baked bread from feed flour, others took fish as part of their wages. The district leadership advised going into the tundra and picking berries and mushrooms.

Now people are no longer fleeing from here: in 2018, more people arrived than left, although only by 25 people. Thus, Chukotka became the only region in the Far East with a migration increase in population.

Locals call the rest of Russia "mainland", seasonal port workers - "scourges", and sea gulls - "cormorants", although real cormorants also live here (I'm talking about birds). The local name for the American ground squirrels that live in Chukotka is “Eurashka”. They also say here “Lack of intelligence,” which means lack of intelligence, lack of understanding.

How to get there and get out

There is an airport and a seaport in Pevek. The Northern Sea Route passes through the seaport, along which various cargo and goods are delivered.

The seaport does not carry passengers. There are no road or rail connections with the rest of Russia and even with Anadyr. Gold, silver and ore are also taken away by ships and planes.

The airport is located in the village of Apapelgino, 14 km from the city. You can get here by taxi for 1000 R, free by bus or with shift workers, if you agree in advance. The regular bus calls at the airport only in the morning and evening, and this is not always convenient.

The runway has not been repaired for 10 years, and local residents are collecting signatures on a petition to repair it. There is a high probability that in the summer only small planes with a capacity of up to 40 people with luggage of no more than 15 kg will be able to land here. This means that mail and groceries will be delivered less often and will become more expensive, and it will become more difficult for people to plan vacations.

The plane flies Moscow - Pevek 2 times a month. The route is served by Yakutia and Alrosa airlines. One-way prices start from 45,000 RUR. The Yakutia plane is refueling in Yakutsk, and the Alrosa plane is refueling in Novosibirsk. The flight is approximately 9 hours. A long flight is tiring: your legs become numb and jet lag takes its toll. When it is 12:00 in Moscow, it is 21:00 in Chukotka. The biological clock is more easily adjusted when returning to the “mainland” than when returning to Pevek. My mother sometimes flies to Moscow on this flight. He buys tickets 3-5 months before the trip, but this is not reflected in the price.

Through Yakutia you can carry baggage weighing 20 kg for free, and not 23 kg, as at other airports. From Chukotka people bring with them venison, local fish and caviar

You can even get to Chukotka by flight Moscow - Anadyr for about 50,000 RUR. AN-24 or AN-26 flies from Anadyr to Pevek for 12,000 RUR. Air transportation within the district is handled by Chukotavia. Transportation of goods from Anadyr to Pevek costs 475 R per kilogram.

It happens that the departure date is postponed by 2 weeks, and the vacation is automatically extended for the same period. Flight cancellation is a valid reason for being late from vacation.

width="2000" height="1744" class="outline-bordered" style="max-width: 1000.0px; height: auto" data-bordered="true"> An air ticket for the flight Moscow - Anadyr costs about 50,000 RUR

Income and benefits

The average salary in Chukotka is higher than in the mainland of the country - 99,984 RUR, but there are vacancies with salaries below 30,000 RUR: reindeer herder, teacher at a children's art school, Federal Tax Service inspector.

Workers in the mining industry receive the most. Large employers are the Mayskoye and Kupol deposits and the Chukotka Prospectors' Artel. Prospectors are those who mine gold, and the artel is something like their cooperative. The Kupol deposit is owned by the Canadian company Kinross Gold, its workers receive more than at Mayskoye. For Canadians, an accountant earns at least 100,000 RUR, and a miner earns 150,000-220,000 R. On Maiskoye, a miner’s income is from 50,000 RUR. They work there mostly on 6-month shifts. There is also the Chukotka Mining and Geological Company and Northern Gold.

In addition, work is offered by the airport, thermal power plant, automobile depot, Chukotka Trading Company and hydrometeorological station. You can find work in other areas, but the salary will be small.

You won’t be able to just come to Chukotka and find a high-paying job. There are many vacancies on the employment center website, but the salaries there are low. Before spending money on flights, rent and groceries, it is better to first find a job and sign an employment contract. Then the employer will pay travel expenses and accommodation in the amount of 225,000 RUR. The state compensates this amount to the employer.

Who earns how much in Chukotka

110,000 - 250,000 R

80,000 - 150,000 R

Police officer

45,000 - 90,000 R

Nurse

40,000 - 70,000 R

Driver

30,000 - 70,000 R

Salesman

30,000 - 50,000 R

25,000 - 90,000 R

Federal Tax Service Inspector

20,000 - 90,000 R

Reindeer herder

25,000 - 35,000 R

Each employee is entitled to a northern bonus. Its size depends on age and length of service. The younger the employee, the larger the bonus he will receive. For workers under 30 years of age, 20% of their salary is added for every 6 months of work until the salary doubles. For those over 30 years old, their salary is increased by 10% every six months until the amount of the increase is also 100%.

Those who were born and work in Chukotka immediately receive 100% of the northern bonus. Even if they first left and then came back.

Much depends on the specialty and working conditions: the higher the rank or qualification, the higher the salary. There are many “shift workers” in Chukotka, but they earn less than those who live and work here permanently.

My mother works and receives a northern bonus and double coefficient. Plus she has a pension - more than 25,000 RUR. She says that in last years Many young people are returning to Chukotka. On mainland It’s harder to find a job, but sometimes they give out apartments. In addition, for those born in Chukotka, the northern bonus is paid immediately at 100 percent.

Width="2000" height="1304" class="outline-bordered" style="max-width: 1000.0px; height: auto" data-bordered="true"> An ophthalmologist receives from 140,000 RUR. The qualification requirements are serious width="2000" height="1216" class="outline-bordered" style="max-width: 1000.0px; height: auto" data-bordered="true"> A truck driver receives from 70,000 R . The employer requires work experience in the Far North and experience in the specialty

Pevek residents' vacation lasts almost 2 months. 28 days are the main leave, and another 24 days are additional leave for workers in the Far North. Once every 2 years, the employer pays for travel to and from the vacation location. Residents try to go to the sea on vacation. There are also those who do not go anywhere for a long time.

In Chukotka, the pension is 11 thousand more than the national average and amounts to 25,173 RUR. My mother has 30 years of northern experience and a pension of 26,000 RUR. She managed to retire at the age of 50, but continues to work. Along with the salary, there is enough money.

To live in Pevek you need at least 60 thousand rubles. If you rent a house, then at least 80 thousand, otherwise you will spend everything on current expenses and will not even be able to get to the “mainland”.

Housing

Residential buildings in Pevek are 40-60 years old. But they are bright.

There are few advertisements on the Internet for the sale and rental of real estate. In addition, prices on websites are higher than in live communication. Supply exceeds demand, and agreement is not difficult. Renting housing for a long term will cost 15-20 thousand rubles. Daily rent costs 1.5-2 thousand.

On average, an apartment with one or two rooms costs 1.2 million rubles, but they sell it for 500 thousand when they want to leave everything and leave as quickly as possible. A three-room apartment will cost 2-3 million.

Often, along with the apartment, buyers also get the furnishings: there is no point in transporting furniture to the mainland. If the new owners don’t need it, everything can be sold on the secondary market.

In 2019, the world's first floating nuclear power plant, Lomonosov, will arrive in Pevek, which left Murmansk two years ago. Ikao JSC is already actively buying apartments for station employees in Pevek. This company builds, buys and leases housing to nuclear workers so that they can work in peace. I have not noticed an increase in real estate prices due to this. About 50 people were able to sell their apartments to Ikao JSC. We can say that they were lucky: otherwise they could have waited several months for a buyer.

6300 R

my mother pays on average for utilities per month

My mother has a two-room apartment of 49.6 m². She pays almost 6,300 RUR for utilities every month. The cost of utilities does not depend on the time of year: it is distributed evenly and depends on the area of ​​the apartment.

Width="2530" height="1228" class="outline-bordered" style="max-width: 1265.0px; height: auto" data-bordered="true"> This renovated two-room apartment costs only 1,000,000 RUR . It has been on sale since February 2018

Transport

Public transport in Pevek is free. For residents of Pevek, a warm bus runs from seven in the morning to eight in the evening.

There are also many taxis here. Trip price - 150-200 R. My mother mostly gets around the city on foot, and if she’s cold or tired, she takes the bus.

Domestic cars, except for the UAZ, are rare in Pevek. Japanese brands are common. Cars are bought secondhand or ordered from Primorye. Cars are used only for moving around the city. Country roads are unpaved, and it is difficult to predict road conditions, but in winter the road becomes a little more reliable, and you can get to neighboring villages.

In the summer of 2018, the experimental all-terrain vehicle Rusak-3993 reached Pevek from Yakutsk, but this vehicle has eight wheels, all driven. It was an experiment

Residents travel long distances by helicopter.

width="1000" height="667" class="" style="max-width: 1000px; height: auto" data-caption="In December 2018, 1 liter of AI-92 cost 60 R">

Products

The cost of living in Chukotka is 22,273 RUR. Prices for food and things depend on navigation, which lasts from May to October. At other times, everything is much more expensive, as it is delivered by air. Some products are sold at subsidized prices. This means that the cost of, for example, potatoes, meat and vegetables is higher than their retail price. The state compensates for the difference, and the price of food remains the same.

Fixed price only for fish and venison. Many people buy venison by the carcass, but we didn’t do that. We had nowhere to store them. They also eat stroganina here - this is frozen fish, cut into slices. The price of red caviar is the same as on the mainland, but the quality is higher here. Mom sometimes sends me parcels with caviar and venison stew. Most of all, residents lack fruits, vegetables and herbs at normal prices.

The city has a lot of products from China, and in the 2000s, American hams and potatoes were brought in. This is how I learned that the mashed potatoes from their potatoes are much tastier than those from central Russia.

There are no chain supermarkets in Pevek. The main format is convenience stores. The prices are shocking:

• pork - 900 R per kg;
• herring - 800 R per kg;
• beef - 700-800 R per kg;
• chicken - 360 R per kg;
• red sockeye fish - 350 R per kg;
• venison - 320 R per kg;
• stewed venison - 130 R per 325 g jar;
• eggs in winter - 320 R per dozen;
• eggs in summer - 160 R per dozen;
• sugar - 150 R;
• sour cream - 130-150 R per 200 g;
• cottage cheese - 130-150 R per 200 g;
• milk from milk powder produced by the Chukotka Trading Company - 110-120 R per 1 liter;
• loaf of local bakery - 100 RUR;
• loaf of white bread from a local bakery - 52 RUR.

Mom lives alone and spends 20 thousand rubles on groceries. Sometimes she manages to save money by buying products in small wholesale. If you don’t save and don’t deny yourself, then you’ll spend 50 thousand in a month. Because everyone knows each other, you can borrow food from the store until your payday.

width="1000" height="667" class="" style="max-width: 1000px; height: auto" data-caption="For 10 R in Pevek, only “Love is” chewing gum per piece. But grapes - for 660 rubles per kg">

Communication and Internet

Communication in Chukotka is poor and expensive. Without cable TV and satellite dishes, the TV confidently receives only 5-6 channels.

Mobile communications in Pevek are offered by Megafon, Beeline, MTS and Rostelecom. The cost of communication is higher than on the mainland, and the number of gigabytes, minutes and SMS is less. There is no point in buying large packages here, because there may simply not be any catch. In some parts of the city, mobile Internet allows you to watch videos on YouTube in quality up to 240p, but pictures and photos take several minutes to load. To download something, residents use their home Internet. The speed will be almost the same, but the signal will be more stable.

Mom spends about 2,000 R a month on communications and the Internet.

width="2000" height="826" class="outline-bordered" style="max-width: 1000.0px; height: auto" data-bordered="true"> For 600 R a month, Muscovites have access to 15 GB and 600 minutes width="2000" height="794" class="outline-bordered" style="max-width: 1000.0px; height: auto" data-bordered="true"> Subscribers in Chukotka pay 800 RUR for 700 minutes and 3 GB

Education and medicine

There is one in Pevek high school. About 250 children live in the city. When Abramovich worked as governor, schoolchildren from Chukotka were sent to Artek for free, and were also taken on excursions to Alaska. I was lucky and I spent two shifts at the Artek children's camp, each 45 days. Now a 21-day trip to Artek costs 70,000 RUR, and there are no longer 45-day shifts.

After graduating from school, young people go where it is warmer: for example, in the Krasnodar Territory, Rostov Region, or simply to visit their relatives. My classmates live in Moscow, Lipetsk, St. Petersburg, Samara, Krasnodar and Bryansk. Parents often stay to work in the North and help their children.

In Chukotka itself they get higher education in Anadyr, at a branch of the North-Eastern Federal University them. M. K. Ammosova. The specialty “Informatics and Computer Science” and “Thermal Power Engineering and Heat Engineering” is taught for 4 years for 233,000 R per year.

Average professional education receive at the Chukotka Multidisciplinary College in Anadyr, at the Chukotka North-Eastern College in the village of Egvekinot, at the Chukotka North-West College in the city of Bilibino or at the Pevek Vocational School. Workers study here from ten months to three years. You can also get an unusual specialty: engraver, bone and antler carver, commercial hunter.

There are clinics for children and adults in Pevek. In difficult cases, a medical helicopter will deliver the patient to Anadyr in two hours. Medicines in pharmacies are 3-5 times more expensive than on the mainland. There is one state pharmacy “Pharmacea” and four commercial ones throughout the city.

Climate and ecology

Pevek is located in the subarctic zone. Locals They say: “It’s only been cold here for two months. The rest of the time it’s very cold.” Those two months are July and August. In winter –20…30 °C, there are frosts down to –40…50 °C. In summer +5...10 °C, sometimes it snows, but there are hot days up to +25 °C. In December and January the city experiences polar night. From November 27th to January 16th you can see the beautiful Northern Lights. From mid-May to early August there is a polar day.

The polar night is not very difficult to bear. In the morning you go to work - it’s dark, you come back - it’s also dark, just like in Moscow. I want the sun, everyone rejoices at its appearance. My mother is not particularly depressed; she is at work all day. She says she loves winter. It is more difficult to get used to the polar day than to the night. At first I can’t sleep at all, the sun doesn’t let me sleep. Dark curtains don't help. Then, of course, you get exhausted and fall asleep. Besides, in the summer I really want to go to the “mainland”.

By satellite map Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is easy to see that the road network in the region is poorly developed. The main reason is permafrost. There are no federal highways; all roads have maximum regional significance. The following roads are worth mentioning:

• The Polyarny - Leningradsky highway: a 32-kilometer gravel road that connected two gold mines. Due to the liquidation of settlements, car traffic has sharply decreased and the road is falling into disrepair. The northernmost highway in Russia.
• Iultin - Egvekinot highway: a 207-kilometer gravel road running from the federal seaport of Egvekinot to the villages of Iultin and Cape Schmidt. The easternmost highway in the Russian Federation.
• Road 44N-3/77K-022: a 2,300-kilometer year-round gravel road under construction from the federal highway P504 “Kolyma” to Chukotka Anadyr via Omsukchan and Omolon.

Railways

Looking at the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug on a map of Russia, you will not see large railway lines in the region. There is no railway network in Chukotka at all. There are only scattered narrow-gauge railways that serve as access roads for industrial enterprises.

Large cities and towns of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

On the map of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug with its districts, you can count only eight settlements with a population of over a thousand inhabitants. About 15.5 thousand people live in the administrative center of Chukotka (Anadyr). Other large (by local standards) settlements: Bilibino (about 5.5 thousand people), Pevek (about 4.5 thousand people), Coal Mines (less than 4 thousand people), Egvekinot and Provideniya (2-3 thousand . people), Lavrentiya and Lorino (1000-1300 people).

The protected region of Chukotka is a peninsula where there is practically no summer. On the map of Russia, the region is located in the northeastern part of the country. Its entire territory is part of the Russian Federation subject of the same name - the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

There are several versions of the origin of the name of the peninsula. According to one of them, the region received its name from the local population - the Chukchi. According to another version, the peninsula is named after the Chukchi Sea that washes it. “Chuk” translated into Russian means “sea”, “cold”. According to the 3rd version, the name of the peninsula echoes Chukovsky, a member of the expedition to these parts.

In ancient times, when, according to scientists, the Bering Strait (separating Chukotka and Alaska) did not exist, people settled North America through the Chukotka Peninsula. The earliest settlement appeared in this region 8,500 years ago.

Until the 17th century The indigenous population of Chukotka was represented by the peoples: Shelags, Onkilons, Yuits. Currently, the Chukchi are considered an indigenous people. Before the arrival of Russian explorers in the middle of the 17th century. The technological development of the local population corresponded to the Stone Age.

According to official data, Chukotka was discovered in 1648 by the expedition of S. Dezhnev. It became part of the map of Russia only in 1803. At first, the region was part of the Irkutsk province, then the Primorsky region, and from 1909 it began to belong to the Kamchatka province.

In 1660, the Anadyr fort was built on the Anadyr River - a stronghold of Russian power Far East. After 100 years, the Anadyr fort was abolished. Soon, on the site of the old fort, a new one was built specifically for the military garrison, but it was destroyed by a flood. By the middle of the 19th century, on the site of Anadyrsk there were 4 villages and a fortress, where 200 people lived.

Chukotka on the map of Russia becomes an autonomous territory in the first half of the 20th century. The main city of the region since 1932 has been Anadyr. Until 1992, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was not an independent region. The territory of the district was initially part of the Kamchatka region, then of the Khabarovsk Territory, and since 1953 it began to belong to the Magadan region.

Border Mode

Today, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is a border zone. This means that the entry of citizens from other states into populated areas and islands in this region requires a pass from the border service of the Russian Federation or documents allowing stay in the border area.

As of January 1, 2018, the border regulations for the local population were changed: now, in order to travel to other municipalities, each person is required to obtain a vacation or travel certificate.

A month later, the rules were changed: now citizens with permanent registration in the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug have the right to move throughout the border region with an identity card marked PZ (border zone).

On June 17, 2018, the decree on the abolition of border regulations in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug zone came into force, with the exception of the internal islands that are part of the municipalities (Ratmanov Island, Wrangel Island, Herald Island).

Citizens of the Russian Federation, when entering areas of the sea coast and nearby islands, need to obtain documents permitting stay in the border area.

ChAO on the map

Chukotka on the map of Russia is part of the region of the same name in the Russian Federation. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ranks 7th in area among all constituent entities of the Russian Federation (721,000 km 2). In the west, the Chukotka region has a common border with Yakutia, in the south with the Magadan and Kamchatka regions, and in the east across the Bering Strait with the United States.

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is divided into districts:

The Chukotka Peninsula is the only continental zone of Asia, which is located in the northeastern part of the Eurasian continent. Its area is 49,000 km 2. The Bering Strait runs between Chukotka and Alaska; its width is 86 km.

In the north, the peninsula is washed by the Chukchi and East Siberian seas, which belong to the Arctic Ocean. In the south, Chukotka is washed by the Bering Sea, which belongs to Pacific Ocean. Chukotka is the only peninsula in the world that is washed by 2 oceans or 3 seas.

A significant part of the Chukotka Peninsula is located above the Arctic Circle. The features of this geographical location are: polar day in summer (when the sun does not set below the horizon for many days), polar night in winter (in winter the sun does not appear for 2 months), unique a natural phenomenon subpolar and polar regions - aurora.

The peninsula is elongated in the northeast direction, has a long and curved border line (length 7000 km), where 4000 km is allocated to the coastal line of the upper seas. The remainder of the border follows various mainland highlands and watershed mountain ranges.

Relief features

The main part of the territorial lands of the Chukotka Peninsula is occupied by medium-height highlands from 600 m to 1800 m: the northeastern Chukotka Highlands, the central Anadyr and Anyui Highlands, the southern part of the Chukotka lands is occupied by the Koryak and Kolyma Highlands.

Here the mountain ranges reach almost to the sea, leaving only a narrow coastal strip low-lying. In some places, the mountain surface is divided by flat depressions.

The Chukotka Plateau is a watershed ridge. Some rivers, originating in the mountains of the peninsula, flow into the Chukchi Sea, others into the Bering Sea. The highest point of Chukotka is Mount Izhodnaya, its height is 1194 m and is located in the Providence Bay area. The highest mountain (height 1853 m) of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is located in southern mountains.

Physical card Russia (Chukotka)

The mountainous terrain of the peninsula began to form about 20 million years ago, and from a geological point of view, Chukotka is considered a fairly young region. The formation of mountain systems here is currently not completed.

Hydrology

The Chukotka Peninsula is rich in water resources. The region's territory includes 8,000 large and small rivers. The rivers of Chukotka are frozen 8 months a year, some freeze to the very bottom. The rivers of the peninsula may not be free of ice for several years. The release of ice from rivers is accompanied by the formation of ice jams, which causes local floods and swamping of the territory.

The largest rivers in the region:

There are many lakes in Chukotka of various origins: geothermal lakes formed by hot springs, and coastal salt lakes on the coast of the Arctic Ocean, which are of lagoonal origin.

Among the lakes in the interior of the peninsula, Lake Elgygytgyn (a mountain lake of meteorite origin) stands out. The diameter of the lake is 12 km, the average depth is 170 m, the area is about 120 km 2. The lake was formed more than 3.5 million years ago as a result of the fall of a cosmic body. This was proven by analyzes of soil samples taken from the bottom of the lake.

The seas washing the shores of the Chukotka Peninsula (Bering, Chukotka, East Siberian) are covered with ice most of the year, which is why the salinity of sea water in the winter months is quite high.

In summer, the East Siberian and Chukchi seas thaw exclusively from the south, due to which sea water is desalinated. During the warm season, the Bering Sea is 100% free of ice. The sea water temperature in the summer months in the Chukotka Peninsula area does not exceed 10°C.

Climate and its features on the peninsula

The climate in Chukotka is harsh, subarctic. Coastal areas are influenced by the sea, so the climate in these places is significantly milder than in continental zones.

In the interior of the peninsula, the climate is sharply continental:

The average annual air temperature does not exceed 0°C.

There are very few sunny, windless days in Chukotka. The weather in this region is characterized by dramatic changes that occur due to the collision of warmer southern cyclones with year-round cold Arctic cyclones. As a result, intense winds often blow in the region, gusts of which can reach 40 m/s.

Chukotka weather map:

Districts of the peninsula	Air temperature
	winter	spring	summer	autumn
Hinterland	up to -60°С	-8°C	up to +25°С	up to +15°С
Coast	-35°С	-6°C	no more than +15°С	+8°С

Due to the extremely cold climate, underground permafrost is widespread throughout Chukotka. Permafrost reaches its greatest thickness in the western regions (up to 500 m). In coastal areas, soil freezing reaches a depth of 200 m. Permafrost temperatures range from -2°C to -12°C.

Areas of hot springs and bottom soil of rivers and lakes are free from permafrost. During the short summer, the soil thaws only 3 m deep. Year-round frozen soil influences the formation of swamps on the peninsula: frozen soil is not able to absorb water.

Animal and plant life

Chukotka on the map of Russia is located in the far north. Due to harsh conditions vegetable world The peninsula is quite poor. Permafrost has a great influence on the development of plants, which prevents the penetration of moisture into the deep layers of the soil and does not allow the root system to fully develop.

For these reasons, representatives of the Chukotka flora are:

• low-growing trees: Daurian larch, squat poplars and birches;
• shrubs: alder, dwarf cedar, lingonberry, blueberry, sedge;
• several hundred varieties of mosses and lichens.

The fauna of the Chukotka region is quite diverse and unique and varies depending on the natural area.

Natural areas Chukotka from north to south:

• arctic desert;
• tundra;
• forest-tundra;
• larch taiga.

The northern coastal areas are home to the largest species listed in the Red book, predator - polar bear, as well as marine mammals:

• walruses;
• ringed seals;
• sea ​​hares;
• whales;
• killer whales;
• seals.

The seas of the region contain a wide variety of fish, shellfish and marine crustaceans. In the tundra there are a lot of birds (guillemots, guillemots, loons, waders), rodents (lemmings, hares, chipmunks) and animals with valuable fur (arctic foxes, sables, stoats).

Of the large representatives of the tundra and forest-tundra, it is worth noting the following animals:

Population

Representatives of 60 nationalities live on the territory of Chukotka.

At the end of the 20th century. The total population of the district was 164,000 people, of which:

• Russians - 66%;
• Ukrainians - 17%;
• northern indigenous people (Chukchi, Koryaks, Eskimos) - 10%;
• Belarusians - 2%.

Recently, the share of indigenous peoples has increased to 21%, this is due to the mass migration of non-indigenous residents.

As of 2018, the population of the Chukotka region is 49,350 people, of which more than 70% live in cities. Most of the indigenous population lives in small villages (settlements with a population of 200 to 1000 people). Representatives of non-indigenous peoples live mainly in the main city of the district, Anadyr, or in large urban-type settlements.

The most populous cities and towns of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in descending order:

• Anadyr - about 10,000 people;
• Bilibino, Pevek - from 4,000 people to 10,000 people;
• Coal Mines, Egvekinot, Lavrentiya, Provideniya - from 1000 people to 4000 people.

Transport connection

Chukotka is located in the Arctic zone, where the soil freezes heavily in winter and practically does not thaw in summer, this is the main obstacle to road construction.

On the map of Russia, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is one of the regions where there are no railways and paved roads.

The roads here are small and have a gravel surface. The length of the longest road is 2300 km. This transport route connects the Kolyma federal highway with largest city Anadyrem district.

The federal seaport of Egvekinot is connected to the village of Iultin by a 207-kilometer road, which is the easternmost highway in the Russian Federation. The northernmost highway in the Russian Federation is considered to be a 32-kilometer gravel road connecting 2 villages where the gold mines of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Polyarny and Leningradsky, are located.

Due to the inability to carry out cargo transportation by land in the Chukotka region, air and sea communications are well developed.

The largest international airport of federal significance is located in the village of Ugolnye Kopi. The airport in Pevek is also of federal importance. The airport in the village of Provideniya is international. In addition to large airports, there are also 6 small civilian airfields and 1 military airfield in the city of Anadyr in the region.

The maritime transport system of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug includes 5 seaports:

• Pevek on the coast of the East Siberian Sea, which receives ships coming from western cities (Murmansk, St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk).
• Beringovsky, Egvekinot, Provideniya, Anadyr, located on the coast of the Bering Sea, receive ships in the eastern direction (Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Magadan, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Sakhalin Island).

Industrial development

Chukotka industry is represented by:

In the depths of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug there is more than 10% of all gold in the Russian Federation.

3 enterprises are engaged in the development of deposits and extraction of ores of valuable metals:

• LLC "A/c Chukotka";
• LLC "A/s Polyarnaya";
• CJSC Chukotka Mining and Geological Company.

The following have the right to mine placer gold in Chukotka:

• LLC "A/s Luch";
• CJSC "A/s" Polar Star»;
• LLC "A/s Shakhtar"

The extraction of non-precious base metals is carried out by CJSC “Northern Tin” at the Pyrkakayskoye deposit. There are 2 large coal deposits in Chukotka: Anadyrskoye (OJSC Shakhta Nagornaya) and Coal Bay (JSC Shakhta Ugolnaya).

In the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug there are 2 oil and gas basins: Anadyr and Khatyr. The development of fields, as well as the extraction of fuel raw materials in the region, is carried out by the company Sibneft-Chukotka LLC, which is a subsidiary of Gazprom Neft OJSC.

Off the coast of the Chukotka Peninsula there is one of the richest fishing spots in the Russian Federation. The main enterprise of the fishing industry in Chukotka is Chukotrybpromkhoz. The company fully satisfies consumer needs for fish and seafood in its region, and also exports seafood.

The electric power complex in the region is represented by the following enterprises producing heat and electricity:

Agriculture

In agricultural production, 98% comes from livestock and only 2% from crop production.

Livestock and hunting

The livestock sector in the region is represented by reindeer husbandry. Two enterprises are engaged in breeding deer on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug: MUP Agricultural Production Enterprise "Keper" and MUP Agricultural Production Enterprise "Zapolyarye". 73% of agricultural land is allocated for reindeer pastures. Currently, these enterprises are successfully developing, the total number of deer is increasing (about 18,000 heads), meat production is 1,600 tons.

In the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, hunting is allowed for:

Only the local population of Chukotka is allowed to hunt walruses from the beginning of summer until mid-autumn.

Crop production

Due to harsh climatic conditions, the crop production industry in the region is very poorly developed. Vegetables that do not require for their development are grown in small quantities in frost-free areas. large quantity heat, for example potatoes.

Growing heat-loving vegetable crops in the region is possible only in greenhouse conditions. Currently, 10% of the vegetables consumed in the region are grown in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

Culture

The Chukotka region has a lot of historical and natural monuments, unique places and natural phenomena; the customs and holidays of the indigenous population are very interesting.
Therefore, diversified tourism is very well developed in Chukotka.

Tourism

Most The best way acquaintance with the territory of the peninsula - a trip along the rivers of Chukotka. Best time for water tourism - July, August. Sea cruise tours are organized on the eastern coast of the peninsula. Travel program: visits to national villages, cultural monuments, historical attractions; journey through the northern seas.

Fans of scientific tourism will be interested in visiting: the settlements of local reindeer herders and marine mammal hunters, where the way of life has been preserved unchanged since ancient times; about 500 unique historical and archeological monuments; get acquainted with the rich wildlife of the region.

The most courageous tourists will be able to go on a trip by skis or dog sleds to the Northern geographic pole Earth. Ski tourism is quite well developed in Chukotka. For this purpose, 2 specialized bases have been equipped in the village of Egvekinot and the village of Provideniya.

Currently, 4 companies have the right to conduct tourism business in the region. In the main city of the region, 3 hotels have been built specifically for tourists. The district government developed and approved special program for the development of tourism in the region.

Archaeological heritage

Archaeological research on the peninsula began at the end of the 18th century. At that time, the dwellings of the ancient inhabitants of Cape Bolshoi Baranov Kamen were discovered. Already in the 20th century. Not far from Anadyr, several ancient sites, a large burial, and household items were discovered. The age of the found settlement is at least 4000 years.

Archaeological expeditions led by M.A. Kiryak-Dikova, who studied the west of Chukotka, managed to study prehistoric drawings on stone slabs and discover several sites of ancient people, whose age is 30,000 years.

But not all historical monuments of Chukotka have been found today. In the near future, it is planned to conduct an expedition to search for the famous Angarsk fortress and the Orthodox Church, which was built in the 2nd half of the 19th century.

Memorable places of this region

Chukotka on the map of Russia is located in a unique most interesting place with a rich history.

Sights of the region:

The Chukotka Peninsula is a delightful land where night reigns in winter, and day lasts for several months in summer. The harsh Arctic climate hinders the full development of the region. On the map of Russia, the territory is located in the Arctic zone, and in order to slightly diversify the snowy landscape, residents paint the outer walls of their houses with multi-colored paints.

Article format: Mila Friedan

Video about Chukotka

About life in Chukotka:

The subject of the Russian Federation:

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Main official city (administrative):

Anadyr

Federal District:

Far Eastern

Part National economy(economic region):

Far Eastern

OKATO region code:

77000000000

Date of formation of the region:

December 10, 1930

Population (thousands of people):

50,839 (as of 2014)

Territory (thousands of square kilometers):

721,5

Car registration plate (code):

87

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