Ability to set goals on your own initiative. Knowledge test in the discipline “Personality Psychology” ABC

Knowledge test in the discipline “Personality Psychology”

Accentuations are such options for character development that are not characteristic of:

 increasing the ability to social adaptation

Accuracy, frugality, generosity are:  traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards things

A more mature psychological defense mechanism is considered to be:  projection

The behaviorist approach views a person as a result:

 he understands the consequences of his behavior

Verifiability is a criterion for the value of a theory, consisting in:

 accessibility to empirical testing of the concepts of the theory due to their certainty and logical relationship

Most definitions of personality emphasize

 structure, relative stability, development, individual differences

Viscerotonic, somatotonic, cerebrotonic components in the structure of temperament were identified by:  W. Sheldon

Leading instincts from the point of view of S. Freud  life instinct and death instinct

In temperament, personality is manifested from its:  dynamic properties

A high degree of efficiency and the ability to calmly find a way out in difficult situations reveal such indicators nervous system, as:  strength

The highest form of personality orientation is:  conviction

In character, personality manifests itself to a greater extent in terms of:  content

The highest stage of ontogenetic development of a person in society is  individuality

The emergence of self-awareness is not associated with an increase in involuntariness

Will is a person’s regulation of his behavior associated with overcoming internal and external obstacles. This regulation is:  conscious

Will is a person’s conscious regulation of his behavior and activities, associated with overcoming external and internal....  obstacles

A person’s ability to determine his actions, focusing not on the pressure of others, not on random influences, but based on his beliefs and knowledge, characterizes him:  integrity

A return to ontogenetically earlier, infantile behavioral strategies is called:  regression

In G. Eysenck’s personality scheme, two dimensions are distinguished: stability/instability and:

 extroversion/introversion

As elements of personality, the behaviorist theory of personality calls:

 reflexes or social skills

An important differentiating characterological feature in situations of frustration is the parameter:  neuroticism

The concept of “striving for superiority”, introduced by A. Adler, expresses

 a person’s desire to overcome the feeling of insufficiency of one’s own strengths and capabilities

The guarantor of psychological security is:

 adequate self-esteem

 sense of belonging to a group

 tendency to supra-situational activity

The main difference between neobehavioral approaches to the study of personality and classical behaviorism is:  replacement of the response learning model with a operant conditioning rejection of the “stimulus-response” principle

The advantages of the anamnesis method are:  the ability to take into account the complexity and inconsistency of individual personality characteristics

A discipline that seeks to lay the foundation for a better understanding of human personality through the use of a variety of research strategies

 personology

Substitution manifests itself:  in a change in feelings  in a change in motives

 in changing personality relationships to the opposite

Z. Freud believed that the Oedipus complex develops at the stage:  phallic

Identity is considered by E. Erikson in two aspects:

 group level of identity

 organic and individual level of identity

The sources of socialization are

 transmission of culture through family and other social institutions, primarily through the system of education, training and upbringing

The hierarchical pyramid of needs was developed by:  A. Maslow

Individual psychoanalysis as a branch of psychology was founded by ..... A. Adler

The criteria for the value of personality theory are:

 verifiability, heuristic value, internal consistency, parsimony, breadth of coverage, functional significance

The criterion of a theory being able to help people understand their everyday behavior  functional relevance

A specific person, taken in the system of his stable socially determined psychological characteristics that determine his moral actions - this is a personality

The criterion for temperament is:  early manifestation in childhood

The criterion for the socialization of a person is:

 the degree of individual independence, confidence, independence.

 degree of emancipation, independence

The key concept of analytical psychology is:  archetype

What archetype did C. G. Jung associate with the feminine principle in men  anima

Personality is interpreted as a set of internal conditions through which external influences are refracted  S.L. Rubinstein

Personal qualities, predetermined mainly social factors, - This

 value orientations

Socially determined personal properties are  value relations

Personality is  a set of relatively stable properties and inclinations of an individual that distinguish him from others

Personality is a biosocial hierarchical structure, from the position of  K.K. Platonov

People are more likely to be extroverts than introverts with temperament types  sanguine and choleric

Personality is the result of the interaction of abilities, past experiences and expectations of the individual, on the one hand, and the environment, on the other, according to: behaviorists

Any behavior is determined by its consequences, from the point of view of:  B. Skinner

Personality is a biosocial hierarchical structure, from the position of K.K.Platonov

The mechanism of personality socialization includes  Identification  Imitation

Many personality traits are determined by sexual desires suppressed in childhood, according to:  psychoanalysis

The disadvantages of the correlation method of studying personality are:

 failure to identify cause-and-effect relationships; possible interference from an uncontrolled third variable

Name structural components temperament  activity, emotionality

The unique combination of a person’s psychological characteristics is  individuality

Name the main functions of the will  activating

Name the quality of will. Conscious orientation of the individual towards achieving a more or less distant goal  purposefulness

Name the quality of will. The desire to achieve what you want instantly, despite difficulties  perseverance

Name the quality of will. Systematic manifestation of willpower when a person strives to achieve a distant goal  perseverance

Neuroticism as a personality property is included in the personality structure:  according to G. Eysenck

Negative reinforcement is:  the removal of a pleasant stimulus following an undesirable behavior

One of the main methodological principles of psychology, used by personality psychology  determinism

An individual person, in the totality of all his inherent qualities: biological, physical, social psychological, etc., is a  personality

Basic approaches to measuring individual psychological characteristics of a person

 nomothetic  ideographic

Ontogenetic human development, from the point of view of domestic psychology, can be characterized by the following sequence of concepts

 individual, subject of activity, personality, individuality

The basic “unit” of any historical process, including human biography

Basic characteristics of human needs

 strength, frequency of occurrence, method of satisfaction

An objectified need, a need specifically for a given object, which encourages a person to take active action, is:  motive

A person’s assessment of himself, his capabilities, personal qualities and place in the system of interpersonal relationships is called  self-esteem

The founder of the psychodynamic theory of personality is:  3. Freud

One of the founders of social learning in the behavioral theory of personality is:  A. Bandura

A distinctive feature of A. Bandura’s approach to the study of personality is:

 emphasizing the mutual influence of environmental, cognitive and behavioral factors, studying observational learning (models) and introducing the concept of self-efficacy

The principle of causality is otherwise called  the principle of determinism

The principle of personality psychology, which is realized in understanding the process of transformation of an individual’s biological structures into socially conditioned structures of his personality

 development principle

Psychological branches that study personality  social Psychology

 differential psychology  personology

Ideas about extraversion/introversion were developed by:  C. Jung

The concept of “accentuation” was introduced into psychology...  K. Leonard

A concept introduced into personology by G. Allport, which represents a positive, creative, growth-seeking and developing property of human nature

 proprium

A concept used in personality psychology to describe personality dynamics and individual development  life path

A concept expressing the indivisibility, integrity and genotypic characteristics of a person as a representative of the genus  individual

According to I.P. Pavlov, a strong, balanced and mobile type of nervous system is characteristic of:  sanguine people

According to I.P. Pavlov, a strong, unbalanced and mobile type of nervous system is characteristic of:  choleric people

Process and result of assimilation social experience socialization

Needs necessary for the normal development of a person as an individual  sociogenic

The first theoretical developments in the field of self-concept belong to  K. Rogers

The concept of “I-concept” originated in the mainstream of psychology  humanistic

According to S.L. Rubinstein, self-awareness  is a stage in the development of consciousness

The psychological mechanism of self-awareness is  reflection

The problem of mental defense mechanisms was first developed:  in psychoanalysis

The transformation of the energy of instinctive drives into socially acceptable ways of activity is called:  sublimation

The concept of "sublimation" was introduced in scientific dictionary:  3. Freud

 sublimation

The concept of “spiritual abilities” was introduced into psychology  V.D. Shadrikov

A concept that can be defined as a person’s awareness of his ability to act as a cause of change (or resistance to change) in the world around him and in his own life  responsibility

The concept of “inferiority complex” was introduced into scientific terminology by:  A. Adler

Psychoanalytic concept of personality 3. Freud refers to:  theories of personality instances

The problem of mental defense mechanisms was first developed:

 in psychoanalysis

According to A. Adler, an inferiority complex is:  a consequence of a defect

 universal driving force for personality development

 a consequence of frustration of the need to overcome unfavorable circumstances

According to A. Adler, the tendency to be late for dates or the need to arouse admiration at any cost is a consequence of a superiority complex

Human behavior in a problem situation, based on the selection of “blind” motor tests that only accidentally lead to success, was explained by:  behaviorism

Human nature can only be known through affective experience through which it is expressed “in this place and at this time,” according to personality theories:

 humanistic

Indicators of extraversion/introversion and instability/stability are correlated as follows:  mutually independent

A fully functioning person, according to Rogers, is characterized by:  openness to experience, an existential lifestyle, organismic trust, experiential freedom, creativity

Considering the mental structure of man, 3. Freud showed that the pleasure principle is guided by:  “It

The “flourishing” of a personality depends on how a person copes with each of the eight psychosocial crises through which he goes through in his life, according to:  E. Erikson

A role is an expected behavior due to a person’s status

 social function of the individual

 a way of behavior of people that corresponds to accepted norms, depending on their position in society

Considering the mental structure of man, 3. Freud showed that the pleasure principle is guided by:  “It”

The “flourishing” of a person depends on how a person copes with each of the eight psychosocial crises that he goes through in his life, according to:

 E. Erickson

Standardization implies  uniformity in the administration of the test and the calculation of results.

According to E. Erikson, the struggle between hard work and inferiority develops in a person during:  school age

The social situation of a child’s development includes in its structure  all of the above

How many stages does G. Allport distinguish in the development of the proprium?  seven

The socio-biological characteristic by which people define the concepts of “man” and “woman” is...  gender

Stability of mood, stability of impressions are such indicators of the nervous system as:  balance

A property indicating ease of adaptation to external influences plasticity

Conscience, from the point of view of Z. Freud, is  acquired through parental punishment

The system of established views on the world around us and our place in it is called:

 worldview

The set of needs and motives of an individual that determine the main direction of his behavior  direction

The set of stable individual characteristics of a person that develops and manifests itself in activity and communication is:  character

Self-awareness can be defined as  self-image

A person’s ability to exert long-term and unrelenting energy, and steadily move towards the intended goal, manifests itself as:  persistence

The essence of projection is:  attributing one’s own feelings to other people

 identification

One form of psychological defense helps to cope with the Oedipus complex. This:

 identification

According to humanistic theories, self-realization is closely related to:  self-esteem

Skinner B. is a representative of ..... direction in psychology  behavioral

Social interest in “individual psychology” is  personal significance for a person of what is happening with other people, humanity as a whole, expressed in the form of cooperation and interaction with others

According to E. Erikson, the struggle between hard work and inferiority develops in a person during:  school age

From the point of view of the subject of activity, personality is studied by  A.N. Leontiev

Theories whose main role in determining behavior is played by external situations belong to...  sociodynamic

The fact that character should correspond to the somatic (corporal) constitution of a person was believed by:  E. Kretschme

Theories that traditionally explain the development and behavior of a person by innate inclinations, the constitution of a person and, finally, his genotype  biogenetic

Three stages of development according to A.V. Petrovsky, who considers development as the process of an individual’s entry into various social groups.  adaptation, individuation, integration

Theories of personality development created as a way out of discussions about the influence of only the environment or heredity  two-factor theories

A term that characterizes the dynamics of personality and denotes the time interval between birth and death  life time

W. Sheldon’s theory refers to theories of temperament:  constitutional

A type of temperament characterized by slight vulnerability and a tendency to deep experiences is inherent in:  melancholic

A type of temperament characterized by mobility, a tendency to frequently change impressions, responsiveness and sociability, is characteristic of:  sanguine person

A type of temperament characterized by a relatively slow reaction to current stimuli  phlegmatic

Temperament is  biological foundation

Personality traits such as modesty and self-criticism, selfishness, characterize the individual’s attitude towards himself

A personality theory that denies the presence of a general factor determining behavior is called a theory:  multifactorial

Personality trait theories attempt to describe a person's personality based on:

 individual characteristics of the subject

Only observable behavior can be described objectively, according to:  behaviorists

Anxiety, according to existential psychology, is:

 an integral attribute of psychologically healthy human existence

 individual-subject of activity-personality-individuality

Establish the correspondence of the mental authorities of the individual, from the point of view of psychoanalysis (Freudianism)

The individual manages his or her life path  consciously

Hippocrates had an approach to temperament:  physiological

The ability to restrain one’s feelings and avoid impulsive actions is called

 endurance self-control

In a girl, the Oedipus complex corresponds to the complex:  Electra

Match the name of the theory with its author

The conditions for positive personal change, in accordance with the approach of K. Rogers, are  non-judgmental (unconditional) acceptance, empathic understanding, sincerity

Levels of human organization from the point of view of B.G. Ananyev

 individual-subject of activity-personality-individuality

F The phenomenological position in personality psychology is:

 emphasizing the need to understand how a person perceives the world from his individual, subjective point of view

X Character is considered pathological if it...  all answers are correct

The central archetype of order and integrity of personality according to C. Jung  self

The center of consciousness and one of the key archetypes of personality, according to K. Jung’s theory of personality, is:

H Human nature is such that behavior can only be explained by studying the individual as a whole, from the point of view of supporters of the approach  holism

A person as an individual is a person in whose conditioning of behavior the preconditions  social

A person as a personality is a person who reveals himself in conditioning:  his communication with other people the structure of his value orientations ethnic and cultural stereotypes internalized by him

 he has the ability to consciously manage his own behavior

 he has moral values ​​and humanistic attitudes

 he is a creative subject

Man as a typical carrier of types of human activity is:

 subject of activity

Excessive strengthening of individual character traits accentuation

A person as an individual is a person in whose conditioning of behavior the preconditions are not revealed social

A person as an individual is characterized by average height

A person who is included in the system of social relations and processes personality

E... is a mental feature of a person, manifested in overcoming obstacles on the way to a goal. will

Experimental studies of personality abroad have been started...

 R. Kettel and G. Eysenck

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" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">CHARACTER

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">1. The set of stable individual personality characteristics that develop and manifest themselves in activity and communication are:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-temperament

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-abilities

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">character

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-makings

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">2. In character, personality is manifested to a greater extent from the outside:

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">substantive

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-dynamic

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-procedural

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-structural

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">3. One of the founders of modern characterology is:

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">A. Ben

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-T. Ribot

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-Socrates

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-Plato

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">4. B;color:#000000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">XIX;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU"> c. the idea of ​​morpho-neurological conditioning of character has become widely known thanks to:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-physiognomy of Lavater

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">Gall's phrenology

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-Husserl's phenomenology

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-Laplace determinism

" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">5.;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">Ideas about extraversion/introversion were developed:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-A. Adler

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-3. Freud

;color:#000000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">K. Jung

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-K. Rogers

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">6. The nature of character traits as a manifestation of the libidinal source 3. Freud interpreted as:

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">dynamic

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-content

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-personal and semantic

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-motivational-need

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">7. The fact that character should correspond to the somatic (corporal) constitution of a person was believed by:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-E. Fromm

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">E. Kretschmer

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-V. Frankl

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-G. Eysenck

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">8. Accuracy, thrift, generosity is:

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-traits that characterize a person’s attitude to things

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-traits that manifest themselves in relation to others

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-system of a person’s relationship to himself

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-traits that manifest themselves in activities

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">9. Personality traits such as modesty and self-criticism, selfishness, characterize the attitude of the individual:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-to people

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-to activity

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-to public and personal responsibility

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">to yourself

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">10. Ability to own initiative setting goals and finding ways to solve them characterizes a person as:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-purposeful

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-decisive

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-persistent

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">independent

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">11. Integrity in relation to character is his:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-type

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-bar

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">quality

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-accentuation

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">12. Strength in relation to character is his:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-type

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-bar

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">quality

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-accentuation

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">13. According to W. Sheldon, isolation, fluctuations in emotions, stubbornness and poor adaptability are characteristic of:

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">schizothymic

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-cyclothymics

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-ixothymic

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-psychasthenics

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">14. Accentuations are options for character development that are not characteristic of:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-increased vulnerability

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-reduced ability to socially adapt

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-violation of the need-motivational sphere in the form of dominance of ambivalent states

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-increasing the ability to socially adapt

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">15. According to P.B. Gannushkin, extreme irritability with attacks of melancholy, fear, anger, stubbornness, touchiness, cruelty, conflict main features:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-cycloids

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-schizoid

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-psychasthenics

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">epileptoids

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">16. According to P.B. Gannushkin, increased impressionability, excitability, rapid mental exhaustion, irritability, indecisiveness are characteristic of:

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">asthenikov

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-schizoid

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-psychasthenics

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-epileptoids

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">17. Self-criticism, modesty, and pride characterize:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-the attitude of the individual to things

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-attitude to others

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-system of a person’s relationship to himself

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-features of the activity

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">18. He described two types of psychopathy in the book “Clinic of Psychopathy, Their Statistics, Dynamics, Systematics”:

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-B.V. Zeigarnik

;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">-;color:#ff0000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">P.B. Gannushkin

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-A.E. Lichko

;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-K. Leongard

And the practical aspects of life immerse yourself in the world of imagination and reflection. An introvert prefers thinking and imagination to operations with real external objects. Introversion is one of the archetypal manifestations of the collective unconscious. Analyzing the differences in the concepts of two other prominent representatives of dynamic psychology, Sidmund Freud and Alfred Adler, Jung believes that the essentially similar concepts of these authors differ due to the extraversion of their authors. If the first, according to Jung, has introversion, which forces him to look for the mechanisms of the psyche in the depths of the inner world, then the second, being an extrovert, considers the human psyche in a social context, considering the desire for social superiority as the basis of libido. According to Jung, extraversion-introversion forms the basis of a number of independent psychological functions: thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition.

Subsequently, extraversion as a personality trait shows its consistency, remaining in such modern models as the Big Five (John et al., 2008) or HEXACO (Ashton et al., 2004).

The terms “extroversion” and “introversion” are also used in the Myers-Briggs typology, in socionics, in psychosophy, and in a number of other modern questionnaires and diagnostic techniques, where their interpretation has its own specifics.

Extroverts

• communicating with people
• attention from others,
• participation in public speaking,
• participation in crowded events and parties.

Extroverts get their stimulus for existence from the outside world - from actions, people, places and things. Long periods of inactivity, inner contemplation, loneliness or communication with only one person deprive them of the sense of meaning in life. However, even extroverts need to alternate periods of hectic activity with rest. Extroverts have a lot to offer our society: they express themselves easily, are focused on results, and prefer to be in crowds and take action.

An extrovert can be an excellent toastmaster, organizer (often on a voluntary basis), official, leader, artist or entertainer.

Introverts

Introverts are a personality type that is oriented “inward” or “outward.” Introversion is not at all the same as shyness or aloofness; it is not a pathology. In addition, this personality trait cannot be changed, even if you really want to. Introverts are characterized by behavior more associated with comfortable solitude, internal reflections and experiences, creativity or observation of the process. In Leonhard's typology, an extrovert is a weak-willed person, subject to outside influence, while an introvert is, on the contrary, a strong-willed person. Introverts are reserved, pedantic, punctual, and taciturn. This is a category of people who think carefully about everything before speaking, and only then perhaps decide to verbalize the information. Thanks to their thoughtfulness, prudence and calmness, introverts prefer to delve into the essence of things.

Most important distinguishing feature introverts lies in the source of energy: introverts draw energy from their inner world of ideas, emotions and impressions. They conserve energy. The outside world quickly makes them feel uncomfortable. This can manifest itself in twitchiness or, conversely, in apathy. In any case, they need to limit social contacts so as not to be completely devastated. However, introverts need to supplement their alone time with time in the outside world, otherwise they may lose their sense of perspective and connection with others. Introverts who are able to balance their energy needs have resilience and tenacity, can see things independently, focus deeply, and work creatively.

Introverts are like an electric battery that needs to be recharged. They need to periodically stop, stop wasting energy and rest in order to recharge again. It is the opportunity to recharge that provides introverts with a less stimulating environment. In it they restore energy. This is their natural ecological niche. There are often cases when introverts, due to social rejection, step over themselves and put on a “mask”, becoming a cheerful, sociable person, but as soon as a person has the opportunity to take a break from his role and is immersed in his thoughts, the introvert becomes what he is - self-oriented inner world. On the contrary, a typical introvert is calm, distant from everyone except close people, plans his actions in advance, loves order in everything and keeps his feelings under strict control. If an extrovert needs the presence of other people for comfort, then an introvert is comfortable working alone. An introvert can be an excellent scientist, psychologist, researcher or writer.

Ambiverts (diaverts)

Since the frequency distribution in a normal population is centered on the middle section of the introversion-extroversion scale, most people can be classified as ambiverts. An ambivert is a person with average scores on this scale.

Classification

	Dmitriy	Maria	Mark	Ilya	Sergey
I'm the life of the party.	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
I like to be the center of everyone's attention.	Yes	No	Yes	No	No
I am able to take control of a social situation.	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
I love an active lifestyle.	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
I make friends easily.	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
I am silent in other people's company.	No	No	Yes	No	Yes
I don't like to attract attention.	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
I don't like going to parties on weekends.	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
I like to work independently and independently.	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
I enjoy being alone.	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Result	100% Extrovert	70% Extrovert	50% Extrovert 50% Introvert (Ambivert)	70% Introvert	100% Introvert

see also

Jung's concept of psychological types

Notes

Literature

• Eysenck G.Yu. Personality structure. - St. Petersburg: Yuventa. M.: KSP+, 1999. - 464 pp. - ISBN - 5896920148.
• Jung K.G. Psychological types. Translation: Sofia Lorie (edited by V. Zelensky), St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2001.
• Ashton, M.C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., de Vries, R.E., Di Blas, L., et al. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 356-366.
• Eysenck, H. J. Dimensions of Personality. London. 1947.
• John, O.P., Naumann, L.P., & Soto, C.J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 114–158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Links

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See what “Introversion - extraversion” is in other dictionaries:

introversion and extroversion- (introversion and extraversion) a characteristic of individual psychological differences of a person, the extreme poles of which correspond to the primary focus of the individual either on the world of external objects, or on the phenomena of his own subjective... ...

introversion - extroversion- characteristics of individual psychological differences of a person, the extreme poles of which correspond to the primary focus of the individual either on the world of external objects, or on the phenomena of one’s own subjective world. The concepts of extraversion and... ... Great psychological encyclopedia

Introversion / extraversion (introversion / extraversion)- In 1921, Carl Jung coined the terms “introversion” and “extroversion” in his book “Psychological Types” (Psychologische Thurep). For Jung, introversion meant turning libido inward, and extroversion meant turning libido outward. One of the most… … Psychological Encyclopedia

Introversion- extraversion is a common basis in psychology for categorizing or measuring personality traits. The most famous are two slightly different concepts of introversion and extraversion, belonging to Carl Gustav Jung and Hans Jürgen Eysenck.... ... Wikipedia

introversion- 1. Turning of consciousness towards oneself, absorption in one’s own problems and experiences, accompanied by a weakening of attention to the environment. One of the basic personality traits. The opposite concept is extraversion. 2. According to Z. Freud... ... Great psychological encyclopedia

The description of the variety of character types should be supplemented by a description of the variety of character accentuations. If character as a whole is defined by us as a stable direction of response, then when character is burdened by accentuation, certain painful disorders come to the fore. Accentuations are such variants of character development that are characterized by: 1) a violation of the need-motivational sphere in the form of dominance of ambivalent states, 2) a decrease in the ability to socially adapt, 3) increased vulnerability, sensitivity to certain types of influences that cause an inadequate response (reduced resistance). The following classes of accentuations can be distinguished. Asthenic, including disorders of psychasthenic, neurasthenic and sensitive types. Dysthymic, combining disorders of hyperthymic, hypothymic and cycloid types. Sociopathic, within which it is necessary to distinguish between disorders of conformal, nonconforming and paranoid types. “Psychopathic”, including variants of schizoid, epileptoid and hysteroid disorders. Here is a brief description of them.

Psychasthenic. The dominant behavioral traits are indecision, anxious suspiciousness in the form of expectations of unfavorable events, anxiety for the well-being of one’s loved ones, a tendency to reasoning, introspection and soul-searching. Indecision manifests itself in long and painful hesitation when it is necessary to make an independent choice. However, when a decision is made, impatience comes to the fore, the desire to immediately implement it. As overcompensation for indecision, self-confident, categorical judgments and exaggerated determination (recklessness) can be observed. Ritual actions and attention to signs become protection against constant anxiety. As a compensatory formation against anxiety in front of the new, unfamiliar, there is a pedantic tendency towards order, an unchanging regime, any violation of which provokes anxiety. Compensatory formations can also be a tendency to carefully plan upcoming activities, good awareness, and high competence.

Neurotic. In the foreground of mental appearance are such traits as increased fatigue, irritability, a tendency to hypochondria, fear, and timidity. Fatigue quickly sets in both during mental exercise and in a competitive environment under physical and emotional stress. Irritability manifests itself in sudden emotional outbursts, often arising for insignificant reasons and easily giving way to remorse and tears.

Sensitive. First of all, timidity and shyness are noted, which are easily detected in front of strangers and in unfamiliar surroundings. Difficulties in communicating with everyone except close ones, as a result of which sometimes a false impression of isolation and isolation from others arises. Excessive demands on oneself take the form of constant remorse. The desire for overcompensation takes the form of self-affirmation not in the area where abilities can be revealed, but where he feels his own weakness. A timid and shy person can put on the guise of artificial cheerfulness, swagger, and arrogance, but in an unexpected situation he quickly gives in. He often strives to occupy public positions, where timidity is compensated by the authority of the organization, and performs well the formal part of the functions entrusted to him. Situations of excessive attention from others are difficult to bear, especially ill will, ridicule, suspicion of unseemly actions.

Hyperthym. Characterized by an increased need for an influx of life experiences, social recognition, familiarity, and adventurism. Does not tolerate strict discipline and strictly regulated control. Shows resourcefulness in unusual situations. He treats rules and laws lightly, sometimes cynically. Sloppy, unnecessary. Doesn't cope well with work that requires perseverance and painstakingness. They are characterized by high self-esteem and a tendency to make rosy plans for the future, which are easily forgotten and replaced by new ones.

Hypotim. They are characterized by a constantly low mood, increased anxiety, and the expectation that something unpleasant is about to happen. Glimpses of improvement in mood are accompanied by an exacerbation of anxiety: joy must be paid for with new misfortunes (“laughing leads to tears”). He often experiences feelings of guilt and inferiority: it seems that he is to blame for something, that others look down on him. Due to difficulties he falls into despair and is incapable of volitional effort. Constantly feeling unwell. After sleep, a long period of warming up is required. Characterized by motor lethargy and retardation. Objectively, it needs to create and maintain a strengthening (tonic) mode of life.

Cyclotime. The defining feature is unmotivated sharp fluctuations in mood, which then persist for a long time (months). Everything depends on the mood in which cyclothyme is in a given period: well-being, performance, and sociability. According to the mood, the future is sometimes painted with rainbow colors, sometimes it seems gray and bleak, and the past appears sometimes as a chain of favorable events, sometimes as consisting entirely of failures and injustices, and the everyday environment seems sometimes malicious, sometimes benevolent.

Conformist. It is distinguished by a reduced need for individualization, there is low initiative, a tendency towards the banal, stereotyped, generally accepted, and impersonality. Trying to always correspond to the environment, he cannot resist it. Internal discomfort occurs when something stands out from his usual environment. There is an unmotivated hostility towards those who do not follow generally accepted standards.

Nonconformist. A pronounced need to act contrary to established rules dominates, combined with lack of will when it comes to fulfilling duties, duty, and achieving imperative goals set from outside. There is no life perspective. Social connections are weakened, there is a noticeable craving for random companies that promise entertainment and an easy change of impressions. Attraction to idle pastime.

Paranoid. It is characterized primarily by increased conflict potential due to the persistent desire to introduce innovations. Suspicious: perceives people who do not share his views as unscrupulous and unkind. There is rigidity of behavior. Indifference or reluctance to accept the projects proposed to him makes him even more determined to achieve his goal. Characterized by concentration, fixation on a goal, a reduced ability to understand others and empathy.

Schizoid. In the foreground of the mental appearance is alienation from others. Disinterest in understanding others and being understood by others. A schizoid is characterized by isolation, immersion in the world of internal experiences and thoughts, which are often divorced from everyday life and, as it were, opposed to it. Extravagance of behavior, hobbies, and their pretentiousness are noted, which, however, do not serve as a way to attract attention to oneself, but express indifference to the environment. The weakness of intuition and empathy emphasizes the impression of coldness and callousness. These traits may be exacerbated by rapid depletion of interest in interpersonal interactions.

Epileltoid. A characteristic feature is periods of unreasonably melancholy mood, when the epileptoid becomes hot-tempered, irritable, and prone to sadistic reactions. There is touchiness, the burden of negative emotions persists for a long time and requires release through revenge, in addition, limitedness and concentration on the once chosen range of interests are noticeable. Careful, scrupulous implementation of the established order may be accompanied by irritation when someone destroys this order. Asymmetry in interpersonal relationships is manifested in the following: he considers it his duty to give advice and teach, but does not tolerate an edifying attitude towards himself. There is a tendency towards thorough, detailed, unhurried explanations and irritation when interrupted, not allowed to finish, or rushed. Successfully copes with work that requires careful, punctual execution of instructions.

Hysteroid. The dominant feature of this type of accentuation is insatiable egocentrism: a thirst for constant attention to one’s person from others, admiration, surprise, veneration, sympathy. Does not tolerate indifferent attitude towards himself, preferring indignation or hatred towards himself. On this basis, a tendency to fantasize develops, through which the need to see and imagine oneself in an unusual light is realized. The absence of deep, sincere, lasting feelings is combined with expressive behavior, theatricality of experiences, and a tendency to show off and pose. Empathy is well developed. Without sufficient sthenicity or the ability to subjugate others, he can occupy a leading position in the group for a short time due to the ability to express emerging moods. He gives in to difficulties, especially if there is no chance to concentrate attention on himself. The psychologically dominant trait is also manifested in the appearance, which is entirely focused on attracting attention: agitation, conspicuous clothing, jewelry, loud laughter, various voice modulations. Social contacts, although extensive, are superficial and unstable; they are maintained as long as they reinforce the egocentric orientation.