Scientists - anthropologists have presented a new missing link. Living faces of Arkaim, anthropological scientists have restored the appearance of the South Urals people who lived four thousand years ago Scientists anthropologists

At the London Museum natural history(London's Natural History Museum), Great Britain, copies of the remains of the australopithecus Australopithecus sediba are on display. Visitors to the museum had the opportunity to see with their own eyes what paleoanthropologists have been heatedly arguing about since 2010.

American paleoartist John Gurshe created a portrait of Australopithecus sediba
A group of anthropologists from the University of Johannesburg in South Africa began excavations in 2008 in Malapa Cave, in the north of the country. There they found more than 220 bones of ancient hominids.

In 2010, 2 years later, Lee Berger and his colleagues discovered the well-preserved remains of a new species of australopithecus - Australopithecus sediba, which is an intermediate link from australopithecines to humans themselves. It is likely that the australopithecines, whose skeletons were found by scientists, fell into a large pit and therefore remained virtually untouched. A total of 2 skeletons were found - a young female aged approximately 30 years, and a young individual aged 10–13 years.

“The presence of many “advanced” features in the structure of the skeleton and skull, as well as the updated age of our find, allows us to assume that Australopithecus sediba is better suited to the role of the ancestor of the genus Homo - our genus, in comparison with the “current” ancestor of people - Homo habilis (Homo habilis) habilis)," said the discoverer of the "transition link" Lee Berger from the University of Johannesburg in South Africa.

Australopithecines have characteristics characteristic of both humans and chimpanzees. What makes them similar to humans are their short fingers, a structure of the skull similar to ours, and legs adapted for walking. However, these primates had long arms, their wrists were adapted for climbing trees, and their brains were relatively small compared to the first “direct” ancestor of humans, Homo habilis.

Paleontologists led by Robyn Pickering from the University of Melbourne, Australia, calculated the exact age of the fossils, which was 1.977 million years. The result was obtained by analyzing the ratio of uranium and lead isotopes in the remains themselves and in the surrounding rocks. Thus, Australopithecus sediba appeared in southern Africa at about the same time as Homo habilis.

A group of scientists led by Christian Carlson from the University of Witwatersrand (South Africa) studied the structure of the skull of a teenage Australopithecus who died at the age of 12-13 years. A scanner image of the inside of the skull showed that the brain of Australopithecus sediba was more similar to that of modern humans than to that of its closest relative, Australopithecus africanus.

Anthropologists believe that their find is much closer to the genus Homo than to australopithecines, and should supplant Homo habilis as the first representative of the genus Homo. However, not scientists agree with this.

However, not all so simple. Medicine is a kind of “black box” against which the judgments of scientists are ingloriously shattered. The typical response to the opaqueness of a field of study is to make sui generis impotence - critical judgments about medicine, rather than an attempt to understand the complexity of the field, to at least partially understand how and what works here.

General philosophy. Textbook for academic bachelor's degree

Alexander Georgievich Spirkin Educational literature Bachelor. Academic course

The reasoning of thinkers in all philosophical systems without exception began with an analysis of what surrounds man, and much later man began to think about himself, his spiritual world. It is impossible to know everything about human nature: no matter how much you study it, sooner or later you will certainly be convinced that man is great secret both for others and for oneself.

With this secret in himself and for himself, he is born and lives until the end of his days, taking his secret into another world, especially the secret of his soul, his consciousness and mind. The secret of personality resides in the depths of the spiritual world of the individual, in her soul, psyche, and consciousness.

The textbook is the second module of a philosophy course. A. G. Spirkina. The publication reflects the doctrine of being, the categorical structure of philosophical reason, the problems of philosophical anthropology, i.e. the problems of man and his existence in the world, the characteristics of the soul, consciousness and mind, the theory of knowledge.

Sex and repression in savage society

Bronislaw Malinowski Cultural studies Cultural Studies

Bronislaw Malinowski (1884–1942) is a famous British anthropologist of Polish origin. He has written a number of fascinating books about the beliefs and customs of the natives of New Guinea and the Trobriand Islands. The work brought to the attention of the reader is not only another exciting study that describes the hidden aspects of the life of the amazing inhabitants of Oceania, but also a document of the era.

Malinovsky was one of the first to apply the principles of psychoanalysis in other areas of science, although he used these principles far from unconditionally. The book, written during Freud's lifetime, is a vivid and compelling polemic against the ideas of the founder of psychoanalysis and his followers.

Arguing with psychoanalysis, the scientist analyzes in detail the problem of the Oedipus complex using rich material from the life of a matrilineal society, and then gradually expands the range of interests of anthropology, mastering the “intermediate area between the science of man and the science of animals.”

The book will be of interest not only to specialists in the field of anthropology and psychoanalysis, but also to a wide range of readers.

Criminal Man (collection)

Cesare Lombroso Medicine Missing No data

Scientist and criminologist Cesare Lombroso went down in history as the author of the theory about the biological predisposition of a number of people to commit crimes - a theory that, to a certain extent, laid the foundations of modern criminal anthropology and criminal psychology.

The richest factual material, unexpected for an Italian, truly German meticulousness and scrupulousness in systematizing data, and finally, the scale of research - thanks to all this, the works of C. Lombroso remain in demand to this day. This edition includes classic studies by Ch.

Lombroso - from the “Criminal Man” that made the Italian scientist famous in professional circles to the work “Genius and Madness” that brought him worldwide fame.

Science and Technology No. 04/2010

Absent Journalism: other Magazine "Science and Technology" 2010

In the issue: Urban planning and architecture Just a childhood dream Paleontology and anthropology Paleontology. Part 2. Georges Cuvier Ecology and energy Rapeseed – Ukraine’s field fuel In the world of interesting things The Battle of Berlin. Part 1. On the verge of collapse Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmonautics Exoplanets Military science Choosing a sword History and archeology Omdurman: knights against... machine guns and much more.

Psychology of socialism

Gustave Le Bon Philosophy Absent

“Gustave Le Bon’s book “The Psychology of Socialism” can currently be of great benefit in the fight against socialism and revolutionism. It went through five editions in France in a short period of time, was translated into several European languages and, one must think, managed to protect many minds from disastrous socialist and political hobbies.

Gustave Le Bon is a famous author of more than twenty scientific works on physical chemistry, physiology, anthropology, history, sociology and philosophy. The author's encyclopedicism and creativity are truly amazing. The book “Psychology of Socialism” is one of his later works, published after the works “Psychology of Education” and “Psychology of the Crowd”...".

The latest advances in the science of criminality

Cesare Lombroso Medicine Absent

“The rapid, rapid development of criminal anthropology deprives scientists of the opportunity to calmly wait for the appearance of new studies, which are usually very voluminous, equipped with abundant material and require a long time for their appearance. Although special magazines provide a clear picture of all newly appearing works, not everyone can follow them.

Therefore, I found it useful at this time to do short essay successes in criminal anthropology.." Cesare Lombroso.

Hughes Jr. James Foreign business literature Missing No data

80 years of solitude

Igor Kon Biographies and Memoirs Missing No data

The new book by the famous Russian social scientist I. S. Kon is a kind of intellectual autobiography. Igor Kon has worked all his life at the intersection of different public and humanities: sociology, history, anthropology, psychology and sexology.

His name is closely associated with the birth in Russia of such disciplines as the history of sociology, sociology of personality, psychology of adolescence, ethnography of childhood, and sexology. Some of his books broke traditional ideas and became bestsellers.

Freely, entertainingly, and at times very self-critically, Cohn talks about himself and his time: how his scientific interests were formed, what prompted him to move from one problem and discipline to another, how free this choice was and how his personal interests intersected with the problems of society.

Mayan. Vanished civilization: legends and facts

Michael Ko Documental literature Missing No data

The book by Michael Ko, a professor of anthropology at Yale University and the author of several popular science studies of the civilizations of Mesoamerica, is a fascinating story about the birth, rise and fall of the Mayan civilization, whose history has been of great interest to scientists and non-specialists for a century and a half.

You will learn a lot of interesting things about the achievements of the ancient people in the fields of mathematics, writing, astronomy, art, and architecture. A special article is devoted to the works of the Russian scientist Yu. V. Knorozov, who made an invaluable contribution to the deciphering of the Mayan writing.

History of Russian philosophy 2nd ed., revised. and additional Textbook for academic bachelor's degree

Alexey Valerievich Malinov Educational literature Bachelor. Academic course

The authors of the textbook proceed from the position that Russian philosophy arose as a result of assimilation and work first on the Byzantine and then Western European philosophical heritage. The structure of the textbook includes paragraphs on the Byzantine spiritual heritage, theological exegesis, hesychasm and Moscow non-acquisitiveness, political-ideological trends, philosophies of the Orthodox revival and the Kiev-Mohyla Academy; the content of educational philosophy is revealed using the example of natural philosophical, philosophical-anthropological, social-philosophical and moral teachings; describes the Slavophiles, the political philosophy of radicalism, the philosophy of unity and the Russian spiritual renaissance, positive philosophy, philosophies of language and liberal legal concepts; contains paragraphs on the philosophy of the noosphere, philosophical anthropology, philosophy of culture, ethnophilosophy and the ideology of dissidence.

Science and Technology No. 05/2010

Absent Journalism: other Magazine "Science and Technology" 2010

“Science and Technology” is a monthly popular science historical and technical illustrated magazine with interesting information from leading scientists and specialists from various fields of knowledge: architecture, chemistry, biology, military history and technology, archeology, weapons.

In the issue: Urban planning and architecture Elevator tower Paleontology and anthropology Paleontology. Part 3. Richard Owen Ecology and energy Ecology of space - a new problem for humanity In the world of interesting things Against the waves Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmonautics What a beautiful death ZiS-5 motor vehicles, nicknamed “Zakhar” History and archeology Civil War in America.

Part 3 and much more.

The religious and philosophical heritage of priest Pavel Florensky. Anthropological aspect

Nikolay Pavlyuchenkov Biographies and Memoirs Absent

Priest Pavel Florensky (1882–1937) is an outstanding thinker of the early 20th century. , who set a goal in his religious, philosophical and scientific creativity pave the way to a future coherent worldview. This work is devoted to one of the least studied aspects of his creative heritage, which includes ideas about the place of man in the world, the structure and purpose of man.

Systematic reconstruction of the anthropology of Fr. P. Florensky is undertaken on the basis large quantity sources: religious and philosophical works, letters and records of Fr. P. Florensky, covering the entire period of his creative activity in freedom and in prison Far East and in the Solovetsky camp.

The work also includes consideration of the main periods of the creative biography of Fr. Paul and the important features of his personal spiritual and mystical experience. The book is addressed to philosophers, theologians, historians of Russian philosophy and all those interested in questions of religious and philosophical teaching about man.

Ideas of rationalism in the teachings of R. Descartes, B. Spinoza and G. W. Leibniz 10. British philosophy of the 17th – 18th centuries. (F. Bacon, T. Hobbes, J. Locke, J. Berkeley, D. Hume) 11. French materialism of the 18th century. 12. Basic ideas of I. Kant’s philosophy 13. System and method of Hegel’s philosophy 14.

The emergence and development of Marxist philosophy 15. Non-classical philosophy at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. Difference from classical philosophy 16. Philosophy of life F. Nietzsche 17. Existentialism. Freedom and responsibility. The meaning of human existence 18. Hermeneutics F.

Schleiermacher, H. - G. Gadamer, V. Dilthey 19. Positivism and the stages of its development (B. Russell, early L. Wittgenstein) 20. Philosophy of postmodernism 21. Main directions, schools and representatives of Russian philosophy of the 19th - early 20th centuries 22. Domestic philosophy of the 20th century.

(A. Losev, E. Ilyenkov, M. Mamardashvili) 23. The problem of being and its various interpretations in philosophy 24. Philosophical anthropology. Basic concepts and problems 25. Consciousness, its genesis and structure. Conscious and unconscious. Philosophical ideas of psychoanalysis 26.

Cognition, its types and structure. Understanding and explanation as paradigms of cognition. Levels scientific knowledge 27. Concepts of truth. The problem of criteria of truth 28. Types and structure of knowledge. Everyday, scientific and philosophical knowledge 29. Subject and types of social philosophy 30.

Global studies and its problems. Global problems modern civilization © IDDK.

Philosophy

Team of authors Educational literature Absent

A complete course of philosophy is presented, structured in accordance with the state educational standard and new requirements of the experimental standard program of the integrated module “Philosophy”. Contains information about the leading sections of philosophical knowledge: ontology (the study of being), epistemology (the study of knowledge), philosophical anthropology (the study of man), social philosophy and philosophy of history.

In the issue: Urban planning and architecture Tower 200 years high Paleontology and anthropology Paleontology. Part 1. William Smith Ecology and energy Renewable energy sources. Part 2. Wind In the world of interesting Fire over the waves Physics and mathematics Photopolymer - a material of the 21st century Medicine and pharmacology Nanotechnology in medicine: development prospects History and archeology Civil War in America.

Part 1 and much more.

Science and Technology No. 03/2011

Absent Journalism: other Magazine "Science and Technology" 2011

In the issue: Astronomy, astrophysics and cosmonautics The Awakening of Enceladus Paleontology and anthropology The problem of warm-blooded dinosaurs Physics and mathematics Superlenses Geology, geography and geophysics Earthly threats to humanity. Part 2 Society, sociology and psychology Monarchical traditions in Ukraine in the twentieth century.

Military history and science Conflict on Damansky Island Discussion Disintegration or condensation? and much more.

Historical turns of culture: collection scientific articles(to the 70th anniversary of Professor I.V. Kondakov)

Team of authors Cultural studies Absent

A collection of scientific articles dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the birth of the famous scientist - philosopher and culturologist, cultural historian, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor Igor Vadimovich Kondakov - includes articles and materials from participants in the All-Russian conference "Historical Turns of Culture", held as part of the activities of the scientific and methodological seminar “Culture and Cultural Policy” (IGSU RANEPA) together with the Scientific and Educational Cultural Society (December 2017).

Among the authors of the articles are scientists and researchers, professors from universities in Russia and foreign countries. The book reveals a variety of approaches and assessments to understanding the dynamics of ongoing civilizational and socio-political changes, which to one degree or another affect the ideological and stylistic palette of modern culture; the uniqueness of artistic creativity of different periods of Russian cultural history is shown; the main trends of sociocultural development in the process of transition to the information age are identified.

The team of authors reflected the methodological searches of the scientific community in the field of cultural studies, philosophy, art history, in general - modern social and humanitarian knowledge and - the range of scientific interests of the hero of the day. The publication is addressed to both specialists and a wide range of readers who are interested in turning points in the history of Russian culture, theoretical problems of cultural studies and philosophy of culture.

The book is also recommended as a teaching aid for teachers and students at undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate levels for use in courses in cultural studies, anthropology, sociology, theory and history of culture, art history, ethnology, government controlled and management in the sociocultural sphere.

Slavs and the Aryan world

Isaac Taylor Terra Historica No data

What is the secret of the Aryans, to which the thinking reader invariably attracts? Who is considered a “true Aryan”: Slavs, Germans, Indians? Scientists are breaking spears in search of an answer. And if you ask the ancient Aryans themselves? This is exactly what the authors of this book, anthropologists Isaac Taylor and Ilse Shvidecki, decided.

Absent

James Hughes outlines the principles of managing family and family capital and gives practical advice. He offers an original strategy for preserving and increasing the human, intellectual and financial assets of the family, using in his recommendations elements of psychology, anthropology, political history, philosophy, economic theory and rights.

Hughes's ideas have been adopted by many families, consultants, scientists and practitioners - all of whom have confirmed the value of the principles and methods developed by the author. The book is intended for lawyers, economists, family consultants, and anyone interested in the problem of preserving family assets.

And God spends the night between the lines. Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov in the film by Elena Yakovich

Elena Yakovich Biographies and Memoirs Absent

This book is a unique monologue by an outstanding researcher, philologist, anthropologist, professor of several universities, academician Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov (1929–2017). The famous scientist here answers the main questions of history, talks about his life that passed through the tragic decades of the twentieth century, about his father, the writer Vsevolod Ivanov, about the geniuses with whom he was friends - Bakhtin and Kolmogorov, Pasternak and Shalamov, Brodsky and Solzhenitsyn, Kapitsa and Sakharov , - about the environment in which he grew up, remaining its last witness and chronicler, and about his experience of free existence in an unfree country.

Elena Yakovich, a famous journalist and director, author of the books “The Daughter of the Philosopher Shpet”, “Walks with Brodsky and so on”, films about Joseph Brodsky, Vasily Grossman, Sergei Dovlatov, Yuri Lyubimov, created this book based on the documentary series “And God” she shot spends the night between the lines,” shown in the series “Witnesses of Time” on the “Culture” TV channel.

The book includes rare photographs from the archives of the Ivanov family, covering almost a century of literary and scientific life.

Brock's brain. About science, space and man

Carl Sagan Foreign educational literature Absent

The book “Brock's Brain” is a deep and poetic story by an outstanding astronomer and astrophysicist about romance and responsibility, the risks and prospects of science. What place does it occupy in the life of humanity and how does it differ from pseudoscience? Where did the myths about Atlantis come from? Bermuda Triangle, ancient astronauts and emotions in plants and why is it important to debunk them? What planets and satellites solar system may be suitable for colonization, how did life originate and where in deep space is it still possible? How are planets and galaxies given names and what mistakes did great scientists make over many years of pursuit of the truth? How can science explain near-death experiences and how are they likely related to the birth experience? How does religion relate to science? What is the future of artificial intelligence and space exploration? All these thoughts were prompted by a visit to the Parisian Museum of Man by Carl Sagan.

For a millennium, the fjords were separated from the human world by a wall of impenetrable fog. Lost lands that are impossible to reach. Scientists around the world could only dream of an expedition to these mysterious shores. And how lucky I was, anthropologist Olivia Orway, to be included in the first research group to the fjords! Or... unlucky? After all, behind the fog, the unknown awaits us, frightening riddles and Ilkhi - barbarians about whom we know nothing.

Even who they really are.

Four insights. Wisdom, strength and mercy of the Guardians of the Earth

Alberto Villoldo Foreign psychology Psychonautics

Alberto Villoldo is a Ph.D., best-selling author, psychologist, and medical anthropologist. For over 25 years he has been teaching various practices of shamanism. A keen skier, traveler and climber, he is the organizer and leader of annual expeditions to the Amazon Valley and the peaks of the Andes in order to gain knowledge from the wise spiritual teachers of America.

The author of this book studied for many years with Indian shamans who call themselves Guardians of the Earth. They believe that everything that exists - the earth, people, whales, rocks and even the stars - is made of light. And everything that we perceive as our material environment is just our dream, which we project onto the world.

The dream is our story, and we believe that it is real... Even if it is not. The Guardians of the Earth teach us how to turn dreams into reality, change the perception of the problem that has arisen, trying to see in it opportunities for further spiritual growth and life changes.

Interest in the theories of Sigmund Freud, which had a significant influence on psychology, medicine, sociology, anthropology and art of the 20th century, did not stop throughout his life and continues to this day. Erich Fromm, the second genius from psychology, analyzes the theses of the theory of his idol, opening new facets in the world-famous teaching.

On September 15, the famous Russian anthropologist, candidate of biological sciences, scientific editor of the portal “Anthropogenesis.ru” Stanislav Drobyshevsky visited Tolyatti. At the Burevestnik cultural and leisure center, the scientist gave a lecture “The Life of the Simple and the Cunning: The Life of the Past and Its Biological Consequences.” What people of old times looked like and what they did, how living conditions affected their health - you could learn about this and much more at the lecture.

The anthropologist’s visit took place thanks to the initiative of the international public movement “Community of Young Scientists”. It is this organization that invites leading scientists to our city. For example, last year in Tolyatti Maxim Lebedev- famous archaeologist and specialist in Egyptian pyramids. Now an expert on evolution and human origins has come to give us a lecture.

Before the start of the performance, a historical and entertainment quest took place in the Burevestnik lobby. At interactive stations, guests were invited to make a torch out of paper, guess an ancient Russian riddle, build a tower from small planks, and also take part in a lottery where they could win various sweets or books by anthropologists.

Stanislav Drobyshevsky– popularizer of science, associate professor of the Department of Biological Sciences, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, lecturer at the “Scientists against Myths” forum. In 2018, he became a laureate of the IV All-Russian Prize “For Fidelity to Science” of the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation. Since 1997, he regularly took part in archaeological expeditions: in excavations of the ancient Greek necropolis of Artezian, Paleolithic sites in Denisova Cave (Altai), in the Moscow Kremlin, Stavropol Territory, Veliky Novgorod and beyond. Stanislav Vladimirovich is the author of numerous scientific monographs, teaching aids for students, the popular two-volume book “The Getting Link.” The scientist’s recent work is the book “Tales from the Grotto. 50 stories from the life of ancient people." The work is a collection of stories in which the author tries to reconstruct the life of ancient people from different parts of the world - from Europe to Australia. As the head of the supervisory board of the public movement “Community of Young Scientists” and the organizer of the lecture put it: Igor Vlasenko, who introduced the speaker to the audience, “a rock star from the world of science has come to us!”

The “scientific rock concert” was dedicated to the life of ancient people. According to Stanislav Drobyshevsky, many often mistakenly imagine that in the past people were the same as they are now. Of course, the lives of people of the past were similar to ours in many ways, but they were also strikingly different in many ways. Food, shelter, social status, profession, illnesses and habits - all this was partially reflected in their body, namely in the bones. By examining the remains of ancestors, anthropologists can now determine what people of the past did during their lifetime, without affecting written sources or architectural objects.

– When we [scientists] find some archaeological remains - pots, dishes, broken houses - it is not always obvious how to study them life of people, – says Stanislav Drobyshevsky. – How, for example, can you find out whether people lived well in the past? In fact, the quality of life is reflected in the people themselves. You can find out about this even after many years from the skeleton.

According to the scientist, the bones contain so-called markers of nonspecific stress. This means that the child had problems in life in the past that contributed to the abnormal growth of bones in the body. Defects form in infancy and many of them persist throughout life. Stress can be caused by anything: hunger, cold, war, relocation to another habitat, epidemic. When stress occurs regularly and continues for a long time (otherwise it will not affect the skeleton in any way), scientists can notice the defects caused by it. Whenever a person dies, an anthropologist is able to calculate at what age and how many times he had problems that affected his health. One of the most common markers of stress is hypoplasia - insufficient development of the enamel of baby or permanent teeth.

“When we [scientists] find one individual with hypoplasia, it doesn’t mean much. Maybe he was the only one who had problems in his life. And if there is a burial ground and the frequency of hypoplastic stripes is high, this means that something was consistently wrong with this particular group,– the lecturer emphasized.

Stanislav Vladimirovich noted that there are a lot of syndromes and complexes that arise as a result of a specific type of activity. For example, when a person regularly rides a horse, out of habit he jumps off the horse to one side and lands on his foot with a swing. Every time you jump off a horse, small microdamages occur, and bone tissue grows in a person’s knee. If such a defect was found in a person of the past, then we can assume that he was a horseman. Consequently, thanks to the bones, scientists are able to identify the type of activity of an ancient person.

Problems also happened with Russian princes. Yes, skeleton Yaroslav the Wise says that during his lifetime he had battle injuries, as well as a pathology of the knee, which is why the prince limped on one leg. The chronicle details how they killed Andrey Bogolyubsky. The brutal murder is also confirmed by archaeologists - many traces of wounds were found on his skeleton. And at the remains Ivan the Terrible Scientists have discovered prohibitive concentrations of mercury. The substance was included in many medicines of that time, which means it was treated for a serious illness.

- The doctors of Ancient Rus' did not draw parallels: we treat with mercury - he got worse - we are treating the king incorrectly. They thought differently: he feels bad, which means we need to give him more of the same drugs,– concluded Stanislav Drobyshevsky.

The lecturer made a consoling conclusion for the audience: “We should be glad that we live in the twenty-first century - and we do not live like people of old times. No one knocks on our heads or chops us with sabers. We don’t work like horses, and the changing climate is not an obstacle for us, so we don’t wear out our skeleton with wild force.”

After the lecture, listeners asked about the clothes of ancient people, about the burials of monks, and about the chances of scientists finding a frozen person or animal. But the most best question, according to the lecturer, the girl violist asked: “Is it possible to identify a musician by his bones?” Stanislav Drobyshevsky answered jokingly: “To identify a musician, you must first understand what deformations occur in a musician throughout his life. Over time, you can donate yourself to science. Better yet, organize a crowd of violists for us [scientists] to calculate all the possible defects. Then we’ll look for musicians too.” The author of the question received a book by S.V. as a gift from the organizers. Gordeev "Magical history of the world".

Where do we come from? Humanity has been asking itself this question throughout the history of its existence. Probably from the time when man first developed the rudiments of reason and self-awareness. Many philosophers and great minds have tried to answer it.

Many ideas and concepts were proposed. People argued with each other, defending their point of view, finding and bringing forward new evidence and refutations. But for thousands of years they have not been able to get to the truth. Another question that followed from the previous one and went along with it was how does a person develop in a social environment? How do society and culture influence its formation and existence? By what laws does a person live and is able to live in this world?

All the questions raised above concern a person and in order to answer them, it is necessary to study oneself - a person. People have studied themselves throughout the history of their existence, but the science of man (anthropology) appeared much later in the 18th and mainly 19th centuries. Great contribution to the formation of this scientific discipline contributed by philosophers of the classical and non-classical schools (I. Kant, L. Fayerbach), as well as representatives of French philosophical thought. Anthropology itself in our time is divided into several directions. Since the development of this science was initially carried out by philosophers, the first direction is philosophical anthropology. This school of thought primarily dealt with the question “What is man?” " She was not interested in questions about human origins.

Their main goal was to understand the diversity of human existence. Another direction in anthropology, oddly enough, relates to the sphere of religion. Religious anthropology tries to understand the essence of man in the context of religious teaching. Another major field in anthropology is cultural anthropology. Scientists in this direction study and compare human societies, cultures, peoples, races, etc. Any culture leaves behind traces - material products, which serve as the object of study.

The study of cultures is carried out not only in a horizontal direction (by comparing existing ones), but also in a vertical direction (by studying culture at all stages of the development of history). Finally, another major area is physical anthropology. An important issue in this direction is the origin and evolution of man. When the word “anthropologist” is uttered, one first of all imagines a scientist who deals specifically with the issue of human origins.

It can be noted that anthropology is at the intersection of various fields of knowledge: from the humanities to the natural sciences. Therefore, at present, anthropology considers man as a biological being, changing over time, and at the same time, the manifestations of his biological nature are mediated by the social environment. Therefore, when conducting their research, anthropologists always take into account the influence of the environment on the formation of certain biological characteristics.

So what is an anthropologist and how do you become an anthropologist? Anthropologists often arrive at excavations. To understand how a person has changed over time, it is necessary to obtain material for analysis. Anthropologists study the external similarities and differences of populations, nationalities, and races. Anthropologists also pay attention to the constitutional characteristics of a person, the influence of the environment and genes on the formation of the constitution. It is important to note here another area of activity of the anthropologist.

We also suggest that you familiarize yourself with the professions of agronomist, linguist and ecologist.

Everyone knows that using the found remains and skulls, scientists carry out reconstructions - they recreate the possible lifetime appearances of the found creatures. A huge contribution to the development of the reconstruction method was made by the Soviet scientist M. Gerasimov, whose techniques and methods are still used all over the world. This method became popular not only among anthropologists, but also among criminologists.

Using this method, it was possible to solve a huge number of crimes and identify many found bodies and skeletons.

Pros of being an anthropologist:

The first is constant trips to excavation sites. The anthropologist does not have to sit still. It is necessary to constantly look for new finds, the search for which can be carried out in various lost corners of the world, where no human has ever set foot.

The second is the endless variety of human faces. Having direct dealings with people, an anthropologist constantly has to meet, observe and study representatives of different ethnic groups and peoples. The diversity that he encounters in his work amazes the imagination, making us think about how different we are all and at the same time how we are all the same.

Third, it's a friendly team. The famous anthropologist S. Drobyshevsky, talking about why he chose this profession, said that the anthropology department interested him because of the very friendly staff. After all, as he says, it is impossible to study a person and at the same time not love him.

Fourth, like any scientific activity in this area, there is a chance to go down in the history of science by making an incredible discovery.

Disadvantages of being an anthropologist:

The first is the low salary of anthropologists. Like any scientific activity, the work of an anthropologist is poorly paid. We have to constantly conduct active scientific, teaching and educational activities. Writing scientific articles and monographs results in a salary increase. Writing non-fiction books can also generate income. You can receive a separate fee for assisting criminologists by analyzing bone remains from a crime scene.

Secondly, there is high competition. As in any other scientific field, competition here manifests itself in the desire to make a discovery. You also have to be under a barrage of criticism when putting forward your own ideas or hypotheses.

Third, the difficulties of combining academic and family spheres. Of course, in the work of an anthropologist, combining family and work is much easier, however, constant trips to excavation sites can be harmful family relations. We should also not forget that in science they remember the name of the one who first made the discovery.

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For the first time in history, Russian scientists conducted an unprecedented study of the Russian gene pool - and were shocked by its results. In particular, this study fully confirmed the idea expressed in our articles “Country of Moksel” (No. 14) and “Non-Russian Russian Language” (No. 12) that Russian Russians are not Slavs, but only Russian-speaking Finns...

“Russian scientists have completed and are preparing for publication the first large-scale study of the gene pool of the Russian people. The publication of the results could have unpredictable consequences for Russia and the world order,” this is how the publication on this topic in the Russian publication Vlast sensationally begins. And the sensation really turned out to be incredible - many myths about Russian nationality turned out to be false. Among other things, it turned out that genetically Russians are not “Eastern Slavs” at all, but Finns...

The Russians turned out to be Finns

Over several decades of intense research, anthropologists have been able to identify the appearance of a typical Russian person. They are of average build and average height, light brown-haired men with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, during the research a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The standard Ukrainian differs from the Russian in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a dark brunette with regular facial features and brown eyes. However, anthropological measurements of the proportions of the human body are not even the last, but the century before last, of science, which has long ago received at its disposal the most accurate methods of molecular biology, which make it possible to read all human genes. And the most advanced methods of DNA analysis today are sequencing (reading the genetic code by letter) mitochondrial DNA and human Y chromosome DNA. Mitochondrial DNA has been passed down through the female line from generation to generation, virtually unchanged since the time when the ancestor of mankind, Eve, climbed down from a tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is present only in men and therefore is also passed on to male offspring almost unchanged, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before being dealt. Thus, unlike indirect signs ( appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicate the degree of kinship between people, writes the magazine “Power”.

In the West, human population geneticists have been successfully using these methods for two decades. In Russia they were used only once, in the mid-1990s, when identifying royal remains. A turning point in the situation with the use of the most modern methods to study the titular nation of Russia occurred only in 2000. Russian Foundation basic research allocated a grant to scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetics Center Russian Academy medical sciences. For the first time in Russian history, scientists were able to fully concentrate on studying the gene pool of the Russian people for several years. They supplemented their molecular genetic research with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.

The molecular genetic results of Russia’s first study of the gene pool of the titular nationality are now being prepared for publication in the form of a monograph “Russian Gene Pool”, which will be published at the end of the year by the Luch publishing house. The magazine “Vlast” provides some research data. So, it turned out that the Russians are not “Eastern Slavs” at all, but Finns. By the way, these studies completely destroyed the notorious myth about the “Eastern Slavs” - that supposedly Belarusians, Ukrainians and Russians “make up a group of Eastern Slavs.” The only Slavs of these three peoples turned out to be only Belarusians, but it turned out that Belarusians are not “Eastern Slavs” at all, but Western ones - because they are genetically practically no different from the Poles. So the myth about the “kinship blood of Belarusians and Russians” was completely destroyed: Belarusians turned out to be virtually identical to the Poles, Belarusians are genetically very far from Russians, but very close to Czechs and Slovaks. But the Finns of Finland turned out to be much closer genetically to the Russians than the Belarusians. Thus, according to the Y chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns in Finland is only 30 conventional units(close relationship). And the genetic distance between a Russian person and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Vepsians, Mordovians, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are IDENTICAL. In this regard, the magazine “Vlast” notes: “And the harsh statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Estonia on September 1 at the Council of the EU in Brussels (after the denunciation by the Russian side of the treaty on the state border with Estonia) about discrimination against the Finno-Ugric peoples allegedly related to the Finns in the Russian Federation loses its substantive meaning . But due to the moratorium of Western scientists, the Russian Foreign Ministry was unable to reasonably accuse Estonia of interfering in our internal, one might even say closely related, affairs.” This philippic is only one facet of the mass of contradictions that have arisen. Since the closest relatives for Russians are Finno-Ugrians and Estonians (in fact, these are the same people, since a difference of 2-3 units is inherent in only one people), then Russian jokes about “inhibited Estonians” are strange, when Russians themselves are these Estonians. A huge problem arises for Russia in self-identification as supposedly “Slavs,” because genetically the Russian people have nothing to do with the Slavs. In the myth about the “Slavic roots of the Russians,” Russian scientists have put an end to it: there is nothing of the Slavs in the Russians. There is only the near-Slavic Russian language, but it also contains 60-70% of non-Slavic vocabulary, so a Russian person is not able to understand the languages of the Slavs, although a real Slav understands any Slavic languages (except Russian) due to the similarity. The results of mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that another closest relative of Russians, besides the Finns of Finland, are the Tatars: Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separates them from the Finns. The data for Ukraine turned out to be no less sensational. It turned out that genetically the population of Eastern Ukraine is Finno-Ugrians: Eastern Ukrainians are practically no different from Russians, Komi, Mordvins, and Mari. This is one Finnish people, who once had their own common Finnish language. But with the Ukrainians of Western Ukraine, everything turned out to be even more unexpected. These are not Slavs at all, just as they are not the “Russo-Finns” of Russia and Eastern Ukraine, but a completely different ethnic group: between the Ukrainians from Lvov and the Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units.

This close relationship between Western Ukrainians and Tatars may be explained by the Sarmatian roots of the ancient inhabitants of Kievan Rus. Of course, there is a certain Slavic component in the blood of Western Ukrainians (they are more genetically close to the Slavs than the Russians), but these are still not Slavs, but Sarmatians. Anthropologically, they are characterized by wide cheekbones, dark hair and brown eyes, dark (and not pink, like Caucasians) nipples. The magazine writes: “You can react to these strictly scientific facts, showing the natural essence of the reference electorates of Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych. But it will not be possible to accuse Russian scientists of falsifying these data: then the accusation will automatically extend to their Western colleagues, who have been delaying the publication of these results for more than a year, each time extending the moratorium period.” The magazine is right: these data clearly explain the deep and permanent split in Ukrainian society, where two completely different ethnic groups actually live under the name “Ukrainians.” Moreover, Russian imperialism will take this scientific data into its arsenal - as another (already weighty and scientific) argument to “increase” the territory of Russia with Eastern Ukraine. But what about the myth about the “Slavic-Russians”?

Recognizing these data and trying to use them, Russian strategists are faced with what is popularly called a “double-edged sword”: in this case, they will have to reconsider the entire national self-identification of the Russian people as “Slavic” and abandon the concept of “kinship” with Belarusians and the entire Slavic World - no longer at the level scientific research, but at the political level. The magazine also publishes a map indicating the area where “truly Russian genes” (that is, Finnish) are still preserved. Geographically, this territory “coincides with Russia during the time of Ivan the Terrible” and “clearly shows the conventionality of some state borders", this is what the magazine writes. Namely: the population of Bryansk, Kursk and Smolensk is not a Russian population at all (that is, Finnish), but a Belarusian-Polish one - identical to the genes of Belarusians and Poles. An interesting fact is that in the Middle Ages the border between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy was precisely the ethnic border between the Slavs and Finns (by the way, it was then eastern border Europe). The further imperialism of Muscovy-Russia, which annexed neighboring territories, went beyond the boundaries of ethnic Muscovites and captured foreign ethnic groups.

What is Rus'?

These new discoveries by Russian scientists allow us to take a fresh look at the entire politics of medieval Muscovy, including its concept of “Rus”. It turns out that Moscow’s “pulling of the Russian blanket over itself” is explained purely ethnically and genetically. The so-called “Holy Rus'” in the concept of the Russian Orthodox Church of Moscow and Russian historians was formed due to the rise of Moscow in the Horde, and, as Lev Gumilyov wrote, for example, in the book “From Rus' to Russia”, due to this same fact, Ukrainians and Belarusians ceased to be Rusyns, ceased to be Russia. It is clear that there were two completely different Russias. One, the Western one, lived its own life as a Slav and united into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Russia. Another Rus' - Eastern Rus' (more precisely Muscovy - because it was not considered Russia at that time) - entered the ethnically close Horde for 300 years, in which it then seized power and made it “Russia” even before the conquest of Novgorod and Pskov into the Horde-Russia. It is this second Rus' – the Rus' of the Finnish ethnic group – that the Russian Orthodox Church of Moscow and Russian historians call “Holy Russia”, while depriving Western Rus' of the right to something “Russian” (forcing even the entire people of Kievan Rus to call themselves not Rusyns, but “outskirts” ). The meaning is clear: this Finnish Russian had little in common with the original Slavic Russian.

The very centuries-old confrontation between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy (who seemed to have something in common in the Rus of the Rurikovichs and in the Kievan faith, and the princes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Vitovt-Yurii and Jagiello-Yakov were Orthodox from birth, were Rurikovichs and Grand Dukes of Russia, did not speak any other language except Russian knew) - this is a confrontation between countries of different ethnic groups: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gathered the Slavs, and Muscovy gathered the Finns. As a result, for many centuries two Russias opposed each other - the Slavic Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Finnish Muscovy. This also explains the glaring fact that Muscovy NEVER during its stay in the Horde expressed a desire to return to Rus', gain freedom from the Tatars, and become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. And its capture of Novgorod was caused precisely by the negotiations of Novgorod on joining the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This Russophobia of Moscow and its “masochism” (“the Horde yoke is better than the Grand Duchy of Lithuania”) can only be explained by ethnic differences with primordial Russia and ethnic closeness to the peoples of the Horde. It is this genetic difference with the Slavs that explains Muscovy’s rejection of the European way of life, hatred of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Poles (that is, the Slavs in general), and a great love for the East and Asian traditions. These studies of Russian scientists must necessarily be reflected in the revision of their concepts by historians. In particular, it has long been necessary to introduce into historical science the fact that there was not one Rus', but two completely different ones: Slavic Rus' and Finnish Rus'. This clarification makes it possible to understand and explain many processes in our medieval history, which in the current interpretation still seem devoid of any meaning.

Russian surnames

Attempts by Russian scientists to study the statistics of Russian surnames initially encountered a lot of difficulties. The Central Election Commission and local election commissions flatly refused to cooperate with scientists, citing the fact that only if voter lists are kept secret can they guarantee the objectivity and integrity of elections to federal and local authorities. The criterion for including a surname in the list was very lenient: it was included if at least five bearers of this surname lived in the region for three generations. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, across all regions of Russia there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others.

When superimposing regional lists on top of each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called “all-Russian surnames.” The magazine writes: “It’s interesting that final stage research, they decided to add surnames of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern region, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporozhye Cossacks evicted here by Catherine II would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. Which led to the obvious and not for everyone pleasant conclusion that Kuban is populated mainly by Russian people. Where did the Ukrainians go and were they even here at all is a big question.” And further: “The analysis of Russian surnames generally gives food for thought. Even the simplest action - searching for the names of all the country's leaders - gave an unexpected result. Only one of them was included in the list of bearers of the top 250 all-Russian surnames - Mikhail Gorbachev (158th place). The surname Brezhnev occupies 3767th place in the general list (found only in the Belgorod region of the Southern region). The surname Khrushchev is in 4248th place (found only in the Northern region, Arkhangelsk region). Chernenko took 4749th place (Southern region only). Andropov has 8939th place (Southern region only). Putin took 14,250th place (Southern region only). And Yeltsin was not included in the general list at all. Stalin's last name, Dzhugashvili, was not considered for obvious reasons. But the pseudonym Lenin was included in the regional lists at number 1421, second only to the first president of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev.” The magazine writes that the result amazed even the scientists themselves, who believed that the main difference between the bearers of southern Russian surnames was not the ability to lead a huge power, but the increased sensitivity of the skin of their fingers and palms. A scientific analysis of dermatoglyphics (papillary patterns on the skin of the palms and fingers) of Russian people showed that the complexity of the pattern (from simple arches to loops) and the accompanying sensitivity of the skin increases from north to south. “A person with simple patterns on the skin of his hands can hold a glass of hot tea in his hands without pain,” Dr. Balanovskaya clearly explained the essence of the differences. “And if there are a lot of loops, then such people make unsurpassed pickpockets.” Scientists publish a list of the 250 most common Russian surnames. What was unexpected was the fact that the most common Russian surname is not Ivanov, but Smirnov. This whole list is incorrect, it’s not worth citing, here are just the 20 most common Russian surnames: 1. Smirnov; 2. Ivanov; 3. Kuznetsov; 4. Popov; 5. Sokolov; 6. Lebedev; 7. Kozlov; 8. Novikov; 9. Morozov; 10. Petrov; 11. Volkov; 12. Soloviev; 13. Vasiliev; 14. Zaitsev; 15. Pavlov; 16. Semenov; 17. Golubev; 18. Vinogradov; 19. Bogdanov; 20. Vorobyov. All top all-Russian surnames have Bulgarian endings with -ov (-ev), plus several surnames with –in (Ilyin, Kuzmin, etc.). And among the top 250 there is not a single surname of “Eastern Slavs” (Belarusians and Ukrainians) starting with -iy, -ich, -ko. Although in Belarus the most common surnames are -iy and -ich, and in Ukraine - -ko. This also shows deep differences between the “Eastern Slavs”, for Belarusian surnames with –i and –ich are equally the most common in Poland – and not at all in Russia. The Bulgarian endings of the 250 most common Russian surnames indicate that the surnames were given by the priests of Kievan Rus, who spread Orthodoxy among its Finns in Muscovy, therefore these surnames are Bulgarian, from the holy books, and not from the living Slavic language, which the Finns of Muscovy did not have. Otherwise, it is impossible to understand why Russians do not have surnames of Belarusians living nearby (in -iy and -ich), but Bulgarian surnames - although the Bulgarians are not at all bordering Moscow, but live thousands of kilometers away from it. The widespread use of surnames with animal names is explained by Lev Uspensky in his book “Riddles of Toponymy” (Moscow, 1973) by the fact that in the Middle Ages people had two names - from their parents and from baptism, and “from their parents” it was then “fashionable” to give names animals. As he writes, then in the family the children had the names Hare, Wolf, Bear, etc. This pagan tradition was embodied in the widespread use of “animal” surnames.

About Belarusians

A special topic in this study is the genetic identity of Belarusians and Poles. This did not become the subject of attention of Russian scientists, because it is outside Russia. But it is very interesting for us. The very fact of genetic identity of Poles and Belarusians is not unexpected. The very history of our countries is confirmation of this - the main part of the ethnic group of Belarusians and Poles is not the Slavs, but the Slavicized Western Balts, but their genetic “passport” is so close to the Slavic that it would be practically difficult to find differences in genes between the Slavs and the Prussians, Masurians, Dainova , Yatvingians, etc. This is what unites the Poles and Belarusians, the descendants of the Slavicized Western Balts. This ethnic community also explains the creation of the Union State of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The famous Belarusian historian V.U. Lastovsky in " Brief history Belarus" (Vilno, 1910) writes that negotiations began ten times on the creation of the Union State of Belarusians and Poles: in 1401, 1413, 1438, 1451, 1499, 1501, 1563, 1564, 1566, 1567. - and ended for the eleventh time with the creation of the Union in 1569. Where does such persistence come from? Obviously, only out of awareness of ethnic community, for the ethnic group of Poles and Belarusians was created by dissolving the Western Balts into themselves. But the Czechs and Slovaks, who were also part of the first in the history of the Slavic Union of Peoples of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, no longer felt this degree of closeness, because they did not have a “Baltic component” in themselves. And there was even greater alienation among the Ukrainians, who saw little ethnic kinship in this and over time entered into complete confrontation with the Poles. The research of Russian geneticists allows us to take a completely different look at our entire history, since many political events and political preferences of the peoples of Europe are largely explained precisely by the genetics of their ethnic group - which until now has remained hidden from historians. It was genetics and the genetic relationship of ethnic groups that were the most important forces in political processes medieval Europe. The genetic map of peoples created by Russian scientists allows us to look at the wars and alliances of the Middle Ages from a completely different angle.

The results of research by Russian scientists about the gene pool of the Russian people will be absorbed in society for a long time, because they completely refute all our existing ideas, reducing them to the level of unscientific myths. This new knowledge must not only be understood, but rather one must get used to it. Now the concept of “Eastern Slavs” has become absolutely unscientific, the congresses of the Slavs in Minsk are unscientific, where it is not Slavs from Russia who gather, but Russian-speaking Finns from Russia, who are not genetically Slavs and have nothing to do with the Slavs. The very status of these “congresses of the Slavs” is completely discredited by Russian scientists. Based on the results of these studies, Russian scientists called the Russian people not Slavs, but Finns. The population of Eastern Ukraine is also called Finns, and the population of Western Ukraine is genetically Sarmatian. That is, Ukrainian people- also not Slavs. The only Slavs from the “Eastern Slavs” are the Belarusians, but they are genetically identical to the Poles - which means they are not “Eastern Slavs” at all, but genetically Western Slavs. In fact, this means the geopolitical collapse of the Slavic Triangle of the “Eastern Slavs,” because the Belarusians turned out to be genetically Poles, the Russians were Finns, and the Ukrainians were Finns and Sarmatians. Of course, propaganda will continue to try to hide this fact from the population, but you can’t hide an sew in a bag. Just as you can’t shut the mouth of scientists, you can’t hide their latest genetic research. Scientific progress cannot be stopped. Therefore, the discoveries of Russian scientists are not just a scientific sensation, but a BOMB capable of undermining all currently existing foundations in the ideas of peoples. That is why the Russian magazine “Vlast” gave this fact an extremely concerned assessment: “Russian scientists have completed and are preparing for publication the first large-scale study of the gene pool of the Russian people. The publication of the results could have unpredictable consequences for Russia and the world order.” The magazine did not exaggerate.

Vadim Rostov, “Analytical newspaper “Secret Research”

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