Names of unions in Russian. Unions

The word “union” is a calque from the Latin “conjunction” - this is an unchangeable auxiliary, which is a formal means of connecting syntactic units.

The honors of some compound conjunctions (“not only... but also”, “both... and”) are found with different homogeneous members of the sentence or in different sentences that are part of the complex.

Those consisting of one are called simple: “and”, “a”, “but”, “or”, “yes”, “as”, “either”, “that”, “as if”. And conjunctions, which are a combination of significant and non-significant words, are compound. For example: “while”, “that is”, “as soon as”, “despite the fact that”, “in view of the fact that”, “while”, “as” and others.

Conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

Coordinating conjunctions convey equal, independent relationships between homogeneous members or parts of a complex. For example: “The house was on a hill and had a wide view.” In this, the coordinating conjunction “and” connects 2 simple sentences in a complex sentence. And in the sentence: “A light wind, then subsided, then woke up again” - the conjunction “that... that” connects homogeneous members of the sentence.

Subordinating conjunctions convey unequal, dependent relationships between parts of a complex sentence. For example: “We wanted (what?) for spring to come sooner” (expository clause). Or: “The book will be published (under what condition?) if it is accepted by the publishing house” (clause clause).

Types of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions

When making a morphological analysis of a conjunction, it is necessary to indicate its meaning and morphological features (coordinating or subordinating; unchangeable word), as well as indicate its syntactic role.

Coordinating conjunctions are divided into:

1) Connective, which include “and”, “yes”, “not only... but also”, “both... and”. For example: “It’s snowing like yesterday, so today.”
2) Adversatives: “but”, “a”, “yes” (meaning “but”), “but”, “however”. For example: “We were born in different countries, but we all don’t want war!”
3) Dividing, this group includes conjunctions “or”, “either”, “that... that”, “not that... not that”. For example: “The rumble of falling trees was heard from the right, then from the left.”

In turn, subordinating conjunctions are divided into:

1) Temporal: “when”, “before”, “while”, “only”. For example: “We were still sleeping when the phone rang.”
2) Explanatory, this group includes: “what”, “so that”, “how” and others. For example: “He said that a friend was visiting him.”
3) Causal: “since”, “because”, “due to the fact that”. “Since the sun has set, it has become chilly.”
4) Conditional: “if”, “once”, “how soon”, “whether”, “if”. For example: “If only you wanted, if only you knew.”
5) Concessive: “although”, “despite the fact that”. “Although it was already morning, the city was still sleeping.”
6) Target: “in order”, “in order to”, “in order to”. For example: “To love music, you need to listen to it.”

Unions

Conjunctions are function words that express syntactic relationships between members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and individual sentences:

The stars are fading And go out.

The coachmen tied up the bells, to the ringing did not attract the attention of the guards.

The intention to find his son did not leave him. But it ripened in fits and starts—then the heart would ache, then it would quiet down and be forgotten.

Unions occupy a strictly defined place in a sentence, but are not members of the sentence.

In the semantics of conjunctions, as in the semantics of prepositions, lexical and grammatical meanings are combined.

Civil Law of Unions- this is their general indication of the connection between syntactic units, the nature of the syntactic connection between them. According to civil law, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

LZ unions– this is an indication of specific types of syntactic relations (adjunctive, adversative, etc.).

Among the unions there are also those that have only one LZ, i.e. single digit ( So - relations of consequence), and those that have several LPs, i.e. multi-valued. For example, union Yes may have the following meanings:

connecting ( Day and night - a day away);

Connection ( I was walking alone, and at night);

Opposite ( The eye sees, but the tooth numbs).

I. Coordinating conjunctions by meaning are divided into:

Connecting ( and, yes, and...and, neither...nor, also, also);

Nasty ( but, ah, yes, but, nevertheless, nevertheless, however);

Dividing ( either, or, or... either, or... or, then... then, not that... not that, either... or);

Comparative ( both... and, not only... but also);

Connecting ( and, yes and, yes and then);

Explanatory ( that is, somehow, or, namely).

II. Subordinating conjunctions by value are divided into:

Temporary ( until, barely, only, only, after, since, before);

Explanatory ( what, to, as if);

Target ( in order to);

Causal ( because, since, for, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that);

Conditional ( if, if, once, if only, when, how soon);

Concessive ( although, let, let, otherwise, for nothing, meanwhile, despite the fact that);

Comparative ( as if, as if, as if, exactly);

Consequences ( so, to the point that).

Types of unions by structure

(Russian grammar, vol. 1)

§ 1673. According to their structure, all unions are divided into simple(single word) and composite(non-verbal).

Simple conjunctions: A, anyhow(simple) as much(simple) en(outdated and simple), good(colloquial), will(outdated and simple), as if, like, Yes, so that(obsolete), even, barely, if(outdated and simple), If, or, And, for(book), or, So, if only(simple) How, How­ That, When, if And stake(simple and outdated), whether, or, than(book), But, Bye, for now(simple) as long as(simple) because the, let him(colloquial), let, once, isn't it, smooth(simple) that is to say(old) as if, So, Also, Same, exactly, though, Although, how, purely(simple) What, so that, to, a little(colloquial), supposedly(book and outdated).

This also includes a group of words that act as analogues of conjunctions in a sentence: in addition(in addition), (besides) (colloquial), after all, or rather, however, comes out(hence)(colloquial), Further, further, more(Besides), then(further), (in addition), but, Means, exactly, otherwise, By the way, only, finally, vice versa, For example, against, however, especially, Then(in addition)(colloquial), That's why, That's why, Truth, besides, and, Just, quicker(or rather), (more precisely) hence, actually(exactly), Now(further), (in addition)(colloquial), Then(in that case), only, more precisely.

§ 1676. Compound (non-word) conjunctions in their structure they represent incompletely formed compounds of two or more elements, each of which simultaneously exists in the language and as a separate word.

A) The formation of most compound conjunctions involves simple polysemantic conjunctions ( And, What, how, How, When, to, If, only).

§1. General characteristics of unions

A conjunction is a service part of speech that serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence and individual sentences in the text. The uniqueness of unions lies in the role they perform. This role is the expression of coordinating and subordinating syntactic connections. Unlike prepositions, conjunctions are not associated with the grammatical features of other words. Why? Because they serve for higher-level syntactic connections.

Conjunctions are an unchangeable part of speech. The union is not a member of the proposal. Conjunctions are a class that unites dissimilar words. Unions differ in formation, structure, function, and meaning.

§2. Formation of unions

Like prepositions, conjunctions according to the method of formation are divided into non-derivative and derivative.

• Non-derivatives unions: and, but, or, how, what and etc.
• Derivatives formed differently:
  • connection of non-derivative conjunctions: as if, but also, since
  • by combining an index word and a simple conjunction: in order to, in order to
  • connecting a conjunction with a pronoun and a word with a generalized meaning: while, until
    from other parts of speech: although to

§3. Alliance structure

According to their structure, conjunctions are divided into simple and compound:

• Simple:and, and, but, or, that, so that, how, if, however, but, also, also, moreover, moreover etc., consisting of one word.
• Composite: since, while, as soon as, due to the fact that, due to the fact that. Compounds are divided into double and repeating: not only..., but also..., neither... nor..., then... then...

§4. Function (role) of unions. Places by value

The function (role) of conjunctions is the expression of syntactic connections: coordinating and subordinating.

A coordinating connection is a connection that expresses equal relationships between elements.

Coordinating conjunctions. Places by value

1. Connectors: and, yes (=and: cabbage soup and porridge), and...and..., not only... but also, as... and, too, also
2. Dividing: or, either, then...that, not that...not that, or...or, either...either
3. Nasty: A, But, Yes(=but: good-looking, but poor), however, but
4. Gradational*: not only, but also, not so much... as, not so much... but
5. Explanatory*: that is, namely
6. Connecting*: also, also, yes and, and moreover, and

* Traditionally, sentences with a coordinating connection are considered more accessible to understanding and are introduced into teaching earlier than others: already in elementary school. Then the children are taught to distinguish the meanings of conjunctions. Therefore, the material is presented in a simplified form. This is how the idea is learned that there are three types of coordinating conjunctions: connecting, disjunctive and adversative. In high school, children are faced with a wider range of phenomena that need to be understood and realized. For example, everyone should be able to distinguish and write conjunctions correctly too, also and combinations the same, the same, you need to know how to punctuate sentences with different conjunctions. But the question of what kind of unions these are does not arise. However, gradational, explanatory and connecting conjunctions are very frequent; they can be found in test tasks. Therefore, I advise high school students and graduates to pay special attention to them.

A subordinate relationship is a connection of unequal components, in which one of the components depends on the other. This is how parts of complex sentences are connected.

Subordinating conjunctions. Places by value

1. Temporary: when, while, barely, only, while, just, barely, barely
2. Causal: since, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for (obsolete), due to the fact that
3. Conditional: if (if only, if, if - obsolete), if, once, whether, as soon
4. Target: in order to, in order to, in order to (obsolete), with the aim of, in order to, then in order to
5. Consequences: so
6. Concessive: although, despite the fact that
7. Comparatives: as, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if, similarly as, rather than (obsolete)
8. Explanatory: what, how, to

Attention:

Some conjunctions are multi-valued and can, performing different functions, be included in different categories. For example, compare:

Tell him, to he didn’t call: I won’t be at home.
to - explanatory union

To To please his mother, he washed the dishes that were left in the sink in the morning.
to- target union

When The teacher entered the class, Mishka was talking on the phone.
When- temporary union

I don't know, When he will call.
When- explanatory union

When he doesn’t want to understand anything, how can you explain it to him?
When- conditional conjunction

Attention:

Many conjunctions have homonymous forms, which creates problems in distinguishing them and spelling them correctly. See Unified State Exam: "A, B, C" - everything for preparation. A18. Integrated, hyphenated, separate spelling of words.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. What are unions used for?

   • To connect words in a sentence
   • To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of complex sentences and individual sentences in the text

2. Is there a difference between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions?

3. Is it correct to assume that simple conjunctions are coordinating, and compound conjunctions are subordinating?

4. Is it correct to assume that simple conjunctions are used in simple sentences, and compound conjunctions in complex ones?

5. What syntactic connection expresses the equal relations of elements?

   • Essay
   • Subordinating

6. What syntactic connection expresses the unequal relations of elements, in which one depends on the other?

   • Essay
   • Subordinating

7. Do coordinating or subordinating conjunctions express a coordinating relationship?

   • Essays
   • Subordinates

8. Do coordinating or subordinating conjunctions express a subordinating relationship?

   • Essays
   • Subordinates

9. Are there polysemantic conjunctions in the Russian language?

10. Is it true that many conjunctions have homonyms?

11. The following conjunctions are derivative or non-derivative: and, but, or, how - ?

    • Derivatives
    • Non-derivative

Unions are:

• simple - consisting of one word (how, so that, when, etc.);
• compound - consisting of two or more words (due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, etc.).

Unions are divided into:

• coordinating - connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex (and, then);
• subordinates - connect simple sentences in a complex sentence, one of which is subordinate to the second in meaning (so that, when, because).

Coordinating and subordinating clauses, in turn, are divided into groups.

Coordinating:

• connective - and, yes (in the meaning of and), not only..but also, both..so and;
• adversatives - a, but, yes (meaning but), however, even, but;
• dividing - or, or..or, either, then..that, not that..not that.

Subordinates:

• causal - because, because, since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.;
• target - so that, in order to, in order to, etc.;
• temporary - when, only, only, while, barely, etc.;
• conditional - if, once, as soon, etc.;
• comparative - as if, as if, as if, exactly, etc.;
• explanatory - what, in order, how, etc.;
• concessional - despite the fact that, although, no matter how, etc.

Examples

Subordinating conjunctions

Causal
We should all love our fatherland, because here we received life, saw the light for the first time (A.N. Tolstoy).
Target
To love music, you must first listen to it (D. Shostakovich).
Temporary
Everything was ready when the familiar stooped figure of the teacher (N. Garin-Mikhailovsky) appeared at the end of the corridor.
Conditional
How well all the people in the world could live if they only wanted to, if only they understood! (A. Fadeev).
Comparative
Nature must be protected, just as we protect human life itself (K. Paustovsky). A thick fog, like cotton wool, lay throughout the forest (V. Arsenyev).
Explanatory
Vladimir saw with horror that he was driving into an unfamiliar forest (A. Pushkin).
Concessive
An irresistible, although quiet force attracted me (I. Turgenev). It was quiet and cloudy in the steppe, although the sun has risen (A. Chekhov).

Coordinating Conjunctions

Connecting
The stars fade and go out (N. Nekrasov). The grass is still full of transparent tears, and thunder rumbles in the distance (A. Blok). Water is not only the most common, but also the most important liquid in nature (I. Petryakov).
Nasty
In the original autumn there is a short but wonderful time (F. Tyutchev). The hot face was looking for the wind with longing, but there was no wind (I. Turgenev).
Separating
Or are you, my friend, tired of the howling storm, or are you dozing under the buzz of your spindle? (A. Pushkin). Clouds of either fog or small splashes rush by (S. Mikhalkov).

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words are the connecting link between the main and dependent clauses in a complex sentence (SPP). Here is a list of allied words and subordinating conjunctions depending on the meaning of the subordinate clause they attach.

Subordinating conjunctions

Unlike conjunctions, words of the auxiliary part of speech, they perform the role of a conjunction and at the same time remain full members of the sentence.

They asked me who I was, first in Portuguese, then in Spanish, then in French, but I did not know any of these languages ​​(Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe).

• (Who?) I- this is the subject;
• (what does it say about me?) who it- compound nominal predicate.

Let's list the allied words - pronouns:

• Who;
• What;
• Which;
• what;
• which;
• whose;
• how much (how much).

Examples of sentences with allied words - pronouns

Let me ask you who has the honor of being first? (Arthur Conan Doyle. The Hound of the Baskervilles).

Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what frightened him (M. N. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita).

Sometimes a master, no matter how angry he was, would calm down in her presence and talk graciously to me (A.S. Pushkin. Belkin’s Stories).

There was no answer, except for the general answer that life gives to all the most complex and insoluble questions (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina).

But I didn’t know and couldn’t find out what this period was (Anatoly Rybakov. Children of the Arbat).

Is he really doomed to death, this young man with a beautiful strong body, a young man whose voice sounds like the call of a bugle and the ringing of weapons? (Jack London. The Iron Heel).

But look how much unspoiled, childish there is still in her (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

But he was already in such a rage that he did not notice how futile his efforts were (Jack London. The Hearts of Three).

Conjunctive words are pronominal adverbs:

• Where;
• For what;
• How;
• When;
• Where;
• from where;
• why;
• why;
• how much.

Examples of sentences with allied words - adverbs

A rich collection of pistols was the only luxury of the poor mud hut where he lived (A.S. Pushkin. Belkin's Stories).

They guessed why the tsar called to the palace (Alexey Tolstoy. Peter the Great).

It is unknown how he did it, but only his nose sounded like a trumpet (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

And when he opened them, he saw that it was all over, the haze dissolved, the checkered one disappeared, and at the same time the blunt needle jumped out of the heart (M. N. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita).

He didn’t know where he was walking, spreading his legs wide, but his legs knew very well where they were taking him (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

Two were already driving forward to the place where they were supposed to let them in (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina).

Maude released his hand, causing his fingers to loosen slightly and the pencil to fall out (Jack London. The Sea Wolf).

Then he lost patience and began to grumble why he was always forced to do what he didn’t want (Mark Twain. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer).

Yura understood how much he owed his uncle the general qualities of his character (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

How to distinguish conjunctions from allied words

Subordinates conjunctions are not members of the subordinate clause, but serve only to attach subordinate clauses to the main or other subordinate clause.

For example:

It is bitter to think that life will pass without grief and without happiness, in the bustle of daily worries. (I. Bunin.)

Let's compare:

My father guessed what was in my soul (Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe).

Conjunctive words not only attach subordinate clauses to the main (or other subordinate clause), but also are members of subordinate clauses.

For example:

In autumn, birds fly to places where it is always warm.

I don't know why he did it.

In these sentences the connecting words "Where" And "For what" are circumstances.