What countries are included in Europe? European part of the Russian Federation.

From a geographical point of view, the European part of Russia belongs to the European continent - it is the most populated and economically well-developed part of the country, where Russian statehood originated. Today, about 78% of the population lives in these territories.

History of the development of the European part of Russia

The oldest human settlements in this area date back to the Paleolithic and are found on the territory of the Voronezh region in the village of Kostenki, in the Vladimir and Moscow regions.

During the 5th millennium, people living in the European part of Russia experienced a slow transition to settled agriculture. The most striking examples of cultures of that time are the Dnieper-Donetsk and Comb Ware Cultures, as well as the later Maykop and Koban cultures, which flourished in the North Caucasus in the lV-lll millennia.

Proto-Indo-European past

At the same time, on the territory of the southern Russian steppes, the so-called Samara culture is being formed, which is recognized by many researchers as Proto-Indo-European.

To summarize, it is worth saying that the European part of Russia for many millennia was an arena of clashes between constantly moving human masses. Tribes of the Arkaim culture moved from the east to Europe; from the west, Finno-Ugric tribes came to the territory of the East European Plain and managed to achieve hegemony over a significant part of the European north.

The origins of Russian statehood

By 862, historians discover the first traces of Slavic statehood in the north-west of modern Russia; numerous peoples, such as the Huns, Hittites and Alans, had already passed through the territory of Eastern Europe, leaving their mark on local cultures, which some peoples carry to this day.

However, it is worth noting that the Varangians did not come to empty space, but to already existing settlements in the south of Lake Ladoga and in the Upper Volga. It is reliably known that the so-called state of Rurik included the cities of Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod, Beloozero and Rostov.

The bulk of the population consisted of various Slavic tribes, which were still in a state of disintegration of the communal clan system, and Finno-Ugric tribes. The Varangians took the vacant place of the military aristocracy, but were quickly assimilated by the local population, which can be seen quite clearly in the evolution of the names of local rulers, who in the first centuries were exclusively Northern European, and later Slavic.

Neighbors of medieval Rus'

The interaction with the Khazar Kaganate and Byzantine Empire, who were important economic partners and political rivals of Ancient Rus'.

Important historical event for the young Russian state was the invasion of the Mongols in 1237 and the subsequent yoke, which lasted until 1480 in some areas of North-Eastern Rus'. Since that time, despite numerous changes in the borders and name of the state, the hegemony of the Russian people over the East European Plain remains unchanged, although its statehood has experienced numerous crises and has been tested by foreign interventions.

Geography of European Russia

Which part of Russia is European has long been determined, despite the fact that in some geographical areas this presents some difficulties. It is generally accepted that the border with Asia runs along the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains, the Russian-Kazakh border, the coast of the Caspian Sea, along the beds of the Kuma and Manych rivers, the mouth of the Don River, and is further limited by the territories of other Eastern European states. It is worth considering that the islands of the seas washing the northern shores of the European part of Russia also belong to Europe.

From an administrative point of view, the part of the country in question is divided into the Northwestern, Central, Volga and Southern federal districts. The Ural Federal District is also partly located on European territory.

Among specialists, it is customary to consider this area as one of the large macro-regions, among which the European part, the Caucasus, the Urals and Siberia with the Far East stand out. A significant part of the European territory is occupied by the East European or Russian Plain.

Administrative division

In the European part of Russia, regions, republics and territories are located both completely and partially. For example, the Republic of Bashkiria, Krasnodar Territory, Chelyabinsk and Orenburg region are located simultaneously in Asia and Europe, while another forty-five entities are located entirely in Europe.

The Central Federal District includes Moscow and the region, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Oryol, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula and Yaroslavl regions. That is, there are eighteen regions in total.

The Northwestern District includes eleven regions, including such a city in the European part of Russia as St. Petersburg, as well as Nenets autonomous region, which is part of the Arkhangelsk region. The largest cities in this federal district are St. Petersburg, whose population recently reached five million people, and Murmansk, which, with a population of 295 thousand people, is the largest settlement above the Arctic Circle and an important trading port.

The Southern Federal District includes the Astrakhan, Volgograd and Rostov Regions, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia. Since 2014, two more regions have been included in the district: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol.

Largest cities

The largest concentration of cities with a population exceeding a million inhabitants is observed in Privolzhsky federal district. Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Perm and Ufa belong to the region of the European part of Russia where the paths of Western and Eastern civilizations have traditionally crossed, so the Volga region is distinguished by diversity both nationally and culturally.

In the Central District are Voronezh and Moscow, which is also one of the most populated cities in Europe, second only to Istanbul and ahead of London. It is worth saying that in terms of the number of millionaire cities, Russia is ahead of other European countries.

Which part of Russia is European is most difficult to determine on its southern borders, where there are no clearly defined geographical landmarks. Therefore, some scientists include or exclude the Caucasian steppes from Russian Europe. However, it is indisputable that Rostov-on-Don and Volgograd are the largest cultural, industrial and economic centers in the south of Russia.

Instead of a resume

Despite the fact that the European part of Russia makes up only 20% of the area of the entire country, it is nevertheless larger than any of the foreign European states.

For example, it is six times larger than Ukraine, which is the largest state in foreign Europe, and more than seven times the territory of the French Republic.

It is also worth saying that the geographical and climatic conditions in this part of the country are different, and include both polar tundra and alpine meadows, as well as dry steppes and semi-deserts. The central part of the region is famous for its fertile soils. On the same day in different areas of the European part of Russia, temperatures can vary by 20 degrees.

1. So, you have studied the areas of the European part of Russia, which together form the western economic zone. List the most characteristic historical, physical-geographical, socio-economic features that characterize the European part of Russia.

Physiographical features:

It occupies the East European Plain, bordered by the Ural Mountains, the border with Kazakhstan and the Kuma and Manych rivers. The relief is flat, so the territory is developed quite evenly. The mainland of European Russia is located in the subarctic and temperate climatic zones. Moreover, most of them are in the temperate climate zone. Larger than the river Volga, a dense river network, bn internal drainage, Atlantic, North. There are many glacial lakes in the north. The large extent of the plain from north to south determined a well-defined zonality in the distribution of its landscapes.

The coast of the Barents Sea is occupied by cold, heavily waterlogged plains. This part of the plain territory is located in the tundra and forest-tundra zone. There are no conditions for the development of agriculture, but reindeer husbandry and hunting and fishing are developed, and there are large deposits of coal, oil, gas, iron ore, non-ferrous metal ores and apatite. In the middle zone of the East European Plain, typical forest landscapes used to prevail - dark coniferous taiga, mixed, broad-leaved oak and linden forests. Currently, many forests have been cut down, and forest landscapes have turned into forest fields - a combination of forests and fields. This part of the plain is home to the bulk of the population and is home to cities and industrial enterprises. In the south of the plain there are expanses of steppes and forest-steppes on fertile black earth soils. This is an area with the most favorable climatic conditions for agriculture. Here is the main agricultural zone of the country, the richest deposits of iron ore of the KMA, oil and gas of the Volga and Urals regions.

The European part of Russia accounts for 1/3 of the country's territory, about 80% of the population, 85% of industrial and agricultural production, and about 90% of the country's non-productive sector. The European part of Russia forms the Western macroregion. The Western macroregion includes six natural and economic regions: European North, North-West, central Russia, Volga region, European South, Urals. The Western economic zone is distinguished by the rapid development of manufacturing industries. In the Volga region, the Urals and the Northern region, extractive industries are added to them. The North Caucasus acts as a large processor of agricultural products. The northern region is very similar to the eastern regions, where the raw material component predominates.

2. Overall, evaluate the natural conditions and natural resources of the European part of Russia. How much do they contribute economic development territories? Which regions stand out as the most favorable in terms of natural conditions, wealth natural resources?

The natural conditions of the European part of Russia are the most favorable and contribute to the economic development of the territories. Among the regions rich in mineral raw materials, the Northern, Ural and Central Black Earth regions stand out. Agroclimatic resources are most favorable in the southern regions of the European part of the country.

3. Compose brief characteristics- images of different regions of European Russia. To do this, fill out the pivot table.

Many residents of one or another settlement Russia doesn’t even know the surrounding attractions, not to mention those for which the neighboring city or other region is famous. Foreigners often have only a vague idea of the country. Fortunately, the level of service is constantly growing, which is gradually stimulating the development of tourism.

Geographical location

The territory of the European part of Russia is limited from the east by the Ural Mountains, the southern border passes through the North Caucasus. Its size is about 4,000,000 square kilometers, that is, it is almost half of all of Europe, but only 23% of the entire great country. This is the most developed and densely populated part of the state. It is here that noisy megacities, ultra-modern buildings are located, and very close by - original and beautiful nature. The population of the European part of Russia is about 80 million people - this is half of all residents of the country.

One and indivisible

The European and Asian parts of Russia form one large whole, although the second geographically belongs to Asia. Its area is about 13,000,000 sq km, although relatively few people live on it. This is due to the small number of large cities and unfavorable climatic conditions. The entire vast territory is inhabited by about 70 million people.

The Asian part is divided into 4 regions: the Urals, Siberia Eastern and Western and Far East. This is the expanse from Pacific Ocean to the Ural Mountains, home of endless forests and beautiful rivers. Despite the abundance of natural resources concentrated in the eastern part of Russia, construction here is much more expensive, due to the harsh climate, permafrost, mountainous terrain, forests and swamps. That is why vast territories remain virtually untouched.

A paradise for nature and hiking lovers

Largest cities The Asian part of Russia is Tyumen. The incredible beauty of the surrounding area attracts tourists from all over the world. The famous sanatorium "Belokurikha", the magnificent Belukha mountain range and the protected area of the Altai Mountains provide the opportunity to implement dozens of tourist routes of varying complexity.

Kamchatka gives you the opportunity to get acquainted with active volcanoes and geysers. Thermal springs and healing mud offer great opportunities for improving health. Unique plant and animal world. Luxurious fishing will give you an unforgettable experience.

The already mentioned Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal attract many tourists every year.

Administrative division

The following economic regions of the European part of Russia are distinguished:

Central.
Northwestern.
Southern.
North Caucasian.
Privolzhsky.

The European part of Russia is a landscaped city that is hardly distinguishable from the megacities of Europe - the sparkle of night lights, luxurious hotels and restaurants, excellent shopping... Each region is ready to offer its own program for tourists, so we will consider their attractions separately. The population of the European part of Russia consists of representatives of 39 nationalities. Among them, the leaders are Russians, Tatars, and Ukrainians.

We have already talked about Asian territory, so it will not be considered here. The European part of Russia stretches from the western borders of the country to the Urals. The cities are located compactly, close to Europe, with access to the Atlantic Sea.

Most of them are natural and concentrated in the eastern part of the country; only iron mining is in the lead here. The main emphasis in the western part is on manufacturing and Agriculture. The banking sector is much more developed.

Central region of western Russia

Beautiful Moscow, the ancient Kremlin, architectural monuments and museums. Every tourist strives to visit the Golden-domed one, but besides it, there are other parts of Russia that are no less interesting. Any travel agency will offer you a tour of the Golden Ring, visiting Suzdal, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo and other cities. Ancient temples and unique works of ancient architects will give you a lot of impressions.

The second destination for travel can be the places where great people lived. The most famous of them, of course, is Yasnaya Polyana, although the estates of the Pushkins, Sheremetyevs, Shcherbatovs, and Bolshoye Boldino are undeservedly forgotten.

The Smolensk lake region, the forest Trans-Volga region - ten years is not enough to visit every amazing corner. The developed infrastructure and the absence of problems with transport and hotels make it possible to successfully receive even foreign tourists.

This area includes such regions of the European part of Russia as Moscow, Belgorod, Yaroslavl, Bryansk, Tula, Vladimir, Tver, Voronezh, Tambov, Ivanovo, Smolensk, Kaluga, Ryazan, Kostroma, Oryol, Kursk and Lipetsk. A budget holiday on the banks of majestic forests and beautiful rivers will be beneficial and will fill you with health and good mood.

North-West region

This is a large and underdeveloped part of the country. This includes the Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Vologda, Novgorod, Murmansk, Leningrad regions, Komi, Karelia and the creation of Peter, sung by A.S. Pushkin, - St. Petersburg. What is interesting for tourists here? The north of the European part of Russia is a fabulous virgin taiga. In summer, a fresh breeze rustles in the treetops and birds sing. If your vacation falls on hot July, better place not to be found: the lakes are already warming up for comfortable swimming, and on the shore the sun does not burn the skin. In autumn the taiga delights with colors, crimson and gold are everywhere. The leaves are falling, nature is calming down in anticipation of winter...

Karelia provides a lot of scope for water adventures. Local lakes are connected by rapids and rapids, so rafting enthusiasts will love it here. famous among ski beginners, but it is better to conduct classes before the onset of severe winter frosts.

In the North there are many architectural monuments, ancient monasteries (Solovetsky, Valaam), the Kizhi Church in Lake Onega and much more.

South Region

River, forest and sun... A dream can come true here. The specified district includes the Krasnodar Territory, Adygea, Astrakhan, Volgograd region. The presence of large and very beautiful rivers, such as the Volga and Don, opens up endless possibilities for spending a vacation. In this case, you don’t even have to plan a trip to the Black Sea, Sochi or Anapa.

If we talk about visiting tourists, they most often prefer comfortable hotels on the Black Sea coast with a visit to the local arboretum and others to a wild holiday in tents. interesting places. But for the local population with an average income, a holiday in a tent camp on the Volga, a ferry trip to the city-museum of Myshkin and any other budget option may be suitable.

North Caucasus District

This district includes the Stavropol Territory, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, and Dagestan. Today, these places are world famous as the country's only subtropical climate zone, which gives us Black Sea coast Caucasus. Thousands of tourists relax and improve their health here every year. It is impossible not to mention the local mineral waters. Kislovodsk is a former all-Union health resort, which is still very popular today.

Climbers have long chosen these places, as Elbrus, the highest peak in Europe, is located here. Routes of varying degrees of difficulty allow you to master the basics of a difficult sport.

The life and customs of the Caucasian peoples attract tourists to these beautiful lands. Cultural and ethnographic attractions and museums are frequently visited sites. Local cuisine is a separate matter; no tourist will go home without trying the aromatic lamb kebab.

Privolzhsky district

These are territories located near the Urals. Republic of Chuvash, Udmurt, Tatarstan, Mordovia, Mari El. In addition to them, the Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara and Saratov regions are also part of the district. Many people live here; in terms of tourism, the area is very promising. Stunning mountainous areas, inexhaustible water resources, excellent fishing and simply relaxation in the lap of nature - such prospects attract tourists and provide opportunities for numerous tourism organizations.

The proximity of the Ural Mountains allows for mountaineering, as well as leading sports and adventure tourism groups. The area allows for something to do for everyone, including climbers highest category(they will be especially interested in the Subpolar Urals).

The unique forests of Komi have the status of a world natural heritage. So far, tourist routes here are undeveloped, although they have great prospects.

Bashkortostan is a place of amazing beauty. It’s hard to even imagine that forty percent of the area of the entire republic is occupied by forests, and besides them, more than 10,000 rivers flow here, there are about 2,500 lakes, ponds and reservoirs. Three reserves, two natural parks, more than a hundred and many reserves for the protection of medicinal plants - all this makes it impossible to get acquainted with even one republic during your vacation. The European part of Russia is truly vast.

Let's sum it up

We have only briefly touched upon the description of the riches that these vast territories conceal. The European part of Russia includes five districts, each of which includes from six to eighteen regions. The region may contain several dozen cities, large and small.

Tourists can find everything they want here. Big cities and ancient archaeological sites, untouched forests of Siberia and the highest mountains... Russia has always been famous for its water resources, Mother Nature’s reserves are truly inexhaustible! Rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, small and fragile, powerful and majestic, fast mountain streams for extreme sports enthusiasts or the Volga slowly carrying its waves - nowhere in the world is it possible to find such diversity. Not only the cities themselves, but also the surrounding areas are radically different from each other.

In the section on the question, how many regions, territories, republics are there in the European part of Russia? given by the author Neuropathologist the best answer is Subjects of the Federation in the European part of Russia (administrative centers in brackets):
Central Federal District (entirely)
1. Belgorod region (Belgorod)
2. Bryansk region (Bryansk)
3. Vladimir region(Vladimir)
4. Voronezh region(Voronezh)
5. Ivanovo region (Ivanovo)
6. Kaluga region (Kaluga)
7. Kostroma region(Kostroma)
8. Kursk region (Kursk)
9. Lipetsk region (Lipetsk)
10. Moscow
11. Moscow region (Moscow)
12. Oryol Region(Eagle)
13. Ryazan Oblast(Ryazan)
14. Smolensk region (Smolensk)
15. Tambov region (Tambov)
16. Tver region (Tver)
17. Tula region (Tula)
18. Yaroslavl region(Yaroslavl)
Northwestern Federal District (except for the Kaliningrad region)
19. Arkhangelsk region (Arkhangelsk)
20. Vologda region (Vologda)
21. Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk)
22. Komi Republic (Syktyvkar)
23. Leningrad region (St. Petersburg)
24. Murmansk region (Murmansk)
25. Novgorod region (Novgorod the Great)
26. Pskov region (Pskov)
27. St. Petersburg
28. Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Naryan-Mar, part of the Arkhangelsk region)
Southern Federal District
29. Astrakhan region (Astrakhan)
30. Volgograd region (Volgograd)
31. Republic of Kalmykia (Elista)
32. Rostov region (Rostov-on-Don)
33. Krasnodar region (Krasnodar)
North Caucasus Federal District
34. Dagestan (Makhachkala)
35. Ingushetia (Magas)
36. Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Nalchik)
37. Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Cherkessk)
38. North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz)
39. Stavropol Territory (Stavropol)
40. Chechnya (Grozny)
41. Adygea (Maykop)
Volga Federal District (west of the Urals)
42. Kirov region (Kirov)
43. Republic of Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola)
44. Republic of Mordovia (Saransk)
45. Nizhny Novgorod Region(Nizhny Novgorod)
46. Penza region (Penza)
47. Samara Region(Samara)
48. Saratov region (Saratov)
49. Republic of Tatarstan (Kazan)
50. Udmurt Republic (Izhevsk)
51. Ulyanovsk region (Ulyanovsk)
52. Chuvash Republic (Cheboksary)
Total: 52 constituent entities of the Russian Federation are located on the territory of the European part of the country. Of these, 32 are regions, 15 republics, 2 territories, 1 autonomous district, and 2 cities of federal significance.
Note: Sometimes the Kaliningrad region, which is actually a special region, part of the Baltic states, is also included in the European part of Russia.

Europe is a part of the world that is located in the northern hemisphere of our planet, it is washed by numerous seas and, together with Asia, forms Eurasia. In ancient Greek mythology, Europa is a Phoenician princess who was treacherously kidnapped by Zeus and taken to the island of Crete.

There is a hypothesis that this name comes from a Greek word that the Greeks used to designate all the territories located west of the Aegean Sea. There are other theories regarding the origin of this name.

General information

Today, more than 740 million people live here, or 10% of the total population of the Earth. The total territory is more than 10 million square kilometers.

The shores of Europe are washed by two oceans: the Atlantic and the Arctic, as well as numerous seas. The coast is very indented, large area occupy numerous peninsulas. Most of Europe is occupied by vast plains.

It flows here a large number of rivers and there are many large lakes. The climate is temperate, in the western part - oceanic, in the eastern part - continental. Europe is rich in minerals and other natural resources. This is where the countries with the most developed economies are located.

This part of the world has played a vital role in human history. It is worth noting the enormous richness and diversity of European cultures.

Borders

The borders of Europe have changed in different periods of human history, and debates around them continue to this day. The ancient Greeks considered the northern part of their country to be Europe. Gradually, people got to know their world better, and the borders gradually moved further to the east.

However, people developed more and more new territories and moved further to the east. The famous Russian historian Tatishchev proposed dividing the continent along the foot of the Ural Mountains. This point of view was first accepted in Russia, and then by foreign geographers.

However, even at the moment there are controversial issues regarding the exact boundaries of this part of the world. They are not global. Now there are several options for drawing borders. This issue plays an important political role, because where the border of Europe lies depends on which countries are included in it.

The border in the north runs along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, the west along the Atlantic Ocean, the eastern border along the foot of the Ural Mountains, along the Emba River to the Caspian Sea and along the Manych and Kuma rivers to the mouth of the Don. Then the border goes along the northern coast of the Black Sea and the Black Sea straits.

According to another opinion, the border runs along the Caucasus ridge. There are other options for drawing the border, which move it south from the Caucasus Mountains.

Countries that are part of Europe

Europe is often divided into Eastern and Western, Southern and Northern, although such a division is somewhat arbitrary. It is more related to political and cultural characteristics. On the European political map You can find both large states (Russia, Ukraine, France) and very tiny ones. Several countries are only partially located in Europe.

In total, this part of the world includes (in whole or in part) 49 countries. Of these, several states are not always considered to be part of Europe. There are also several areas with uncertain status. They declared independence, but it was not recognized by the world community.

The borders of European states have changed over the centuries as a result of numerous wars and revolutions.

So, which countries are considered European today? We have prepared a list for you, dividing it into four parts: states Western Europe, countries that are located in its north, countries of Southern and Eastern Europe. And also those countries that are only partially located in this part of the world.

West Side:

France
Great Britain
Austria
Belgium
Germany
Ireland
Luxembourg
Liechtenstein
Monaco
Switzerland
Ireland

East End:

Bulgaria
Romania
Ukraine
Poland
Slovakia
Hungary
Czech
Moldova
Belarus