Musical art of Mesopotamia presentation. Mesopotamian culture

In the IV - I millennium BC. e. in the lower reaches of the large rivers Tigris and Euphrates lived peoples of high culture, to whom we owe the basics of mathematical knowledge and the division of the clock dial into 12 parts. Here they learned to calculate with great accuracy the movement of the planets and the time of revolution of the Moon around the Earth. In Mesopotamia they knew how to build the highest towers, where they used brick as a building material, drained swampy areas, laid canals and irrigated fields, planted orchards, invented the wheel, the potter's wheel and built ships, knew how to spin and weave, made tools from copper and bronze and weapons. The rich mythology of the peoples of Mesopotamia had a huge influence on the culture of Europe and Asia. Subsequently, some of their legends became part of the holy book of the Bible.

Example of cuneiform

2200-2000 BC e.

Unlike architecture

Babylon. Reconstruction

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Review questions:

3. What are outstanding achievements Nar culture of Ancient Asia? In the IV - I millennium BC. e. in the lower reaches of the large rivers Tigris and Euphrates lived peoples of high culture, to whom we owe the basics of mathematical knowledge and the division of the clock dial into 12 parts. Here they learned to calculate with great accuracy the movement of the planets and the time of revolution of the Moon around the Earth. In Mesopotamia they knew how to build the highest towers, where they used brick as a building material, drained swampy areas, laid canals and irrigated fields, planted orchards, invented the wheel, the potter's wheel and built ships, knew how to spin and weave, made tools from copper and bronze and weapons. The rich mythology of the peoples of Mesopotamia had a huge influence on the culture of Europe and Asia. Subsequently, some of their legends became part of the holy book of the Bible.

The Sumerians entered the history of world culture primarily due to the invention of writing, which arose here about 200-300 years earlier than in Egypt. It was originally a pictographic letter. They wrote on “tablets” on soft clay; for this purpose, reed or wooden sticks were used, sharpened in such a way that when pressed into wet clay they left a wedge-shaped mark. The tablets were then fired. At first they wrote from right to left, but it was inconvenient, since the right hand covered what was written. Gradually we moved to more rational writing - from left to right.

“Tablets” made of soft clay and reed writing sticks

Example of cuneiform

Religion played a huge role in public life. In Mesopotamia there was no developed funeral cult, there was no idea of resurrection and immortality. Death seemed inevitable and natural; only earthly life was real. In this struggle for life, the gods can come to the aid of a person; they must be appeased, they must be served. In Mesopotamia they were deified celestial bodies, water and other natural forces.

God Enlil (lord of wind and water) is one of the greatest deities, who was the son of the sky god Anu and the earth goddess Ki. Enlil is the god of fertility. According to the mythology of the ancient Sumerians, Enlil divided heaven and earth, gave people agricultural tools and helped develop cattle breeding, agriculture, and introduced them to culture. But he attributes not only good things to him. Enlil, in order to teach people a lesson for their stupidity, sent them natural disasters, and in the Epic of Gilgamesh, it is mentioned that Enlil was the initiator of the global flood in order to destroy all humanity. Enlil is often portrayed as an insidious, evil, cruel deity. His wife, Ninlil, was a goddess of extraordinary beauty and intelligence. He also had sons - the moon god Nannu, the god of the underground element Norgal, the warrior Ninurta and the ambassador of the gods Namtar.

Compared to Egypt, few monuments of art of the peoples of Mesopotamia have reached us. There was no stone in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, and short-lived raw brick was used as a building material. Temples, houses and fortress walls were created from clay. Only mountains of clay and garbage, which were previously beautiful cities, have survived to this day. However, from the remains found, we can conclude that here, as in Egypt, monumental architecture played a leading role.

The center of the city in Mesopotamia was the temple of the patron god, next to which stood a multi-stage tower, the so-called ziggurat. The ziggurat could have from three to seven terraces connected by wide, gentle ramps. At the very top was the sanctuary of the god, his resting place. Only dedicated priests were allowed there. The facing of the ziggurat was made of baked bricks and painted, with each tier painted in its own color, black, red or white. The terrace areas were occupied by gardens with artificial irrigation. During solemn services, processions of gods ascended the ramps of the temple to the sanctuary. The ziggurat was not only a religious building, but also a kind of observatory of antiquity. From the top of the ziggurats, the priests observed the planets and stars. Temples were the center of knowledge. A clear idea of the architecture of Mesopotamia is given by two-thirds of the preserved ziggurat of the moon god Nannu, built in 2200-2000. BC. in ancient Ur. Its three huge terraces tapering upward with three flights of stairs still make a majestic impression.

Ziggurat is a stepped temple. Reconstruction

Ziggurat of the moon god Nanna at Ur

2200-2000 BC e.

Unlike architecture

The fine art of Mesopotamia looks relatively poor and primitive. Beautiful examples of Sumerian sculpture created at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC have survived to this day. e. A very common type of sculpture was the so-called adorant - a statue of a praying person with his hands folded on his chest, sitting or standing. The character's legs are very strong and are depicted parallel on a round base. Not much attention is paid to the body; it serves only as a pedestal for the head. The face was usually made more carefully than the body, although it had to comply with certain conventions, which deprived the sculpture of individual features: the nose, eyes, and ears were emphasized. Large ears (for the Sumerians - containers of wisdom), wide-open eyes, in which a pleading expression is combined with the surprise of magical insight, hands folded in a prayer gesture. This created the image of an all-hearing and all-seeing human figure. An inscription was usually engraved on the shoulder of the adorant, indicating who its owner was. There are known finds where the first inscription was erased and later replaced by another.

During the rise of Assyria, cities were powerful fortresses, surrounded by high walls with numerous towers. The entire city was dominated by a formidable citadel - the king's palace. The palace of King Sargon II in Dur-Sharrukin (8th century BC) can give an idea of it. With a total area of the city of 18 hectares, the palace occupied 10 hectares. It rose on an artificially erected platform 14 m high, with wide ramps leading to it, along which chariots could pass. The palace had more than 200 rooms: residential and utility rooms, state rooms and religious buildings. On the sides of the entrances to the palace there were five-meter statues of winged bulls “shedu” with the heads of people and the wings of eagles. These were the guardian geniuses of the king and his house. Interestingly, these statues had five legs - thus achieving the illusion of movement towards the viewer. Favorite subjects are wars and victory feasts, hunting wild animals and solemn processions of kings and nobles.

Palace of King Sargon II in Dur-Sharrukin Shedu

During the period of the new rise of Babylon, the capital of the state turned into a flourishing fortress city. According to Herodotus, two chariots could move freely on the Babylonian walls. A wide road made of white and red tiles led from the Ishtar Gate to the city center. The double gates themselves were an outstanding piece of architecture. The tall crenellated towers with an arched passage were decorated with a mosaic of multi-colored tiles. The magnificent friezes depicted a procession of fantastic lions and griffins - the guardians of the city. There were 53 temples in Babylon, the most majestic of which was the temple of the city's patron god Marduk. Marduk's ziggurat rose 90 m in height. The sanctuary was covered with sheet gold, and it contained a golden statue of Marduk weighing about 2.5 tons. In history, this majestic structure included under the name of the Tower of Babel.

Babylon. Reconstruction

The Greeks considered the famous “Hanging Gardens” of Queen Semiramis to be one of the wonders of the world. Architecturally, they were a pyramid consisting of 4 tiers-platforms. They were supported by columns up to 25 meters high. To prevent the seepage of irrigation water, the surface of each platform was first covered with a layer of reeds mixed with asphalt, then two layers of brick, and lead slabs were laid on top. On them lay a thick carpet of fertile soil, where seeds of various herbs, flowers, shrubs and trees were planted. The pyramid resembled an ever-blooming green hill. Pipes were placed in the cavity of one of the columns, through which water from the Euphrates was constantly supplied by pumps to the upper tier of the gardens, from where it, flowing in streams and small waterfalls, irrigated the plants of the lower tiers.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The culture of Mesopotamia, one of the oldest cultures on earth, amazes everyone who gets acquainted with it with its originality. The original writing system high level development of law, the epic tradition of Mesopotamia had a significant influence on the subsequent development of world culture.

Review questions:

1. What are the architectural features of Ancient Mesopotamia? Tell us about the most important achievements of temple and urban architecture?

2. Identify the leading topics visual arts Mesopotamia. What circumstances and reasons are they due to?

3. What are the outstanding achievements of the culture of the Nars of Ancient Asia?

Art of the Ancient Kingdom (28th – 22nd centuries BC) Timeline (time axis) 15 thousand 8 thousand 4 thousand 2 thousand 1 thousand 12 thousand 18 thousand 30 thousand 3 thousand AD BC Stone Age Bronze Age (megaliths) Iron Age (metal weapons and DPI) Paleolithic (“Paleolithic Venus”, images of animals in caves) Mesolithic (subject compositions, pictograms) Neolithic (ceramics, petroglyphs) Nativity Art Middle Kingdom (21st – 18th centuries BC) Art of the New Kingdom (16th – 11th centuries BC) Art of the Sumerian-Akkadian Kingdom (27th – 21st centuries BC)

Sumerian-Akkadian kingdom (30th century BC - 20th century BC) Statue of the dignitary Ebih-Il from Mari. Mid-3rd millennium BC Louvre, Paris Adorant - a statue of a person praying, it was given to the temple with inlaid eyes. Inlay - decorating the surface of a product with pieces of stone, wood, metal, etc., which differ from it in color or material.

Sumerian-Akkadian kingdom (30th century BC - 20th century BC) from the Stele of King Naramsin. 23rd century BC. The stela relief of King Naramsin of Akkad tells of his victorious campaign against the Lullubey mountain tribe. The master managed to convey space and movement, the volume of figures and show not only the warriors, but also the mountain landscape. The relief shows the signs of the Sun and Moon, symbolizing the deities - patrons of royal power.

Art of the Old Babylonian Kingdom (20th century BC - 17th century BC) Statue of a Prayer - 1750 BC. Louvre, Paris Stele of the Babylonian king Hammurabi with the text of the 247 laws. Written in cuneiform. The oldest existing collection of laws. Stele of King Hammurabi from Susa. 28th century BC. Louvre, Paris

Art of the Ancient Kingdom (28th – 22nd centuries BC) Timeline (time axis) 15 thousand 8 thousand 4 thousand 2 thousand 1 thousand 12 thousand 18 thousand 30 thousand 3 thousand AD BC Stone Age Bronze Age (megaliths) Iron Age (metal weapons and DPI) Paleolithic (“Paleolithic Venus”, images of animals in caves) Mesolithic (subject compositions, pictograms) Neolithic (ceramics, petroglyphs) Nativity Art Middle Kingdom (21 - 18 centuries BC) Art of the New Kingdom (16 - 11 centuries BC) Art of the Sumerian-Akkadian Kingdom (27 - 21 centuries BC) Babylonian art (19 – 12th centuries BC)

Art of the Ancient Kingdom (28th – 22nd centuries BC) Timeline (time axis) 15 thousand 8 thousand 4 thousand 2 thousand 1 thousand 12 thousand 18 thousand 30 thousand 3 thousand AD BC Stone Age Bronze Age (megaliths) Iron Age (metal weapons and DPI) Paleolithic (“Paleolithic Venus”, images of animals in caves) Mesolithic (subject compositions, pictograms) Neolithic (ceramics, petroglyphs) Nativity Art Middle Kingdom (21 - 18 centuries BC) Art of the New Kingdom (16 - 11 centuries BC) Art of the Sumerian-Akkadian Kingdom (27 - 21 centuries BC) Babylonian art (19 – 12th centuries BC) Art of Assyria (9th – 7th centuries BC)

Art of Assyria (9th century BC – 7th century BC) King Sargon II. Relief from the palace at Dur Sharrukin. 8th century BC. Statue of King Ashurnasirpal II. 883 – 859 BC. British Museum, London Gilgamesh with a lion. Relief of the gate of the palace in Dur-Sharrukin. 8th century BC. Louvre, Paris

Art of the Ancient Kingdom (28th – 22nd centuries BC) Timeline (time axis) 15 thousand 8 thousand 4 thousand 2 thousand 1 thousand 12 thousand 18 thousand 30 thousand 3 thousand AD BC Stone Age Bronze Age (megaliths) Iron Age (metal weapons and DPI) Paleolithic (“Paleolithic Venus”, images of animals in caves) Mesolithic (subject compositions, pictograms) Neolithic (ceramics, petroglyphs) Nativity Art Middle Kingdom (21 - 18 centuries BC) Art of the New Kingdom (16 - 11 centuries BC) Art of the Sumerian-Akkadian Kingdom (27 - 21 centuries BC) Babylonian art (19 – 12th centuries BC) Art of Assyria (9th – 7th centuries BC) Art of the Neo-Babylonian Kingdom (7th – 6th centuries BC)

Art of the Neo-Babylonian Kingdom (7th century BC - 6th century BC) Ziggurat of Etemenanki. Reconstruction. 6th century BC. Etemenanki - “House of the foundation of heaven and earth” The Tower of Babel had enormous dimensions = 91 x 91 m at the base and a height of 90 m, or according to legend it is -

Art of the Neo-Babylonian Kingdom (7th century BC - 6th century BC) Gate of the goddess Ishtar from Babylon. 6th century BC. State museums, Berlin Lions. Tiled lining of the wall of the throne room of King Nebuchadnezzar from Babylon. 6th century BC. State Museums, Berlin

The art of Mesopotamia is characterized by: In culture 1. Burnt clay tablets with writing - cuneiform, the forerunner of Greek and other alphabets. In architecture 2. The building material is clay (since there is no stone or wood nearby). 3. Arched structures, vaulted ceilings, wall cladding with colorful tiles. 4. Fantastic creatures (above the gods) - the power of fate and fate: shedu (winged 5-legged bulls with human heads), Lamashtu (lion-headed female demon), Mushkhush or Sirush ("fiery red" dragon of the god Marduk), Anzud ( eagle with a lion's head) is a mediator between gods and people, symbolizing the voice of fate, which embodied the struggle of life and death. 5. In temples in front of the statues of gods there are small figures (from 10 to 70 cm) - ador Anty. The proportions of the human body and portrait resemblance are not important. 6. Unlike Egypt, the Babylonian priest did not promise benefits after death, but in case of obedience he promised them during life.

CULTURE OF ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

NIKITINA Yu.I.

Sumerian-Akkadian culture of the XXVII–XX centuries. BC e.

Architecture
Numerous temples were created, decorated with works of sculpture and painting. A unique type of religious building is spreading - the ziggurat. Monuments of the era: “royal tombs” in Ur, underground and above-ground tombs of the kings, an oval temple in Khafafzh, palace “A” in Kish with a columned hall and wall mosaics.

Religion and writing

The religious system is based on the worship of a complex pantheon of gods and the deification of the power of the king. Various types of writing are widespread: patterned and cuneiform. Cuneiform tablets represent educational texts, lists of gods, mathematical problems, lists of medicinal herbs, and literary catalogs. The oldest code of laws (2112 BC) of Ur-Nammu has been preserved.

Art

For the first time, round sculpture and relief were used to decorate buildings. The steles of King Eanatum with relief images and King Naramsuen with a spiral-shaped image from bottom to top, sculptural copper and stone portraits of rulers, masterpieces of jewelry made of carnelian, azure and gold have been preserved.

Assyro-Babylonian culture of the 19th–7th centuries. BC e.

Architecture
The monuments of the era include: the palace-temple complex and ziggurat in Mari, the temple of Karaindash in Uruk, the temple of Ishtar, the architectural complex of the palace and fortress of Sargon II.

Religion, science, literature

Sumerian writing spreads throughout Western Asia. Akkadian writing is experiencing its heyday. Assyrian records of the literary Babylonian canon “The Descent of Ishtar”, the epic of Gilgamesh, the code of laws of Hammurabi, and the first astronomical texts have been preserved. Private, temple and government schools are being created. In the 7th century BC. e. the annals were written - the first chronicles. The library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh was collected.

Art

Monuments of the era: the stele of King Hammurabi with relief images of the king and the god of the sun and justice Shamash, clay figurines of personal deities and geniuses - guardians of the house, paintings of the palace in Mari with an attempt at a perspective image), statues of winged bulls and lions (5.5 m) near the palace Sargon II. A functional combination of architecture and sculpture was attempted in the statue of the goddess Ishtar (the hollow statue is connected to the water of the canal).

Culture of the Neo-Babylonian kingdom of the 7th–6th centuries. BC e.

Architecture Among the monuments of the era, the following have been preserved: the architectural ensemble of Babylon (10 sq. km), three palaces of Nebuchadnezzar, lined with glazed brick, the “hanging gardens” of Amita - the wife of Nebuchadnezzar, the temple tower “Esagila” - a seven-tier ziggurat, the so-called. Tower of Babel, temple complex of Isis, “Ishtar Gate” – 4 towers with arches.

Religion, literature, science and technology

An Aramaic alphabet of 20 characters was created. Nabonidus's socio-religious reforms were carried out. An astronomical regular service has been organized. The 400-kilometer Pallucata canal was built between the Tigris and Euphrates.

Art

Relief images of animals and fantastic creatures made of glazed brick have been preserved. The Nebuchadnezzar Museum was created with a collection of works of art. Glyptics, the art of carving on precious and semi-precious stones, was improved.

Pantheon of Babylonian Gods (the Sumerian version of the name is indicated in brackets)

Anu (An) - God of Heaven, father of the gods Ellil (Enlil) - God of Earth and air, ruler of fertility and destinies of people, sent the World Flood Eya (Enki) - God of the water element, patron of crafts and wisdom, created people Shamash (Utu) - God of the sun, truth and justice Sin (Nanna) - God of the Moon Ishtar (Inanna) - Goddess of love, fertility, war, daughter of Sin

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The presentation on the topic “Culture of Ancient Mesopotamia” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: MHC. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 11 slide(s).

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Culture of Ancient Mesopotamia

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This people, who appeared in the south of Mesopotamia in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC from nowhere, are now called the “progenitor of modern civilization.” But until the middle of the 19th century, no one even suspected about them. Time erased Sumer from the annals of history and, if not linguists, perhaps we would never have known about Sumer... For centuries, the minds of scientists and theologians have been amazed by Mesopotamian texts, which are a reworking of Sumerian ones. From the text of the Chaldean Book of Genesis it follows that no less than a thousand years before it there was a text of the History of Creation, written in the old Babylonian dialect ...

Sumerians - “black-headed”

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Discovery of Sumerian culture

The peculiarities of the cultural development of ancient civilizations that arose in the basins of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Western Asia became known at the beginning of the 19th century after the sensational discoveries of the French consul Paul - Emile Bott. He discovered in one of the Arab villages reliefs depicting strange animals that once adorned the Assyrian royal Palace of Ashurbanipal

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Sumerian Mystery

Over the past century and a half, on the site of Sumerian cities, archaeologists have discovered thousands of texts and illustrations on astronomy and mathematics. A large fragment of a tablet with mathematical exercises, dated 1700 BC, contains geometric shapes with mathematical equations in Akkadian

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The Sumerian Mystery - - unofficial version

IN state structure this people had all the attributes of a modern developed state: a jury, a bicameral parliamentary system consisting of elected deputies, civil councils (analogous to self-government committees) Their culture was characterized by amazing musical achievements, they were fond of dancing. They used herbal medicine in medicine, they knew anatomy and chemistry, pharmaceuticals well , astronomy and many branches of modern mathematics)

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The Sumerian Mystery - unofficial version

Among them - fundamental mathematics, calculation of areas complex figures, extracting roots, solving equations with two and three unknowns, the so-called golden proportions and Fibonacci numbers. The Sumerians used a complex sexagesimal number system, based on a combination of numbers b and 10. Complex number systems of this kind began to be used with the advent of computer technology. Sumerian texts contain information about origin, development and structure solar system, including a list and characteristics of planets...

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The Sumerian Mystery, unofficial version

Developed weaving and textile industry Progressive efficient Agriculture could become an example for similar modern industries. Highly developed religion, amazing temples... All this is Sumeria, located in the southern part of modern Iraq on the territory of ancient Mesopotamia

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The Sumerian Mystery (unofficial version)

Many generations of scientists struggled with the mystery of this civilization that appeared before its time, but more than enough mysteries remained... What is Sumeria? A brilliant people who appeared, like the misunderstood Leonardo da Vinci in Italy, ahead of schedule on planet Earth or...?

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Musical art of Mesopotamia presentation. Mesopotamian culture

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