Nikolai Petrovich Pirogov. Events of Vitar and our partners

Portrait of Nikolai Pirogov by Ilya Repin, 1881.

There was no nose - and suddenly it appeared

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was born in 1810 in Moscow, into a poor, paradoxical as it may sound, family of a military treasurer. Major Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov was afraid of stealing, and had children beyond measure. The future father of Russian surgery was the thirteenth child.

So the boarding school, which the boy entered at the age of eleven, soon had to leave - there was nothing to pay for it.

However, he entered the university as a student at his own expense. The mother of the family, Elizaveta Ivanovna, nee Novikova, a lady of merchant blood, had already insisted. To be government-funded, that is, not to pay for training, seemed humiliating to her.

Nikolai was only fourteen at the time, but he said he was sixteen. The serious young man looked convincing, no one even doubted him. The young man received his higher medical education at the age of seventeen. After which I went to do an internship in Dorpat.

At the University of Dorpat, the character of Nikolai Ivanovich was especially clearly demonstrated - in contrast to another future medical luminary, Fedor Inozemtsev. Ironically, they were placed in the same room. The bubbly and merry fellow Inozemtsev was constantly visited by his comrades, played the guitar, cooked burnt cigarettes, and indulged in cigars. And poor Pirogov, who never let go of his textbook for a minute, had to endure all this.

Leaving his studies for at least an hour and enjoying the romance of student life did not even occur to him, ennobled by early baldness and decorated with boring sideburns.

Then - the University of Berlin. There is no such thing as too much studying. And in 1836, Nikolai Ivanovich finally accepted an appointment to the position of professor of theoretical and practical surgery at the Imperial University of Dorpat, which he knew well. There he first builds the nose of the barber Otto, and then of another Estonian girl. Literally builds like a surgeon. There was no nose - and suddenly it appeared. Pirogov took the skin for this wonderful decoration from the patient’s forehead.

Both were, naturally, in seventh heaven. Particularly rejoicing, oddly enough, was the barber, who either lost his nose in a fight, or accidentally cut it off while serving another client: “During my suffering, they still took part in me; with the loss of the nose it passed. Everything ran away from me, even my faithful wife. My entire family moved away from me; my friends left me. After a long seclusion, I went one evening to a tavern. The owner asked me to leave immediately.”

Meanwhile, Pirogov was already reporting on his plastic experiments to the scientific medical community, using a simple rag doll as a visual aid.

Life among the dead

The building of the University of Dorpat. Image from wikipedia.org

In Dorpat, and then in the capital, the surgical talent of Nikolai Ivanovich is finally fully revealed. He cuts people almost non-stop. But his head constantly works in favor of the patient. How can amputation be avoided? How to reduce pain? How will the unfortunate person live after the operation?

He invents a new surgical technique, which went down in the history of medicine as Pirogov's operation. In order not to go into juicy medical details, the leg is cut not where it was cut before, but in a slightly different place, and as a result, you can hobble around on what’s left of it.

Today this method is considered obsolete - there were a lot of problems in the postoperative period, Nikolai Ivanovich violated the laws of nature too radically. But then, in 1852, it was considered a great breakthrough.

Saint Petersburg. Military-medical Academy. Image: retro-piter.livejournal.com

Another problem is how to reduce unnecessary movements with a scalpel, how to quickly determine exactly where surgical intervention is required. Before Pirogov, no one had seriously dealt with this at all - they were poking around in a living person like a baby in a sandbox. He, while studying frozen corpses (at the same time giving rise to a new direction - “ice anatomy”), compiled the first detailed anatomical atlas in history. A much-needed manual for fellow surgeons was published under the title “Topographic Anatomy Illustrated by Sections Drawn through the Frozen Human Body in Three Directions.”

Actually, 3D.

True, this 3D cost him a month and a half of bed rest - he did not get out of the dead room for days, inhaled harmful fumes there and almost went to his forefathers.

The surgical instruments of that time also left much to be desired. What to do about it? Our hero is used to solving problems radically. He becomes, among other things, the director of the Tool Plant, where he is actively improving the product range. Of course, due to products of our own invention.

Nikolai Ivanovich is worried about another serious problem - anesthesia. And not so much the first part - how to put a person to sleep before surgery, but the second - how to make sure that he still wakes up later. Our hero becomes the absolute champion in conducting operations under ether.

"Traumatic Epidemic"

In 1847, Pirogov, who had just received the title of corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, went to the Caucasian War. It was there that he received unlimited opportunities for his ethereal experiments - the theater of military operations constantly supplied him with people in need of help.

He performed several thousand such operations, most of them successful. If a soldier can boast of how many people he killed, then Nikolai Ivanovich had the opposite count. He actually rescued several thousand people from the hands of death. He brought one back to life, and immediately another was placed on his table.

You need to have some kind of absolutely superman-like psyche to withstand this. And Nikolai Pirogov was such a superman.

Then - another war, the Crimean. Experiments with ether continue. At the same time, plaster fixing bandages are being improved. Pirogov first began to use them precisely during the Crimean campaign. But back in the Caucasus, starch dressings, also introduced into practice by Dr. Pirogov, were considered an unprecedented innovation. He was overtaking himself.

Plus a new approach to evacuating the wounded from the battlefield. Previously, everyone who could be rescued was indiscriminately sent to the rear. Pirogov introduced just this analysis. The wounded were examined at the field dressing station. Those who could be helped on the spot were released, and servicemen with serious injuries were sent to a rear hospital. Thus, such scarce places in military transport were given to those who really needed them.

The word “logistics” did not yet exist at that time, but Pirogov was already actively using it, but God forbid modern supervisors will never find themselves there.

And being the chief surgeon of besieged Sevastopol is an enviable position, isn’t it? – Nikolai Ivanovich debugged the work of the nurses to unprecedented perfection.

There are so many cellos, chess and jokes here. He gutted living people from morning to night!

N.I. Pirogov. Photo by P.S. Zhukov, 1870. Image from wikipedia.org

Pirogov didn’t even have friends. He said to himself: “I have no friends.” Calmly and without regret. About the war, he argued that it was a “traumatic epidemic.” It was vital for him to put everything in its place.

At the end of the war (which Russia, by the way, lost), Emperor Alexander Nikolaevich, the future Tsar-Liberator, summoned Pirogov to report. It would be better not to call.

The doctor, without any respect or respect for rank, told the emperor everything that he had learned about the unforgivable backwardness of the country both in military affairs and in medicine. The autocrat did not like this, and he, in fact, exiled the obstinate doctor out of sight - to Odessa, to the post of trustee of the Odessa educational district.

Herzen subsequently kicked the Tsar in The Bell: “This was one of the most vile deeds of Alexander, dismissing a man of whom Russia is proud.”

Alexander II, photographic portrait from 1880. Image from runivers.ru

And suddenly, completely unexpectedly, a new stage in the activity of this great man began - pedagogical. Pirogov turned out to be a born teacher. In 1856, he published an article entitled “Questions of Life,” in which, in fact, he examines issues of education.

The main idea of ​​this is the need for a humane attitude of the teacher towards students. Everyone should first of all be seen as a free person who should be respected unquestioningly.

He also complained that the existing educational system is aimed at training highly specialized specialists: “I know well that the gigantic successes of the sciences and arts of our century have made specialism a necessary need of society; but at the same time, true specialists have never needed preliminary universal human education so much as in our century.

A one-sided specialist is either a crude empiricist or a street charlatan.”

This was especially true for the upbringing and education of young ladies. According to Nikolai Ivanovich, women's education should not be limited to housework skills. The doctor was not shy in his arguments: “What if a calm, carefree wife with a family looks at your cherished struggle with a meaningless smile of an idiot? Or... squandering all the possible worries of domestic life, will she be imbued with only one thought: to please and improve your material, earthly existence?”

However, men also suffered: “And what does it feel like for a woman in whom the need to love, participate and sacrifice is incomparably more developed and who still lacks enough experience to more calmly endure the deception of hope - tell me, what should it be like for her in the field of life, walking hand in hand hand with the one in whom she was so pitifully deceived, who, trampling her comforting convictions, laughs at her shrine, jokes with her inspirations?

And, of course, no corporal punishment. Nikolai Ivanovich even devoted a separate note to this topical topic - “Is it necessary to flog children, and flog them in the presence of other children?”

Pirogov, remembering his conversation with the tsar, was immediately suspected of being excessively free-thinking.

And he was transferred to Kyiv, where he took up the duties of a trustee of the Kyiv educational district. There, thanks again to his adherence to principles, straightforwardness and disdain for ranks, Nikolai Ivanovich finally fell out of favor and was demoted to a simple member of the Main Board of Schools.

In particular, he categorically refused, at the request of the ministry, to establish secret surveillance over the students of the Kyiv educational district. Herzen wrote: “Pirogov was too tall for the role of a spy and could not justify meanness on state grounds.”

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, posthumous portrait. Engraving by I.I. Matyushina, 1881. Image from dlib.rsl.ru

Pirogov died at the age of 71. He died in six months from cancer of the upper jaw, which was diagnosed by Nikolai Sklifosovsky. He was buried in a mausoleum on his own estate.

The body was embalmed using his own technology and placed in a transparent sarcophagus, “so that the disciples and successors of the noble and godly deeds of N.I. Pirogov could contemplate his bright appearance.” The Church, “taking into account the merits of N.I. Pirogov as an exemplary Christian and a world-famous scientist,” did not object.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov would have made a very bad therapist. What is required from a doctor of this profile is a smile and participation, a kind of conspiratorial wink, so that he gently touches the stomach with the plump hand of a sybarite and says: “Well, what happened to us here, my friend? It’s okay, it’ll heal before the wedding.”

And so that just from this alone the illness would recede, life would light up in the eyes and the patient himself would ask for a cup of broth, although an hour ago he could not even take a sip.

Pirogov would not have succeeded in this way. But he ended up with a completely different life.

Pirogov, Nikolai Ivanovich

(1810-1881) - one of the greatest doctors and teachers of our time. century and to this day the most outstanding authority on military surgery. P. was born in Moscow, received his primary education at home, then studied at the private boarding school Kryazhev ("Svoekoshtnoe Domestic School for Children of Noble Title"). Introductory copy at the university survived the age of 14 (although admission to students of persons under 16 years of age was not permitted) and enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine. At the university he was greatly influenced by prof. Mudrov with his advice to study pathological anatomy and perform autopsies. After graduating from the faculty, P. was enrolled in a government account opened in 1822 at the University of Dorpat. an institute “of twenty natural Russians” intended to fill professorial chairs in 4 Russian universities. Here he became very close to the “highly talented” prof. surgery Moyer and began practical studies in anatomy and surgery. P. was one of the first in Europe to begin systematically experimenting on a large scale, trying to solve problems of clinical surgery through experiments on animals. In 1831, having passed the examination for Doctor of Medicine, in 1832 he defended his dissertation, choosing the topic of ligation of the abdominal aorta (“Num vinctura aortae abdom. in aneurism. inguinali adhibitu facile actutum sit remedium”; about the same in Russian and German ). In 1833, being remarkably trained in anatomy and surgery, he was sent abroad on government account, where he worked in Berlin with prof. Schlemm, Rust, Graefe, Dieffenbach and Jugken, and especially Langenbeck, the greatest German authorities of his time. In 1835 he returned to Russia and here he learned that the department of surgery promised to him in Moscow had been replaced by his friend from the Dorpat Institute, Inozemtsov. In 1836, at the suggestion of Moeir, prof. undertook surgical excursions to Riga, Revel and other cities of the Baltic region, always attracting a huge number of patients, especially since, on the initiative of local doctors, pastors in the villages publicly announced the arrival of a Dorpat surgeon. In the years 1837-1889, P. published the famous “Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia” on it. and lat. language (for this essay he was awarded the Demidov Prize by the Academy of Sciences) and a monograph on the transection of the Achilles tendon. In 1841 P. was transferred to St. Petersburg. Medical surgeon academy prof. hospital surgery and applied anatomy and was appointed to head the entire surgical department of the hospital. Under him, the surgical clinic became the highest school of Russian surgical education, which was facilitated, in addition to high authority, by P.’s extraordinary gift of teaching and incomparable technique in performing operations, and the enormous quantity and variety of clinical material. In the same way, he raised the teaching of anatomy by device to an extraordinary height at the suggestion of him and Prof. Baer and Seydlitz of a special anatomical institute, the first director of which he was appointed and invited the famous Gruber to be his assistant. During his 14-year professorship in St. Petersburg, P. performed about 12,000 autopsies with detailed protocols for each of them, and began experimental research on ether anesthesia during operations, which, thanks to him, soon became widespread in Russia. In 1847 he went to the Caucasus, where the war was in full swing. Here he first became acquainted in practice with military field surgery and issues of military field medicine. administrations in which his authority is still unattainable. Upon returning to St. Petersburg in 1848, he devoted himself to the study of cholera, opened many cholera corpses and published them in Russian and French. in languages, an essay with an atlas "Pathological anatomy of Asian cholera". Of the scientific works during his 14-year stay in St. Petersburg, the most important: “Course of applied anatomy of the human body”, “Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body” and especially his world-famous “Topographic anatomy from cuts through frozen corpses", "Clinical surgery" (which describes his "Pirogov" operation on the foot, plaster cast). In 1854, with the outbreak of hostilities, P. left for Sevastopol at the head of a detachment of the Holy Cross community of sisters of mercy. Having devoted himself to the cause of helping the sick and wounded, devoting whole days and nights to them for 10 months, he at the same time could not help but see all the social and scientific backwardness of Russian society, the widespread dominance of predation, and the most outrageous abuses. In 1870, P. was invited by the main directorate of the Red Cross to inspect military sanitary institutions at the theater of the Franco-Prussian War. His journey through German hospitals and clinics was a solemn triumph for P., since in all official and medical spheres he met with the most honorable and warm welcome. The views he outlined in his “Principles of Military Field Surgery” met with universal dissemination. So, for example, his plaster cast was in great use; the production of resections (see) in the form of preserving the greatest possible mass of intact parts has replaced amputations; his plan for dispersing the sick was applied by the Germans on the widest scale; his views on placing the sick and wounded not in large hospitals, but in tents, barracks, etc., were implemented. In the same way, the sorting of the wounded at the dressing station, which he had recommended back in Sevastopol, was introduced. The result of his journey was the “Report on a visit to military health institutions in Germany, Lorraine and Alsace in 1870,” in Russian and German. languages. In 1877, P. was sent to the Turkish theater of military operations, where, when inspecting infirmaries, barracks, rooms for the sick in private houses and in camp tents and tents, he paid attention to the terrain, location, design and amenities of the premises, to the food of the sick and wounded , treatment methods, transportation and evacuation, and the results of his observations were outlined in the classic work “Military medicine and private assistance at the theater of war in Bulgaria and in the rear of the active army in 1877-78.” The basic principles of P. are that war is a traumatic epidemic, and therefore measures should be the same as in case of epidemics; A properly organized administration is of primary importance in military sanitary matters; The main goal of surgical and administrative activities in the theater of war is not urgent operations, but properly organized care for the wounded and conservative treatment. The main evil is the disorderly crowding of the wounded at the dressing station, which causes irreparable harm; Therefore, it is necessary first of all to sort out the wounded and strive to disperse them as quickly as possible. In 1881, the fiftieth anniversary of P.’s medical activity was celebrated in Moscow, at the same time he noticed creeping cancer of the oral mucosa, and in November of the same year he died. Russian doctors honored the memory of their greatest representative by founding a surgical society, organizing periodic “Pirogov Congresses” (see Medical Congresses), opening a museum named after him, and erecting a monument in Moscow. Indeed, P. occupies an exceptional place in the history of Russian medicine as a professor and clinician. He created a school of surgery, developed a strictly scientific and rational direction in the study of surgery, basing it on anatomy and experimental surgery. Abroad, his name was very popular not only among doctors, but also among the public. It is known that back in 1862, when the best European surgeons could not determine the location of the bullet in the body of Garibaldi, wounded at Aspromonte, P. was invited, who not only removed it, but also brought the treatment of the famous Italian to a successful end. In addition to the listed works, the following also deserve great attention: “On plastic surgery in general and on rhinoplasty in particular” (“Military Medical Journal”, 1836); "Ueber die Vornrtheile d. Publikums gegen d. Chirurgie" (Dorpt, 1836); "Neue Methode d. Einführung d. Aether-Dämpfe zum Behufe d. Chirurg. Operationen" ("Bull. phys. matem. d. Pacad. d. Scienc.", vol. VI; the same in French and Russian) ; he wrote a number of articles on etherization; "Rapport medic. d"un voyage au Caucase contenant la statist. d. amputations, d. recherches exper. sur les blessures d"arme à feu" etc. (SPb., 1849; the same in Russian); a whole series of editions of his clinical lectures: “Klinische Chirurgie” (Lpts., 1854); "Historical sketch of the activities of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross community of sisters of mercy in the state of Crimea and Kherson province." ("Sea Collection", 1857; the same in German, B., 1856), etc. For a complete list of his literary works, see Zmeev ("Doctors-Writers"). The literature about P. is very large; it embraces not only the characteristics of this personality, but also the memories of his many students and people who encountered him in one or another field of professional activity.

T.M.G.

As a public figure, P. belongs to the glorious galaxy of employees of Alexander II in the first years of his reign. The appearance in the "Sea Collection" (see) of P.'s article "Questions of Life", dedicated especially to education, caused lively talk in society and in higher spheres and led to P.'s appointment to the post of trustee of first the Odessa, then the Kyiv educational district. In this position, P. was distinguished not only by complete religious tolerance, but also cared about fair treatment and respect for all nationalities that were part of both districts (see his article “Talmud-Torah”, Odessa, 1858). In 1861, P. had to leave the post of trustee; he was entrusted with the supervision of young scientists sent abroad under A.V. Golovnin to prepare for professorships. With the assumption of the post of Minister of Public Education, Mr. D. A. Tolstoy P. left teaching and settled on his estate Vishnya, Podolsk province, where he died. As a teacher, P. is a champion of general humanitarian education, necessary for every person; the school, in his opinion, should see the student first of all as a person and therefore not resort to measures that insult his dignity (rods, etc.). An outstanding representative of science, a man with a European name, P. put forward knowledge as an element not only educational, but also educational. On certain issues of pedagogical practice, P. also managed to express many humane ideas. Towards the end of his life, P. was busy with his diary, published shortly after his death under the title: “Questions of Life; Diary of an Old Doctor.” Here the reader is confronted with the image of a highly developed and educated person who considers it cowardice to bypass the so-called. damn questions. P.'s diary is not a philosophical treatise, but a series of notes by a thinking person, which, however, constitute one of the most edifying works of the Russian mind. Belief in a supreme being as the source of life, in the universal mind spread everywhere, does not, in P.’s eyes, contradict scientific beliefs. The universe seems to him reasonable, the activity of its forces is meaningful and purposeful, human I- not a product of chemical and histological elements, but the personification of the general universal mind. The constant manifestation of world thought in the universe is all the more immutable for P., since everything that appears in our mind, everything invented by him already exists in world thought. P.'s diary and pedagogical writings were published in St. Petersburg. in 1887. See Malis, “P., his life and scientific and social activities” (St. Petersburg, 1893, “Biographical library.” Lavlenkov); D. Dobrosmyslov, “Philosophy of P. according to his Diary” (“Faith and Reason”, 1893, No. 6, 7-9); N. Pyaskovsky, “P. as a psychologist, philosopher and theologian” (“Questions of Philosophy”, 1893, book 16); I. Bertenson, "On P.'s moral worldview." ("Russian Antiquity", 1885, 1); Stoyunin, "Pedagogical tasks of P." (“Ist. Vestn.”, 1885, 4 and 5, and in “Pedagogical Works” by Stoyunin, St. Petersburg, 1892); Art. Ushinsky in "J. M. N. Pr." (1862); P. Kapterev, "Essays on the history of Russian pedagogy" ("Pedagogical collection", 1887, 11, and "Education and Training", 1897); Tikhonravov, "Nick. Iv. Pirogov at Moscow University. 1824-28" (M., 1881).

(Brockhaus)

Pirogov, Nikolai Ivanovich

(1810-1881) - famous surgeon and anatomist, teacher, administrator and public figure; Christian. In 1856, P. was appointed trustee of the Odessa educational district; In this post (until 1858), and then in the same position in Kyiv (1858-61), P. proved himself to be a true “missionary” of education. Although P. once stated that some of his mentors were Jews, and many Jews were his good comrades and excellent students, it can be assumed that he was little familiar with Jewish life in Russia. In the south, and then in the southwest, P. came face to face with the so-called Jewish question and became an energetic defender of the Jewish people. In this case, it was also important that P. first became acquainted with wide circles of Jewish society in Odessa, which was then the cultural center of South Russian Jewry and where the Jewish intelligentsia predominated, having adopted German culture, so akin to P. himself. Already 4 months later after arriving in Odessa, P. sent (February 4, 1857) to the Minister of Public Education “a memorandum regarding the education of Jews.” In a transmittal letter to her, P. reported that “in presenting his views on a subject so important in his eyes and so closely related to the good of the whole tribe,” he “made it a rule, without being at all embarrassed by prevailing opinions and decisions, to express directly and frankly , out of duty of conscience and service, his inner convictions,” that he collected opinions, compared, “subjecting to critical analysis the judgments of experts and tried, with possible impartiality, to present the state of Jewish education in its present form.” P. speaks out in the note for the introduction of universal education, warning against the use of coercive measures in education and advising caution regarding the religious views of the Jewish people. Speaking about the naturally well-developed mental abilities of Jews, P. reassures the government that if it conducts business wisely, it will not encounter opposition to its educational endeavors among the Jewish people. P. warmly recommended creating a cadre of experienced teachers, speaking out against the appointment of Christian caretakers to the leadership of Jewish schools. P. demanded equal rights for Jewish teachers with Christians, a reduction in the cost of textbooks, the establishment of boarding schools for poor students, and the distribution and encouragement of private Jewish girls' schools; at the same time, he emphasized the beneficial connection of the Jewish school with family and society. Proving the groundlessness of the accusations of the Jewish people of evading education, P. referred to the fact that “from ancient times, Jews made it their sacred duty to maintain religious schools for the poor of their coreligionists in all Jewish societies at public expense. In this way they managed to appropriate the word God to all classes of the Jewish people, which is why it has spread from generation to generation for almost more than 4000 years to our times.” P.'s first article on the Jewish question: "Odessa Talmud-Torah" (Odessa Vestnik, 1858) was reprinted by many magazines and newspapers; in it, the trustee highlighted the fact that “a Jew considers it the most sacred duty to teach his son to read and write, that in the concept of a Jew, literacy and law merge into one inseparable whole.” Having transformed the Odessa Bulletin, which under him became an exemplary organ, P. attracted, among other things, Jewish writers to participate in the newspaper. In 1857, P. addressed the Minister of Public Education with a letter in which he supported the petition of O. Rabinovich (see) and I. Tarnopol to publish a Jewish magazine in Russian and Zederbaum in Hebrew. P. welcomed the appearance of the first Russian-Jewish organ "Rassvet" and the Hebrew "Ha-Melits" with letters to the editors of these publications, declaring in them that he was proud of his assistance in the implementation of these publications. At the same time, he published a letter in Dawn about the need to spread education among Jews, inviting intelligent Jews to establish an alliance for this purpose, without, however, resorting to violent actions against their opponents. At the same time, P. charged Russian society with the obligation to support Jewish student youth: “Where is religion, where is morality, where is enlightenment, where is modernity,” said Pirogov, “if those Jews who courageously and with selflessness enter into the fight against age-old prejudices do not Will they meet anyone here who would sympathize with them and give them a helping hand?” When parting with Odessa society, P. made a “toast to the health” of representatives of the progressive ideas of Jewish society, who share “Humboldt’s thought that the goal of humanity is to develop its inner strength, to which it should strive with common forces, not embarrassed by the differences of tribes and nations ". And three years later, saying goodbye to the Kyiv educational district, P. said that he did not consider his favorable attitude towards the Jewish people to be his merit, since it came from the demands of his nature, and he could not act against himself. Explaining his view on the cause of national enmity, P. rejected the motive of differences in religious beliefs and saw its cause in the class structure of modern society; P. said that national prejudices are most disgusting to him. And at the end of his life, in the days of severe dying suffering, P. recalled that his “view on the Jewish question had long been expressed”, that “time and modern events (1881) did not change his convictions”, that medieval concepts of harm Jews are supported by “artificially and periodically organized anti-Semitic agitations.” Not only in specifically Jewish articles, speeches and letters, but also in pedagogical articles, in circulars for educational districts, P. noted the desire of Jews for enlightenment, their concern for the school, putting forward their merits in this regard. Recognizing the need for the rapprochement of Jews with surrounding peoples, P. was completely alien to assimilationist tendencies: he strove to eliminate the isolation of the Jewish masses from pan-European culture, but was always convinced that “all of us, no matter what nation we belong to, can become real people through education.” , each differently, according to the innate type and national ideal of a person, without ceasing at all to be a citizen of his fatherland and expressing even more clearly, through upbringing, the beautiful aspects of his nationality.” Living on his estate almost forever for the last 15 years, P. provided free medical care to the poor surrounding population, peasants and Jews. And just as the Sevastopol soldiers wove legends around his name, which were then spread throughout the country, so P.’s Jewish patients spread the fame of the wonderful doctor throughout the Pale of Settlement.

Wed: Jubilee. ed. op. P. (Kyiv, 1910, 2 vols.), especially vol. I and approx. to him; N.I.P. on Jewish education (with an introduction by S. Ya. Streich), St. Petersburg, 1907; Julius Hessen, Change of Social Currents, collection Experienced, vol. III; M. G. Morgulis, Questions of Jewish Life; P. S. Marek, The struggle of two upbringings; Ruv. Kulisher, Itogi (Kyiv, 1896); Fomin, Materials for studying P. (Jubilee collection of gas. School and life, St. Petersburg, 1910); A. I. Shingarev, N. I. P. and his legacy - Pirogov Congresses, Jubilee. collection, St. Petersburg, 1911. This collection contains the most complete biography of P., written by A. I. Shingarev.

S. Streich.

(Heb. enc.)

Pirogov, Nikolai Ivanovich

(1810-1881) - famous scientist-surgeon, senior nurse. and public figure. Chin-ka's son, P. 14 years old. entered Moscow. university, 17 l. graduated from it as a doctor and then 5 years. worked in Professorsk. inst. at Derptsk. university, after which, having defended his dissertation (1833), he was invited to this university as a professor in the department of surgery (1836). From 1842 to 1856 P. was a professor of medical surgery. (later senior medical officer) of the Academy in the hospital department he created. surgery, surgeon and pathological anatomy; at the academy and as a doctor of the 2nd century-dry. hospital (1842-1846) P. had to fight with the then. medical ignorance and with many selfish motives. medical abuse and administrator staff, and he was almost declared to be “clouded” by his mind, and in the press (“Northern Bee”) F. Bulgarin accused him of plagiarism and contemptuously called him only a “nimble cutter.” But P. emerged victorious, eliminated a number of abuses and achieved, despite the great deal. opposition, institutions at the academy equipped quite scientifically. way (1846) anatomically. Institute, the first director of which he was appointed. In 1847, P. received the title of academician and was named High. By order, he was sent to the active army in the Caucasus to provide measures for the establishment of military forces. medicine to help the wounded and for widespread use. scale of new surgical techniques. 9 months he spent in the most difficult. conditions, continuous labor, organizing the work of helping the wounded, and during a 6-week period. During the siege of the village of Salta, he personally performed up to 800 operations, using ether for the first time to anesthetize patients being operated on. Returning to St. Petersburg, P., instead of recognizing his merits and gratitude, was met with strictness. reprimand from the military. Minister Prince A.I. Chernyshev for non-compliance with the dress code and only thanks to the support of the enlightened Vel. Book Elena Pavlovna could successfully continue his useful work. service in the military field. sanitation. In 1854 P., at the suggestion of Vel. Prince, took over the establishment of the Holy Cross community of sisters of mercy founded by her, sent to Sevastopol. This is the first attempt in the whole world to provide private services. gave brilliant help during the war. the results subsequently served as the basis for institutions of this kind. P.'s activities in Crimea, met with extreme hostility by the commander-in-chief, Prince. A. S. Menshikov and his medical assistants. part, was very fruitful and brought him a huge Europe. let them know as soon as they notice. surgeon; m. pr., in Crimea P. introduced his plaster cast, which was soon adopted by surgeons around the world. In Sevastopol, P. suffered a serious illness. disease (typhoid), contracted while performing his medical duties. responsibilities. In his memoirs, N.V. Berg vividly draws heavy objects. the environment in which P. had to work: “Everywhere there are groans, screams, unconscious swearing of people being operated on under anesthesia, the floor is covered in blood, and in the corners there are tubs from which cut off arms and legs protrude; and among all this, the pensive and silent P. in a gray soldier's overcoat open and wearing a cap, from under which gray hair emerges at the temples, seeing and hearing everything, taking a surgical knife in his tired hand and making inspired, one-of-a-kind cuts.” After Krymsk. wars in "Mor. Sat." appeared famous. P.’s article “Questions of Life and Spirit” (1855), where he spoke passionately. preaching of a high pedagogical principle - about the need to prepare a child first of all as a “person”, and then to create a specialist. This principle was put into practice in the 60s. when creating a group D. A. Milyutin military. gymnasiums. In 1856, P. took the post of trustee of first the Odessa and then the Kyiv educational institutions. districts, but in 1860 he left teaching. activity, only briefly resuming it later (1862-1866) in the role of leader of the Russian. Professorial Institute abroad. In 1870, P. made a trip to the Franco-Prussian battlefields. war and took part in the works of Baselsk. international Congress as a Russian delegate. main community care for patients. and wounds. warriors (Red Cross). The result of this trip was the publication of his essay: “On a visit to medical institutions in Germany, Lorraine and Alsace” (St. Petersburg, 1871). In 1877-1878 P. was in Europe. theater of war with Turkey at the main. quarter of the commander-in-chief and worked tirelessly, visiting the hospital daily. examining patients, giving advice regarding necessary sanitary services. events and, despite his advanced age. age, traveled on horseback around battlefields for scientific purposes. observations of the sick and wounded in modern times. fire weapons ( D.A.Skalon. Memories. T. II. St. Petersburg, 1913). After the war, P. published his classic. work "Military medical affairs at the theater of war in Bulgaria and in the rear of the active army in 1877-78." (SPb., 1879). In May 1881, the 50th anniversary was solemnly celebrated in Moscow. anniversary of educational and societies. P.’s activities, and in November. he died that same year. P. looked at the war as a “traumatic epidemic” and therefore believed that everything was being sanitized. events at the theater of war should be organized in the same way as during any epidemic; primary importance in the century - sanitary. In fact, he attached proper importance to properly organized administration. the goal of which should not be the desire to operate on the wounded in the theater of war itself, but skillful care for them and conservative treatment; He saw great evil in disorder. crowding of the wounded at the dressing station. points, to avoid which he required careful and prompt attention. sorting and immediate evacuate them to the rear and to their homeland. As a person, P. stood out as huge and noble. character, energy developed thanks to the poverty in which he had to live in his youth, loyalty to his independently developed humanitarian skills. ideals, truly Christian. attitude towards the sick and wounded and enormous. erudition. P.'s works are not specifically medical. character published in 1887 in 2 volumes; Among them, his “Diary”, published for the first time in “Russian Star,” especially stands out. and published separately in 1885. In 1899, P.’s widow published his letters to her from Sevastopol under the title. "Sevastopol letters to N.I.P., 1854-55." The memory of P. is extremely revered by Russians. doctors and all Russians. in general: in honor of his periodical. Doctors' congresses are called "Pirogov's", founded by a surgeon. a society named after him, a museum in his memory, and a monument to him was erected in Moscow. ( Zmeev. Rus. doctors-writers. St. Petersburg, 1886; A.F.Horses. P. and the school of life. In the 2nd volume of the book "On Life's Path". St. Petersburg, 1912).

In the Pirogovo estate on the outskirts of the city. Vinnitsa(Ukraine)there is a church,where does P's body rest?.,embalmed by famous scientists of the time,at the request of the surgeon's wife.During the Second World War, the tomb was vandalized by the occupiers,glass sarcophagus was broken.After the war body P.was brought into proper shape and placed again in the sarcophagus with the help of specialists,who were responsible for the safety of body B.AND.Lenin in the Moscow mausoleum.

(Military enc.)

Pirogov, Nikolai Ivanovich

prof. Surgery, Council Member Minister. public education, writer; genus. November 13, 1810, † November 23, 1881

(Polovtsov)

Pirogov, Nikolai Ivanovich

Rus. surgeon and anatomist, whose research laid the foundation for the anatomical and experimental direction in surgery; founder of military field surgery and surgical anatomy; Corresponding member Petersburg. AN (since 1847). Born in Moscow in the family of a treasury official. He received his primary education at home, and spent some time studying in a private boarding school. In 1824 P., on the advice of prof. E. O. Mukhina entered Moscow. University, which he graduated from in 1828. P.’s student years passed during the period of reaction, when the preparation of anatomical preparations was prohibited as an “ungodly” matter, and anatomical museums were destroyed. After graduating from the university, P. went to Dorpat (Yuryev) to prepare for a professorship, where he studied anatomy and surgery under the guidance of prof. I. F. Moyer. In 1832 P. defended his dissertation. “Is ligation of the abdominal aorta for an aneurysm in the groin area an easy and safe intervention?” (“Num vinctura aortae abdominalis in aneurysmate inguinali adhibitu facile ac tutum sit remedium?”). In this work, P. raised and resolved a number of fundamentally important questions relating not so much to the technique of aortic ligation, but to elucidating the reactions to this intervention of both the vascular system and the body as a whole. With his data, he refuted the ideas of the then famous English. surgeon A. Cooper about the causes of death during this operation. In 1833-35, P was in Germany, where he continued to study anatomy and surgery. In 1836 prof. Department of Surgery Dorpat. (now Tartu) University. In 1841, at the invitation of the Medical-Surgical. Academy (in St. Petersburg) took the department of surgery and was appointed head of the hospital surgery clinic, organized on his initiative. At the same time he was in charge of technical. part of the military medical supplies plant. Here he created various types of surgical procedures. sets, which for a long time were used to supply the army and civilian medical institutions.

In 1847, P. went to the Caucasus to join the active army, where, during the siege of the village of Salta, he used ether for anesthesia in the field for the first time in the history of surgery. In 1854 he took part in the defense of Sevastopol, where he distinguished himself not only as a surgeon-clinician, but above all as an organizer of medical services. helping the wounded; at this time, for the first time in the field, he used the help of sisters of mercy.

Upon his return from Sevastopol (1856), P. left the Medico-Surgeon. Academy and was appointed trustee of Odessa, and later (1858) Kyiv. educational districts. However, in 1861, for his progressive ideas in the field of education at that time, he was dismissed from this post. In 1862-66 he was sent abroad as a leader of young scientists sent to prepare for the professorship. Upon returning from abroad, P. settled on his estate with. Vishnya (now the village of Pirogovo, near the city of Vinnitsa), where he lived almost forever. In 1881, the 50th anniversary of scientific and pedagogical science was celebrated in Moscow. and social activities of P.; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. In the same year, P. died on his estate, his body was embalmed and placed in a crypt. In 1897, a monument to P. was erected in Moscow, built with funds raised by subscription. On the estate where P. lived, a memorial museum named after him was organized (1947); P.'s body was restored and placed for viewing in a specially rebuilt crypt.

P.'s services to world and domestic surgery are enormous. His works put forward Russian. surgery to one of the first places in the world. Already in the first years of scientific and pedagogical and practical In his activities, he harmoniously combined theory and practice, making extensive use of the experimental method in order to clarify a number of clinically important issues. Practical he built his work on the basis of careful anatomical studies. and physiological research. Published in 1837-38. work “Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia” (“Anatomia chirurgica trimcorum arterialium hec non fasciarum fibrosarum”); This study laid the foundations for surgery. anatomy and the ways of its further development are determined. Paying great attention to the clinic, P. reorganized the teaching of surgery in order to provide every student with the opportunity to practice. studying the subject. He paid special attention to the analysis of mistakes made in the treatment of patients, considering criticism the main method of improving scientific and pedagogical. and practical works (in 1837-39 he published two volumes of “Clinical Annals”, in which he criticized his own mistakes in treating patients). In order to provide both students and doctors with the opportunity to engage in applied anatomy, practice performing operations, and also conduct experimental observations, back in 1846, according to P.’s project in Medico-Surgical. Academy was created the first anatomical not only in Russia, but also in Europe. int. The creation of new institutions (hospital surgical clinic, anatomical institute) allowed him to carry out a number of important studies that determined the further development of surgery. Attaching particular importance to the knowledge of anatomy by doctors, P. in 1846 published “Anatomical images of the human body, intended primarily for forensic doctors,” and in 1850 - “Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of the organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body.”

Having set ourselves the task of finding out the shapes of various organs, their relative positions, as well as their displacement and deformation under the influence of physiological factors. and pathological processes, P. developed special anatomical methods. studies on frozen human corpses. Consistently removing tissue with a chisel and hammer, he left the organ or system that interested him (the “ice sculpture” method). In other cases, P. used a specially designed saw to make serial cuts in the transverse, longitudinal and anteroposterior directions. As a result of his research, he created the atlas “Topographic anatomy, illustrated by sections drawn through the frozen human body in three directions” (“Anatomia topographica, sectionibus per corpus humanum congelatum...”, 4 tt., 1851-54), equipped with explanatory notes text. This work brought P. world fame. The atlas provided not only a description of the topographical. the relationship between individual organs and tissues in various planes, but also showed for the first time the importance of experimental studies on a corpse. P.'s work in surgery. anatomy and operative surgery laid the scientific foundations for the development of surgery. An outstanding surgeon with a brilliant surgical technique, P. did not limit himself to the use of surgical techniques known at that time. accesses and receptions; he created a number of new methods of operations, which bear his name. The osteoplastic procedure he proposed for the first time in the world. foot amputation marked the beginning of the development of osteoplastic. surgery. P. also paid a lot of attention to the study of pathologies. anatomy. His famous work “Pathological Anatomy of Asian Cholera” (atlas 1849, text 1850), awarded the Demidov Prize, is still an unsurpassed study.

The rich personal experience of a surgeon, gained by P. during the wars in the Caucasus and Crimea, allowed him to develop for the first time a clear system of organizing surgical procedures. helping the wounded in war. Emphasizing the importance of rest for gunshot wounds, he proposed and introduced a fixed plaster cast into practice, which allowed for a new approach to surgery. treatment of wounds in war conditions. The operation of resection of the elbow joint developed by P. contributed to a certain extent to limit amputations. In the work “The Beginnings of General Military Field Surgery...” (published in 1864 in German; in 1865-66, 2 parts, - in Russian, 2 parts, 1941-44), which is a generalization of military surgical. P.’s practice, he outlined and fundamentally resolved the fundamental issues of military field surgery (issues of organization, the doctrine of shock, wounds, pyemia, etc.). As a clinician, P. was distinguished by exceptional observation; his statements regarding wound infection, the meaning of miasma, the use of various antiseptics. substances in the treatment of wounds (iodine tincture, bleach solution, silver nitrate) are essentially an anticipation of the works of the English. surgeon J. Lister, who created antiseptics.

P.’s great merit is in the development of pain management issues. In 1847, less than a year after the discovery of ether anesthesia by Amer. physician W. Morton, P. published an experimental study of exceptional importance devoted to the study of the influence of ether on the animal organism (“Anatomical and physiological studies on etherization”). He proposed a number of new methods of ether anesthesia (intravenous, intratracheal, rectal), and created devices for “etherization.” Along with Russian the scientist A. M. Filomafitsky made the first attempts to explain the essence of anesthesia; he indicated that he was a narcotic. the substance has an effect on the central nervous system and this effect is carried out through the blood, regardless of the route of its introduction into the body.

P. was one of the largest teachers of the 2nd half of the 19th century. As a trustee of Odessa. then Kyiv. educational districts, brought a noticeable revival to the activities of schools and contributed to a significant improvement in the education and upbringing of children. P. provided great assistance to the development of Sunday schools; On his initiative, the first Sunday school in Russia was opened in Kyiv in 1859. In numerous pedagogical speeches, among which the article “Questions of Life” (1856) especially stands out, P. covered a wide range of issues of training and education.

He strongly condemned the restriction of the right to education based on class and nationality. Considering the tendency to give education a highly specialized character from an early age as harmful, he defended the general education school as the main link of the entire education system. In the 60s 19th century P. put forward the following draft of the education system: elementary schools, pro-gymnasiums, gymnasiums, universities and higher vocational schools. educational establishments. Pro-gymnasiums and gymnasiums were planned of two kinds: classical, preparing for admission to high school, and real, preparing for practical training. life and admission to higher technical education. educational establishments. P. persistently promoted the feasibility of learning, the skillful combination of words and visuals in teaching, defended active teaching methods: conversations, literary works by students, etc. At the same time, his pedagogy. views were distinguished by the limitations and half-heartedness characteristic of liberalism. This, for example, explains P.’s inconsistency on the issue of corporal punishment, which was condemned by N. A. Dobrolyubov. During the period of activity in Medical-Surgical. Academy P. was distinguished by the progressiveness of its socio-political. views, from which he began to move away towards the end of his life, becoming more and more conservative.

Works: Works, vol. 1-2, 2nd anniversary edition, Kyiv. 1914 - 1916; Selected pedagogical works, M., 1953; Collected Works, vol. 1, M., 1957.

Lit.: Burdenko N. N., On the historical characteristics of the academic activity of N. I. Pirogov (1836-1854), “Surgery”, 1937, No. 2; him, N.I. Pirogov - the founder of military field surgery, "Soviet Medicine", 1941, No. 6; Rufanov I.G., Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881), in the book: People of Russian Science. With a preface and entry article by academician S. I. Vavilova, vol. 2, M.-L., 1948; Shevkunenko V.N., N.I. Pirogov as a topographic anatomist, "Surgery", 1937, No. 2; Smirnov E.I., Ideas of N.I. Pirogov in the Great Patriotic War, ibid., 1943, No. 2-3; Yakobson S.A., One hundred years of N.I. Pirogov’s first work on military field surgery, ibid., 1947, No. 12; Shtreich S. Ya., Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, M., 1949; Yakobson S. A., N. I. Pirogov and foreign medical science, M., 1955; Dal M.K., Death, burial and preservation of the body of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, "New Surgical Archive", 1956, No. 6.

Pirogov, Nikolai Ivanovich

Outstanding surgeon, teacher, society. activist Genus. in Moscow in the family of a minor employee. At the age of 14 he entered medical school. faculty Moscow un-ta. In 1828-1830 he studied at the University of Dorpat as a prof. department. Doctor of Medicine since 1832, prof. from 1836. In 1833-1834 he trained in Berlin, upon returning to Russia he studied teaching. and treat activities in the Imperat. Medical-Surgical Academy. In 1841 he was appointed a member of the Provisional Committee under the People's Minister. education, was a member of the medical. Council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs business Corresponding member Petersburg AN (since 1847). During the Crimean War, he developed a system for organizing surgical care for the wounded and went to the active army. In 1856 he returned to St. Petersburg from Crimea. He presented the article “Questions of Life”. As a trustee of the Odessa (since 1856), and later the Kyiv educational districts, he tried to carry out reforms in the organization of education in schools, and therefore was dismissed in 1861. Last spent years in Ukraine, on his estate. The most adequate description of P.’s worldview was given by V.V. Zenkovsky. He notes that P. did not consider himself a philosopher. and did not pretend to be one, but in reality he had a solid and thoughtful philosophy. worldview. Before entering the university, P. shared the principles of religions. worldview, later switched to materialism, adhered to empiricism in science, which was later expanded to “rational empiricism.” Then he moved away from materialism. He is inclined to think that “it is even possible to allow the formation of matter from an accumulation of force.” The problem of materiality became far from simplified solutions for P. The very opposition between material and spirit. began to lose its indisputable character for him. P. is even ready to build a kind of metaphysics of light, bringing the beginning of life closer to light. He came to the conclusion that it was impossible to reduce the concept of life to a purely materialistic one. explanation. Zenkovsky calls P.’s worldview “biocentric.” “I imagine,” wrote P., “a boundless, continuously flowing ocean of life, formless, containing the entire universe, penetrating all its atoms, continuously grouping and again decomposing their combinations and adapting them to various purposes of existence.” This doctrine of world life in a new way, Zenkovsky claims, illuminated for P. all the topics of knowledge, and he comes to the doctrine of the reality of world thinking - the universal mind, the highest principle standing above the world, imparting life and rationality to it. In this construction, P. approaches Stoic pantheism with its doctrine of the world logos. Above the world mind stands God as the Absolute. Pointing out that the concept of the world mind is essentially identical to the concept of the world soul, Zenkovsky emphasizes that in this teaching P. anticipates those cosmological ones. constructions (starting from Vl. Solovyov), which are associated with the so-called. sophiological ideas. In P.’s epistemology (“rational empiricism”), all our perceptions are accompanied by “unconscious thinking” (already at the very moment of their occurrence) and this thinking is a function of our “I” in its entirety. According to P., our very “I” is only the individualization of world consciousness. He comes to recognize the limitations of pure reason, separated from the moral sphere. Along with knowledge, P. devotes a large place to faith. If “the ability of cognition, based on doubt, does not allow faith, then, on the contrary, faith is not constrained by knowledge... the ideal that serves as the basis of faith becomes above all knowledge and, in addition to it, strives to achieve truth.” Faith for P. meant a living feeling of God; not history, but precisely the mystical reality of Christ, Zenkovsky emphasizes, nourished his spirit, and therefore P. stands for complete freedom of religious history. research (Z. "IRF". T.I. Part 2. P. 186-193). P. believed in science and education as a means of foundation. transformation of the company. Pedagogy P. carries moral-social. content. The goal of upbringing and education is “true man,” whose qualities are: morals. freedom, developed intelligence, devotion to beliefs, the ability to self-knowledge and self-sacrifice, inspiration, empathy, will. Philosophy education, according to P., lies in the fact that it is a question of man, spirit - “a question of life”, and not of didactics. He developed the idea of ​​a “new teacher” - that person through whom students perceive the subject. Social issue P.'s progress was decided on the paths of Christ. ethics: change in society is a matter of “providence and time.” P. was not a supporter of socialism. revolution. P. gave great importance to the university. He emphasized: “The university is the best barometer of society. Society is visible at the university both in a mirror and in perspective.”

The future great doctor was born on November 27, 1810 in Moscow. His father served as treasurer. Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov had fourteen children, most of whom died in infancy; Of the six survivors, Nikolai was the youngest.

He was helped to get an education by a family acquaintance - a famous Moscow doctor, professor at Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy’s abilities and began to work with him individually.

When Nikolai was fourteen years old, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. To do this, he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades. Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly work part-time to help his family. Finally, Pirogov managed to get a position as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This work gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.

Having graduated from university one of the first in terms of academic performance. Pirogov went to prepare for professorship at Yuryev University in Tartu. At that time, this university was considered the best in Russia. Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six became a professor of surgery.

The topic of his dissertation was the ligation of the abdominal aorta, which had been performed only once before - and then with a fatal outcome - by the English surgeon Astley Cooper. The conclusions of Pirogov’s dissertation were equally important for both theory and practice. He was the first to study and describe the topography, that is, the location of the abdominal aorta in humans, circulatory disorders during its ligation, circulatory pathways in case of its obstruction, and explained the causes of postoperative complications. He proposed two ways to access the aorta: transperitoneal and extraperitoneal. When any damage to the peritoneum threatened death, the second method was especially necessary. Astley Cooper, who ligated the aorta using the transperitoneal method for the first time, said, having become acquainted with Pirogov’s dissertation, that if he had to perform the operation again, he would have chosen a different method. Isn't this the highest recognition!

When Pirogov, after five years in Dorpat, went to Berlin to study, the famous surgeons, to whom he went with his head bowed respectfully, read his dissertation, hastily translated into German.

He found the teacher who more than others combined everything that he was looking for in a surgeon Pirogov not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. The professor of Göttingens taught him the purity of surgical techniques. He taught him to hear the whole and complete melody of the operation. He showed Pirogov how to adapt the movements of the legs and the whole body to the actions of the operating hand. He hated slowness and demanded fast, precise and rhythmic work.

Returning home, Pirogov became seriously ill and was left for treatment in Riga. Riga was lucky: if Pirogov had not gotten sick, it would not have become the platform for his rapid recognition. As soon as Pirogov got out of his hospital bed, he began to operate. The city had previously heard rumors about a young surgeon showing great promise. Now it was necessary to confirm the good glory that ran far ahead.

Best of the day

He started with rhinoplasty: he cut out a new nose for the noseless barber. Then he remembered that it was the best nose he had ever made in his life. Plastic surgery was followed by inevitable lithotomy, amputation, and tumor removal. In Riga, he operated for the first time as a teacher.

From Riga he headed to Dorpat, where he learned that the Moscow department promised to him had been given to another candidate. But he was lucky - Ivan Filippovich Moyer handed over his clinic in Dorpat to the student.

One of Pirogov’s most significant works is “Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia,” completed in Dorpat. Already in the name itself, gigantic layers are raised - surgical anatomy, the science that Pirogov created from his first, youthful labors, and the only pebble that began the movement of the masses - fascia.

Before Pirogov, almost no work was done on fascia: they knew that there were such fibrous plates, membranes surrounding muscle groups or individual muscles, they saw them when opening corpses, they came across them during operations, they dissected them with a knife, without attaching any importance to them.

Pirogov begins with a very modest task: he undertakes to study the direction of the fascial membranes. Having known the particular, the course of each fascia, he goes to the general and deduces certain patterns of the position of the fascia relative to nearby vessels, muscles, nerves, and discovers certain anatomical patterns.

He doesn’t need everything that Pirogov discovered in itself, he needs all of it to indicate the best ways to perform operations, first of all, “to find the right way to ligate this or that artery,” as he says. This is where the new science created by Pirogov begins - this is surgical anatomy.

Why does a surgeon need anatomy at all, he asks: is it only to know the structure of the human body? And he answers: no, not only! A surgeon, explains Pirogov, must deal with anatomy differently than an anatomist. Reflecting on the structure of the human body, the surgeon cannot for a moment lose sight of what the anatomist does not even think about - landmarks that will show him the way during the operation.

Pirogov provided a description of the operations with drawings. Nothing like the anatomical atlases and tables that were used before him. No discounts, no conventions - the greatest accuracy of the drawings: the proportions are not violated, every branch, every knot, jumper is preserved and reproduced. Pirogov, not without pride, invited patient readers to check any detail of the drawings in the anatomical theater. He did not yet know that he had new discoveries ahead, the highest precision...

In the meantime, he goes to France, where five years earlier, after the professorial institute, his superiors did not want to let him go. In Parisian clinics, he grasps some interesting details and does not find anything unknown. It’s curious: as soon as he found himself in Paris, he hurried to the famous professor of surgery and anatomy Velpeau and found him reading “Surgical anatomy of the arterial trunks and fascia”...

In 1841, Pirogov was invited to the department of surgery at the Medical-Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg. Here the scientist worked for more than ten years and created the first surgical clinic in Russia. In it, he founded another branch of medicine - hospital surgery.

He came to the capital as a winner. The auditorium where he gives a course in surgery is filled with at least three hundred people: not only doctors are crowded on the benches; students of other educational institutions, writers, officials, military men, artists, engineers, even ladies come to listen to Pirogov. Newspapers and magazines write about him, they compare his lectures with the concerts of the famous Italian Angelica Catalani, that is, they compare his speech about incisions, sutures, purulent inflammations and autopsy results with divine singing.

Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Plant, and he agrees. Now he is coming up with tools that any surgeon will use to perform the operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept a position as a consultant in one hospital, in another, in a third, and he again agrees,

But it’s not only well-wishers who surround the scientist. He has many envious people and enemies who are disgusted by the doctor’s zeal and fanaticism. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov became seriously ill, poisoned by the hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn’t get up for a month and a half. He felt sorry for himself, poisoning his soul with sad thoughts about years lived without love and lonely old age.

He went through his memory of everyone who could bring him family love and happiness. The most suitable of them seemed to him Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hasty, modest wedding took place.

Pirogov had no time - great things awaited him. He simply locked his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of friends, furnished apartment. He didn’t take her to the theater because he spent late hours in the anatomical theater, he didn’t go to balls with her because balls were idleness, he took away her novels and gave her scientific journals in return. Pirogov jealously kept his wife away from his friends, because she should have belonged entirely to him, just as he belonged entirely to science. And the woman probably had too much and too little of the great Pirogov.

Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in the fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov with two sons: the second cost her her life.

But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project for the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest authorities.

On October 16, 1846, the first test of ether anesthesia took place. And he quickly began to conquer the world. In Russia, the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Pirogov’s friend at the professorial institute, Fyodor Ivanovich Inozemtsev. He headed the Department of Surgery at Moscow University.

Nikolai Ivanovich performed the first operation using anesthesia a week later. But Inozemtsev performed eighteen operations under anesthesia from February to November 1847, and by May 1847 Pirogov had already received the results of fifty. During the year, six hundred and ninety operations under anesthesia were performed in thirteen cities of Russia. Three hundred of them are from Pirogov!

Soon Nikolai Ivanovich took part in military operations in the Caucasus. Here, in the village of Salta, for the first time in the history of medicine, he began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia.

One day, walking through the market. Pirogov saw how butchers sawed cow carcasses into pieces. The scientist noticed that the section clearly shows the location of the internal organs. After some time, he tried this method in the anatomical theater, sawing frozen corpses with a special saw. Pirogov himself called it “ice anatomy.” Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy.

Using cuts made in a similar way, Pirogov compiled the first anatomical atlas, which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. Now they have the opportunity to operate with minimal trauma to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for all subsequent development of operative surgery.

After the death of Ekaterina Dmitrievna, Pirogov was left alone. “I have no friends,” he admitted with his usual frankness. And boys, sons, Nikolai and Vladimir were waiting for him at home. Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry for convenience, which he did not consider necessary to hide from himself, from his acquaintances, and, it seems, from the girls planned as brides.

In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, enthusiastically reading and re-reading his article on the ideal of a woman. The girl feels like a lonely soul, thinks a lot and seriously about life, loves children. In conversation they called her “a girl with convictions.”

Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed. Going to the estate of the bride's parents, where they were supposed to have an inconspicuous wedding. Pirogov, confident in advance that the honeymoon, disrupting his usual activities, would make him hot-tempered and intolerant, asked Alexandra Antonovna to select crippled poor people in need of surgery for his arrival: work would sweeten the first time of love!

When the Crimean War began in 1853, Nikolai Ivanovich considered it his civic duty to go to Sevastopol. He achieved appointment to the active army. Operating on the wounded. For the first time in the history of medicine, Pirogov used a plaster cast, which accelerated the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of their limbs.

Pirogov’s most important achievement is the introduction of triage of the wounded in Sevastopol: some underwent surgery directly in combat conditions, others were evacuated to the interior of the country after first aid was provided. On his initiative, a new form of medical care was introduced in the Russian army - nurses appeared. Thus, it was Pirogov who laid the foundations of military field medicine.

After the fall of Sevastopol, Pirogov returned to St. Petersburg, where, at a reception with Alexander II, he reported on the incompetent leadership of the army by Prince Menshikov. The Tsar did not want to listen to Pirogov’s advice, and from that moment Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor.

He left the Medical-Surgical Academy. Appointed trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, Pirogov is trying to change the school education system that existed in them. Naturally, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post.

For some time, Pirogov settled on his estate "Vishnya" near Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies.

In May 1881, the fiftieth anniversary of Pirogov’s scientific activity was solemnly celebrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The great Russian physiologist Sechenov addressed him with greetings. However, at this time the scientist was already terminally ill, and in the summer of 1881 he died on his estate.

The significance of Pirogov’s work lies in the fact that with his dedicated and often selfless work, he turned surgery into a science, equipping doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention.

Shortly before his death, the scientist made another discovery - he proposed a completely new method of embalming the dead. To this day, the body of Pirogov himself, embalmed in this way, is kept in the church in the village of Vishni.

The memory of the great surgeon continues to this day. Every year on his birthday, a prize and medal are awarded in his name for achievements in the field of anatomy and surgery. In the house where Pirogov lived, a museum of the history of medicine has been opened, in addition, some medical institutions and city streets are named after him.

Awards of Nikolai Pirogov

Order of St. Vladimir

Order of Saint Anne

Honorary Citizen of Moscow

Nikolai Pirogov was born on November 25, 1810 in Moscow. His father, who served as treasurer, Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov, had fourteen children, most of whom died in infancy. Of the six survivors, Nikolai is the youngest.

A family acquaintance, a famous Moscow doctor and professor at Moscow University, Efrem Mukhin, helped him get an education, who noticed the boy’s abilities and began to work with him individually. When Nikolai was fourteen years old, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. To do this, he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades.

Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly work part-time to help his family. Finally, the young man managed to get a job at the anatomical theater. This work gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.

Having graduated from the university one of the first in academic performance, Nikolai Pirogov went to prepare for professorship at Yuryev University in Tartu. At that time, this university was considered the best in Russia. Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation and at the age of twenty-six became a professor of surgery.

Nikolai Pirogov chose the topic of his dissertation as ligation of the abdominal aorta, which had been performed only once before by the English surgeon Astley Cooper. The conclusions of Pirogov’s dissertation turned out to be equally important for both theory and practice.

He was the first to study and describe the topography, that is, the location of the abdominal aorta in humans, circulatory disorders during its ligation, circulatory pathways in case of its obstruction, and explained the causes of postoperative complications. Nikolay proposed two ways to access the aorta: transperitoneal and extraperitoneal. When any damage to the peritoneum threatened death, the second method was especially necessary. Astley Cooper, who ligated the aorta using the transperitoneal method for the first time, said, having become acquainted with Pirogov’s dissertation, that if he had to perform the operation again, he would choose a different method.

When Nikolai Ivanovich, after five years in Dorpat, went to Berlin to study, the famous surgeons, to whom he went with his head bowed respectfully, read his dissertation, hastily translated into German. The teacher who more than others combined everything that Pirogov was looking for in a surgeon was found not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. The Gottingen professor taught him the purity of surgical techniques, taught him to hear the whole and complete melody of the operation. He showed Pirogov how to adapt the movements of the legs and the whole body to the actions of the operating hand.

Returning home, Pirogov fell seriously ill and was left for treatment in Riga. The city was lucky: if the scientist had not fallen ill, it would not have become a platform for his rapid recognition. As soon as Nikolai got out of the hospital bed, he began to operate. The city had previously heard rumors about a young surgeon showing great promise. Now it was necessary to confirm the good reputation that ran far ahead.

Pirogov began with rhinoplasty: he cut out a new nose for the noseless barber. Then he remembered that it was the best nose he had ever made in his life. Plastic surgery was followed by amputations and tumor removals. In Riga, he operated for the first time as a teacher. From Riga, Nikolai headed to Dorpat, where he learned that the Moscow department promised to him had been given to another candidate. But he was lucky, Iva Filippovich Moyer handed over his clinic in Dorpat to the student.

One of the most significant works of Nikolai Pirogov is “Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia” completed in Dorpat. Already in the name itself, gigantic layers are raised: surgical anatomy, the science that Pirogov created from his first, youthful labors, and the only pebble that began the movement of the masses of fascia.

Before Pirogov, almost no work was done on fascia: they knew that there were such fibrous plates, membranes surrounding muscle groups or individual muscles, they saw them when opening corpses, they came across them during operations, they dissected them with a knife, without attaching any importance to them.

Nikolai Pirogov began with a very modest task: he undertook to study the direction of the fascial membranes. Having learned the particulars, the course of each fascia, he went to the general and deduced certain patterns of the position of the fascia relative to nearby vessels, muscles, nerves, and discovered certain anatomical patterns.

Everything that Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov discovered was not necessary for him in itself, he needed all this to indicate the best ways to perform operations, first of all, “to find the right way to ligate this or that artery,” as he said. This is where the new science created by Pirogov begins - this is surgical anatomy.

Nikolai Pirogov provided a description of the operations with drawings. Nothing like the anatomical atlases and tables that were used before him. No discounts, no conventions, the greatest accuracy of the drawings: proportions are not violated, every branch, every knot, jumper is preserved and reproduced. Pirogov, not without pride, invited patient readers to check any detail of the drawings in the anatomical theater.

In 1841, Pirogov was invited to the department of surgery at the Medico-Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg. Here the scientist worked for more than ten years and created the first surgical clinic in Russia. There he founded another branch of medicine - hospital surgery.

Pirogov arrived in the capital as a winner. The audience where he taught surgery courses was filled with at least three hundred people: not only doctors crowded the benches; students from other educational institutions, writers, officials, military men, artists, engineers, even ladies came to listen to the scientist. Newspapers and magazines wrote about him, compared his lectures with the concerts of the famous Italian Angelica Catalani, that is, his speech about incisions, sutures, purulent inflammations and autopsy results were compared with divine singing.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was appointed director of the Tool Plant. Now the doctor came up with tools that any surgeon would use to perform the operation well and quickly.

The first test of ether anesthesia occurred on October 16, 1846. And he quickly began to conquer the world. In Russia, the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Pirogov’s friend at the professorial institute, Fyodor Ivanovich Inozemtsev, who headed the department of surgery at Moscow University.

Nikolai Ivanovich performed the first operation using anesthesia a week later. But Inozemtsev performed eighteen operations under anesthesia from February to November 1847, and by May 1847 Pirogov had already received the results of fifty. During the year, six hundred and ninety operations under anesthesia were performed in thirteen cities of Russia. Three hundred of them were Pirogov.

Soon Nikolai Ivanovich took part in military operations in the Caucasus. Here, in the village of Salty, for the first time in the history of medicine, he began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia.

One day, while walking through the market, Pirogov saw butchers sawing cow carcasses into pieces. The scientist noticed that the section clearly shows the location of the internal organs. After some time, he tried this method in the anatomical theater, sawing frozen corpses with a special saw. Pirogov himself called it “ice anatomy.” Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy.

Using cuts made in a similar way, Pirogov compiled the first anatomical atlas, which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. Now they have the opportunity to operate with minimal trauma to the patient. This atlas and the proposed technique became the basis for all subsequent development of operative surgery.

When the Crimean War began in 1853, Nikolai Ivanovich considered it his civic duty to go to Sevastopol. Achieved appointment to the active army. While operating on the wounded, Pirogov, for the first time in the history of medicine, used a plaster cast, which accelerated the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of their limbs.

Pirogov’s most important achievement is the introduction of triage of the wounded in Sevastopol: some underwent surgery directly in combat conditions, others were evacuated deep into the country after first aid was provided. On his initiative, a new form of medical care was introduced in the Russian army, and nurses appeared. Thus he laid the foundations of military field medicine.

After the fall of Sevastopol, Pirogov returned to St. Petersburg, where, at a reception with Alexander II, he reported on the incompetent leadership of the army by Prince Menshikov. The Tsar did not want to listen to Pirogov’s advice, and from that moment Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor.

The doctor left the Medical-Surgical Academy. Appointed trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, Pirogov tried to change the school education system that existed in them. Naturally, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post.

For some time, Nikolai Pirogov settled on his estate “Vishnya” near Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. From there he traveled only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies.

In May 1881, the fiftieth anniversary of Pirogov’s scientific activity was solemnly celebrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The great Russian physiologist Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov addressed him with greetings. However, at this time the scientist was already terminally ill. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov died on December 5, 1881, in the village of Vinnitsa, Ukraine.

The significance of the work of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov lies in the fact that with his selfless work he turned surgery into a science, equipping doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention.

Shortly before his death, the scientist made another discovery - he proposed a completely new method of embalming the dead. To this day, the body of Pirogov himself, embalmed in this way, is kept in the church in the village of Vishni.

Awards of Nikolai Pirogov

Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)

Order of St. Vladimir

Order of Saint Anne

Order of St. Stanislaus (Russian Empire)

Medal "For the Defense of Sevastopol"

Medal "In Memory of the War of 1853-1856"

Honorary Citizen of Moscow

A molded alabaster bandage for the treatment of simple and complex fractures and for transporting the wounded to the battlefield. - St. Petersburg, 1854.
Historical overview of the actions of the Holy Cross community of sisters caring for the wounded and sick, in military hospitals in the Crimea and in the Kherson province, from December 1, 1854 to December 1, 1855 - St. Petersburg, 1856
Collection of literary articles. - Odessa, 1858.

Family of Nikolai Pirogov

The first wife (from December 11, 1842) is Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina (1822-1846), a representative of an ancient noble family, the granddaughter of the infantry general Count N. A. Tatishchev. She died at the age of 24 from complications after childbirth.
Son - Nikolai (1843-1891), physicist.
Son - Vladimir (1846 - after November 13, 1910), historian and archaeologist. He was a professor at the Imperial Novorossiysk University in the department of history. In 1910, he temporarily lived in Tiflis and was present on November 13-26, 1910 at an extraordinary meeting of the Imperial Caucasian Medical Society dedicated to the memory of N. I. Pirogov.

Second wife (from June 7, 1850) - Alexandra von Bistrom (1824-1902), baroness, daughter of Lieutenant General A. A. Bistrom, great-niece of the navigator I. F. Krusenstern. The wedding took place at the Goncharov estate Polotnyany Zavod, and the sacrament of wedding took place on June 7/20, 1850 in the local Transfiguration Church. For a long time, Pirogov was credited with the authorship of the article “The Ideal of a Woman,” which is a selection from the correspondence of N. I. Pirogov with his second wife. In 1884, through the efforts of Alexandra Antonovna, a surgical hospital was opened in Kyiv.

The great surgeon and scientist Nikolai Pirogov was once nicknamed the “wonderful doctor.” There were real legends about cases of amazing healing and his unprecedented skill. The doctor did not see the difference between the rootless and the noble, the poor and the rich. He operated on absolutely everyone, and dedicated his entire life to this calling. The activities and biography of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov will be presented to your attention below.

First idol

The biography of Nikolai Pirogov began in November 1810 in Moscow in a large family. Among the brothers and sisters, the future surgeon was the youngest.

My father worked as a treasurer. Therefore, the Pirogov family always lived in abundance. The education of the offspring was done more than thoroughly. The head of the family always hired the best teachers. Nikolai first studied at home, and then began to receive education in one of the private boarding schools.

It is not surprising that, as an eight-year-old boy, the future surgeon was already reading. He was impressed by Karamzin's works as well. In addition, he was fond of poetry and also composed poems himself.

The Pirogovs' house was often visited by the famous doctor and family friend Efim Mukhin. He began to heal under G. Potemkin. Once he cured his brother Nikolai of pneumonia. The future surgeon watched his actions and began to play the good doctor Mukhin, imitating him in everything. And when young Nikolai was given a toy stethoscope, Mukhin himself drew attention to the child and began to work with him.

To be honest, my parents believed that this childhood hobby would pass over time. They hoped that their son would choose a different path, a more noble one. But it so happened that it was medical practice that turned out to be the only way to survive not only for the impoverished family, but also for Nikolai himself. The fact is that a colleague of Pirogov Sr. stole a huge amount of money and disappeared. The father of the future surgeon, as treasurer, had to compensate for the shortfall. I had to sell most of my property, move from a big house to a small apartment, and limit myself in everything. A little later, my father could not stand such tests. He was gone.

Students

Despite the deplorable situation of the once wealthy family, Nikolai’s mother decided to give him an excellent education. All the family’s remaining money, in fact, went towards training the future surgeon.

Fourteen-year-old Nikolai became a student at the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow State University, adding 2 years to himself upon admission.

At the university, Pirogov succeeded in literally everything - he absorbed knowledge with enviable ease and managed to earn extra money in order to help his family. He got a job as a dissector in one of the anatomical theaters. While working there, I finally realized that I wanted to become a surgeon.

When the young doctor was already graduating from university, he came to the understanding that the authorities did not need domestic medicine. He was disappointed. During all the years of studying at Moscow State University, I did not perform a single operation. And so I hoped that I would be closely involved in surgery and science.

Dorpat-Berlin-Dorpt-Paris

Having brilliantly graduated from the university, Pirogov went to Dorpat. He began working in a surgical clinic at the university. Note that this university was then considered one of the best in the country.

The young specialist worked in this city for five years. He finally picked up a scalpel and practically lived in the laboratory.

Over the years, Pirogov wrote his doctoral dissertation and defended it superbly. He was then only twenty-two.

After Dorpat, the scientist arrived in the capital of Germany. Until 1835 he again studied surgery and anatomy. Thus, Professor Langenbeck taught him the purity of surgical methods. By this time, his dissertation had been translated into German. Rumors about the talented surgeon began to spread throughout all cities and countries. His fame grew.

From Berlin, Pirogov again went to Dorpat, where he headed the department of surgery at the university. He was already operating on his own back then. The young man managed to demonstrate his excellent skills as a surgeon. In addition, he published a number of his scientific works and monographs. These works strengthened his great authority as a scientist.

During this period, Pirogov also visited Paris and examined the best clinics in the capital. Note that he was disappointed with working in such institutions. Moreover, the mortality rate in France was very high.

In Petersburg

As evidenced by the brief biography of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, in 1841 he began working at the University of St. Petersburg in the department of surgery. In total, I worked there for ten years.

Not only students, but also students from other universities came to his lectures. Newspapers and magazines constantly published articles about the talented surgeon.

After some time, Pirogov also headed the Tool Plant. From now on, he himself could invent and design medical instruments.

He also began working as a consultant in one of the St. Petersburg hospitals. The number of clinics to which he was invited grew rapidly.

In 1846, Pirogov completed the project for an anatomical institute. Now students could study anatomy, learn to operate and conduct observations.

Anesthesia test

In the same year, a test of anesthesia was successfully completed, which began to conquer all countries with enviable speed. In just one year, 690 operations were performed under ether anesthesia in 13 Russian cities. Note that 300 of them were made by Pirogov!

After some time, Nikolai Ivanovich arrived in the Caucasus, where he participated in military clashes. Once, during the siege of an aul called Salty, Pirogov had to perform operations on the wounded under anesthesia in the field. This was the first time in the entire history of medicine.

War in Crimea

In 1853, the Crimean War began. A short biography of the doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov contains information that he was sent to the active army in Sevastopol. The doctor had to work in terrible conditions, in huts and tents. But nevertheless, he performed a huge number of operations. In this case, surgical interventions were carried out only under ether anesthesia.

It was also during this war that a medic used a plaster cast for the first time. In addition, thanks to him, the institute of “sisters of mercy” appeared.

The popularity of the surgeon grew steadily, especially among ordinary soldiers.

Opal

Meanwhile, Pirogov returned to the capital. He reported to the sovereign about the illiterate leadership of the Russian army. However, the autocrat did not listen at all to the advice of the famous doctor. And he fell out of favor. Pirogov left the St. Petersburg Academy and became a trustee of the Kyiv and Odessa educational districts.

Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich (a short biography confirms this) tried to change the entire education system in schools. But in 1861, such actions led to a serious conflict with local authorities. As a result, the scientist was forced to resign.

Over the next four years, Pirogov lived abroad. He led a group of young specialists who went there for academic qualifications. As a teacher, Pirogov helped many young people. Thus, it was he who was the first to recognize his talent in the famous scientist I. Mechnikov.

In 1866, Pirogov returned to his homeland. He came to his estate near Vinnitsa and organized a hospital there. And it’s free.

Last years

A short biography of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov for children contains information that he lived on the estate almost constantly. Only occasionally did he travel to the capital and other countries. The famous surgeon was invited there to give his lectures.

In 1877, the Russian-Turkish War began. And Pirogov again found himself in the thick of terrible events. He arrived in Bulgaria and, as always, began operating on the soldiers. By the way, based on the results of the military campaign, the famous surgeon published his next work on “military medicine” in Bulgaria in the late 70s of the nineteenth century.

In the spring of 1881, the public celebrated the half-century anniversary of Pirogov’s scientific work. Famous people from different countries arrived to honor the scientist. It was then, during the ceremonial events, that he was given a terrible diagnosis - oncology.

After this, Nikolai Ivanovich went to Vienna to undergo surgery. But it was already too late. At the very beginning of December 1881, the unique scientist passed away.

By the way, shortly before his death, Pirogov discovered a new method of embalming the deceased. Using this method, the body of the surgeon himself was also embalmed. It is buried in a tomb on his estate.

Surprisingly, one of the Fuhrer’s headquarters was located on this territory during the Great Patriotic War. The invaders did not disturb the ashes of the great doctor.

Nikolai Pirogov: biography, personal life

Nikolai Pirogov was married twice. The surgeon’s first wife was Ekaterina Berezina. She was born into a well-born but greatly impoverished family. She lived in marriage for only four years. During this time, she managed to give Pirogov two sons. The wife died while giving birth to their youngest son. For Pirogov, the death of his wife was a terrible and heavy blow. By and large, he blamed himself for a long time and believed that he could have saved his wife.

After the death of his wife, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, whose brief biography is presented to your attention in the article, tried to get married two more times. All of these cases were unsuccessful. And then they told him about a certain 22-year-old girl. She was nicknamed "the lady with convictions." We are talking about Baroness Alexandra Bistrom. She admired the scientist’s articles and was generally very interested in science. Thus, Pirogov found a woman close in spirit.

The scientist proposed to Bistrom, and she, of course, agreed. After the marriage, the couple began operating on patients together. Pirogov supervised the process of the operation itself, and the Baroness assisted him. The great surgeon was then forty years old.