Doha language. Qatar: history, culture and general information

State of Qatar, in the South-West. Asia, on the Qatar Peninsula, washed by the waters of the Persian Gulf. According to Arab historians, the state of Qatar was named after the village of Kadaru, which existed in ancient times on this peninsula. Geographical names of the world... Geographical encyclopedia

Disease, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose, throat, stomach, etc.; the affected area usually turns red and discharges pus or mucus. A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. Popov M., 1907. QATAR inflammation... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Star Observational data (Epoch J2000.0) Type Single star Right ascension ... Wikipedia

Full name Qatar Sports Club Nicknames Kings Founded 1959 Qatar SC Stadium Capacity ... Wikipedia

The State of Qatar, a state in South-West Asia, on the Qatar Peninsula. 11 thousand km². population approx. 521 thousand people (1993). The urban population of St. 90% (1990), mostly Arabs. Official language Arab. The state religion is Islam. Capital... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

QATAR- QATAR, State of Qatar, in the South-West. Asia, on the Qatar Peninsula, on the East Arabian Peninsula. Pl. 11 t. km2. Us. 270 vol. (1982). Capital Doha (approx. 200 t. zh., 1982). Before the declaration of independence in 1971, K. was a British protectorate. The basis of the economy... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Qatar- a, m. catarrhe m., floor. katar gr. katarrhoos flow, flow. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of what type? organ, for example throat, nose, lungs, stomach, etc. ALS 1. Severe frosts have arrived here, and I, despite the fact that I have catarrh, am forced... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

Inflammation of the mucous membrane Dictionary of Russian synonyms. catarrh noun, number of synonyms: 12 blenmetrite (1) ... Synonym dictionary

- (from the Greek katarrheo to drain, bleed), an outdated name for inflammation of the mucous membranes, characterized by abundant exudate (serous, purulent, etc.) and its flow along the surface of the mucous membrane... Modern encyclopedia

QATAR, ah, husband. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of what organ. K. upper respiratory tract. K. stomach (former name for gastritis). | adj. catarrhal, oh, oh. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

Qatar in the 21st century: current trends and forecasts of economic development. Monograph, Kasaev Eldar Osmanovich. The monograph by E. O. Kasaev, a specialist on Middle Eastern problems, is the first work in Russian and foreign science entirely devoted to the modern economy of Qatar. The author considers...

The state borders in the south with Saudi Arabia (border length 40 km) and the UAE (United Arab Emirates) (20 km). The Qatar Peninsula is washed on all sides by the waters of the Persian Gulf. The total length of the border is 60 km, the length of the coastline is 563 km.

The climate of Qatar is hot tropical, the average temperature in July is +42°C, in January - about +20°C. The rainy season lasts from November to May. The average annual precipitation in the south is 55 mm, in the north - 125 mm per year.

Story

The first to mention a country on the peninsula where Qatar is now located was the ancient Roman historian Pliny the Elder, in the 1st century. n. e. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus also wrote about these lands, noting that the tribes inhabiting Qatar were very skilled in sea navigation. Relatively recently, rock paintings that appeared no later than 4000 BC were discovered in Qatar. e. The figure clearly shows the outline of a sea vessel.

3000 BC e. Qatar was part of the state of Dilmun with its capital on the island of Bahrain. Dilmun prospered due to the fact that it was located on a large trade route between India and Mesopotamia. There were many who wanted to take possession of this advantageous place: Qatar was captured first by the Phoenicians, then by the Iranians. Then Qatar became one of the war trophies of Alexander the Great and entered his empire. The Arabs settled here in the 7th century, and Qatar became an Islamic state within the Arab Caliphate. In the 10th century The caliphate collapsed due to civil strife, and after that the history of Qatar was for a long time connected with Bahrain. Hope for independence began to dawn in the 11th century, due to the same intra-Arab strife, when its neighbors left Qatar alone for a while.

The country began to rapidly grow rich by trading its pearls. And again, there were greedy outside contenders for this wealth. The Baghdad Caliphate fought with Oman over Qatar, and Qatari territories were devastated. Ottoman Turkey, Iran, Oman, and individual Arab tribes fought for Qatar... It should be noted that all this time elements of slavery remained in Qatar.

Since 1916, Qatar was under the protectorate of Great Britain, which determined foreign policy country and profited from sponge and pearl mining. In the 1930s, oil was discovered in the country, and in those same years there was a growth in national self-awareness. In a number settlements There were demonstrations against the brutal attitude of the authorities and harsh working conditions.

Foreign companies - mostly English - produced oil in the country, but did not share profits with local authorities, much less with the population. This, coupled with the despotic policies of the sheikh, resulted - after the Second World War - in a powerful liberation movement. It involved everyone in Qatar, from the urban poor and immigrants who worked in the oil industry to former slaves: slavery was officially abolished in Qatar only in 1952. The path to independence would have been shorter if not for the eternal divisions within the Arab world, implicated in tribal and religious intolerance.

It was not until September 1, 1971 that Qatar became an independent state, concluding a treaty of friendship with Great Britain, which stated the preservation of “traditional ties” between the two countries. That same year, Qatar was admitted to the UN and the Arab League. And in the same year, the giant North oil, gas and condensate field was discovered. In 1975, the entire capital of oil producing and oil refining firms in Qatar was purchased by the government of the country and became the property of Qatar.

The current emir of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, has made many enemies for himself, since he supported the popular uprisings of 2010-2011 in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Bahrain, Syria and Yemen in a variety of ways. He also owns the Al-Jazeera TV channel, which has long remained the most popular in the Arab world.

Sights of Qatar

Doha- capital and The largest city Qatar, located in the central part of the country, on the shores of the Persian Gulf. There is a deep-sea port built in 1969, which serves as the center of maritime communication in the region. The city's population is over 293,000 inhabitants. This represents more than half the population of the entire country.

In the 19th century, the site of the city was the site of a small fishing village, known to Gulf pirates for its port of Al Bida, which often provided them with refuge. In 1916, Doha became the administrative center of the British protectorate of Qatar. In 1949, due to oil exports, the city began to grow rapidly, and in 1971, Doha was proclaimed the capital of the independent state of Qatar.

National Museum Qatar occupies a building that was previously the palace of Sheikh Abdullah Bin Mohammed, who ruled the country from 1913 to 1951. The main exhibition of the museum is a two-level aquarium: the upper floor is filled with representatives of the local underwater ichthyofauna, the lower floor represents the entire undersea world bay. Sea turtles are the highlight of the aquarium's exhibition; there are practically none left in the Persian Gulf itself. Other collections of the National Museum present to the public a rather interesting and little-known period in navigation - Arab maritime expeditions and the period of the discovery of the sea route to India by Europeans. It also presents the traditional astronomical navigation methods of ancient sailors, the history of the formation of Islam, life, astronomy, industry and the traditional way of life of the Qataris.

Ethnographical museum Katara is located in a restored traditional Qatari house found during construction in the courtyard of a new shopping complex. The museum shows the life of local residents before the oil boom and includes unique exhibits, including (one of the few surviving) the “wind tower” - a traditional form of housing with a unique system of natural air conditioning and ventilation of the home, indispensable in such a hot region. Fort Doha is another museum in the capital, largely repeating the exhibition of the National Museum. It is distinguished by good exhibitions of the country's traditional crafts, including carving, embossing and gold-plating, carpet weaving and tapestries.

Not far from Doha, in the western part of the bay, there is an amusement park - Aladdin's Kingdom. It contains more than 18 attractions that meet the needs of all ages. In addition, the park has an artificial lagoon, a theater, and a cafeteria.

The zoo is located 20 km from Doha along Salwa road. It has a large and varied collection of animals, reptiles and birds, and is also popular as a small amusement park for children.

Region Zubara, lying along the northwestern coast of Qatar, was the main inhabited area of the country in the Middle Ages. For nearly 200 years, the region was ruled by the Al-Khalifa dynasty, the ruling family of Bahrain, but was hotly contested between them and the Al-Thani, the royal family of Qatar. The fort that can be seen here today was built in 1938, shortly after the Al-Thani dynasty took full control of the area.

A couple of kilometers from Zubara lie the ruins of some much older coastal fortifications, probably from the 17th or 18th century. Umm Salal Ali, located 40 km. north of Doha, is the country's most famous archaeological area. The mounds and mounds that are now being studied by archaeologists are very old, probably dating back to the 3rd millennium BC. e. Archaeologists speculate that since Islam prohibits burial in burial mounds, these stone mounds must have been left by some ancient tribes from pre-Islamic times. Some romantics even claim that these are the graves of mythical Aryan tribes or even no less fabulous Atlanteans.

Qatar cuisine

Real Qatari cuisine is practically unknown to foreign tourists. For many centuries local residents, living in conditions of severe shortage of food resources, developed very ascetic recipes for cooking. Almost all dishes were created on the basis of only three components - dates in all types, camel milk and butter from it. Meat has always been in short supply, so these days these dishes can only be tasted in Bedouin tents in the desert. All restaurants and cafes practice the preparation of "more European" dishes and recipes imported from the more "rich" culinary traditions of Arab countries - traditional " hummus", "shish kebab", "tikka", "mutabbal", spit-roasted meat or fish (despite the country's maritime location, fish is rather poorly represented in the Qatari diet).

Qatari cuisine is characterized by the widespread use of products such as lamb, goat meat, veal, poultry, legumes, rice, vegetables, fresh and canned fruits. Arab Muslims do not eat pork. A significant place is occupied by dishes from fish, eggs, lactic acid products, especially cheese, reminiscent of feta cheese.

Other distinguishing feature Qatari cuisine - widely used in large quantities of various spices: onions, garlic, olives, black and red pepper, cinnamon, aromatic herbs, etc. Vegetable oil, mainly olive, is used for cooking.

The diet of many peoples in Arab countries is two meals a day: a very hearty breakfast and an equally hearty lunch before or after sunset.

For Qatari cuisine, as for any other Arabic cuisine, heat treatment of many meat dishes without the use of fat is typical. In this case, the temperature of the pan during frying is brought to 300 degrees. The whites of the meat, in contact with the hot surface of the frying pan, curl up and form a crust, which retains the meat juice in the product. Thanks to this cooking method, the dish is particularly tender and juicy. Another common method is to first fry the meat in a hot dry frying pan and then finish frying it in a frying pan with fat.

As a side dish, as a rule, fried French fries or steamed rice seasoned with tomato and sautéed onions are served. Most soups in Arabic cuisine are prepared with meat broth. The most popular among Arabs are soups with beans and rice, peas and vermicelli, peas and potatoes, green beans, capers, etc. The peculiarity of their preparation technology is that first the meat is fried in a large piece without fat, then poured over it.

Main courses: stewed and fried meat, chicken stewed in tomato, pilaf. A common dish among many Arab peoples is wheat or corn porridge - burgul.

Traditional drinks are fruit juices and coffee. Coffee is usually brewed " in Bedouin" - very weak and with a lot of sugar, but traditional Arabic coffee is becoming increasingly widespread - strongly brewed, without sugar, but with the addition of cardamom, ground date seeds, etc.

Alcohol is practically not consumed. Although its sale is limited only by licenses (available in large hotels and expensive restaurants), Qataris themselves drink very little alcohol.

There is one truly heavenly place. This is a small but amazing country called Qatar. The standard of living here is very high. Tourists can visit beautiful and unique places. After visiting the country’s sights, there will be a lot of impressions that will last for many years.

Where is the state of Qatar located?

On the northeastern outskirts of Arabia, on a small peninsula of the same name, there is a small country called Qatar. The state is a monarchy of the Islamic world - an emirate. On the mainland border it neighbors Saudi Arabia, and the rest of the state has access to the capital of Qatar - Doha. Where is the city? Qatar, like its capital, is located in the Middle East. The area here is mostly desert. Naturally, such a geographical location directly affects many factors, such as climate, flora, fauna, etc.

Briefly about the state and its history

Despite the small area of Qatar (11,500 sq. km), the state is considered the richest. Qatar receives such benefits thanks to its largest oil and gas reserves. The emirate is a member of the Organization of Gas and Petroleum Exporting Countries.

The history of the Emirate of Qatar begins in the period BC. Records about the people who lived in these territories were left by Herodotus and Pliny. The peninsula became a state in the 7th century AD, when Islam came to this territory. Of course, this was influenced by where Qatar is located, or, more precisely, neighboring states.

The formation of Islam occurs under the influence of its neighbor. For a long time, Qatar was in the Ottoman Empire. After its collapse, the state became a protectorate of Great Britain. In 1971, the country gained independence and became officially known as the State of Qatar.

Relief

In order to correctly characterize the topography of a given area, it is necessary to pay attention to where Qatar is located. According to physical and geographical characteristics, its entire territory is a desert. Only in the north do flat terrain and a few oases occasionally appear. The southern region is slightly elevated and consists of high sandy hills.

Climate

The climate of these places also directly depends on where Qatar is located. It is tropical, continental type and very dry. There is no winter in these areas, and in summer the temperature can rise to 50°C with a plus sign. Average temperatures in January reach +16°C, in July - +32°C. In this regard, the flora and fauna of the country is very scarce. Mostly reptiles and rodents live here.

Inland waters

Of course, if you understand where Qatar is located, it immediately becomes clear that there are practically no rivers on the peninsula. There are also watercourses that dry up in the summer. However, the country's residents have learned to obtain drinking water by desalinating sea water. There are underground springs in the oases, but there are not enough of them for the whole country. Thanks to them, only the northern regions are provided.

Governing body

According to the state structure, Qatar is However, in the Islamic world, this word means something else. The fact is that the emirate is a non-hereditary monarchy. That is, all power (executive, legislative, judicial and military) may not necessarily be inherited. Due to the government system in Qatar, it is prohibited to create political parties or trade unions, as well as to hold various types of political demonstrations. For advice on diplomatic and state affairs There is an Advisory Council in the country. It includes 35 people.

Administrative divisions and population

Qatar consists of 7 regions - municipalities. Population - 1,900,000 people. More than 90% of the population lives in the capital Doha and its suburbs. In terms of national composition, about 40% of the population are Arabs (this is understandable, given where Qatar is located), 18% are Pakistanis and Indians, 10% are Iranians and 14% are representatives of other nationalities. About 80% of the population are Muslims, 9% profess Christianity. Other religions are also common.

Economy

The state's economy is mainly focused on oil and gas production. 85% of extracted gas and oil products are exported, replenishing the country's budget by 70%.
The country has developed many industries. 25% falls on the service sector, but Agriculture The country is not developing at all. Only some northern regions, due to their close proximity to oases, have the opportunity to engage in gardening and growing date palms. In livestock farming, nomadic tribes are engaged in raising goats, sheep and camels.

Qatar is also developing in the military sphere. Officially, it has been cooperating with the United States in this regard since 1992. One of the major foreign centers of the United States Army is stationed here.

The number of Qatari armed forces is more than 12 thousand people. Of these, 8.5 thousand are land, air force- 2.1 thousand, marines - 1.8 thousand.

Terrorism

The Republic of Qatar (where the state is located, described above) has been repeatedly accused of interacting with various planets. The reason for this was the presence of the popular television channel Al-Jazeera in Doha. There were speeches and messages from famous terrorists, for example, Osama bin Laden.

Tourism

In terms of tourism, the state is also gradually developing. People say that Qatar is 10 years ago. An oceanfront holiday goes well with shopping and diving in the Persian Gulf.

Today, in the long-suffering Middle East, torn apart by contradictions and wars, another outcast has emerged, whom the regional leading countries - also all the closest allies and vassals of the United States and the West - are trying to subject to the usual group persecution. Only this time the candidate victim himself belongs to such allies: it is Qatar.

It is traditional for us to sympathize with the weak, whom hooligans or gopniks beat in droves. The degree of sympathy and indignation increases if these ubiquitous gopniks, on whom there is no place to label themselves, operate under the “roof” of the United States and act from the assumed positions of moral correctness and infallibility.

Even now, there is a noticeable reflexive tendency to sympathize with Qatar, an attempt to put it on a par with such victims of aggression as Yugoslavia, Iraq, Libya, Syria, etc. Let’s see what Qatar is like, so as not to accidentally mistake a seasoned wolf for a lamb.

Qatar and its place in the global division of labor

In popular belief, Qatar is portrayed as a symbol of Middle Eastern luxury and prosperity. This is facilitated by Qatar's second place in the world in terms of GDP per capita, and the high-profile monarchical titles of almost every second resident of this country (all around are kings and princes), and the aristocratic manners of the Qatari elite, basking in luxury.

In fact, Qatar’s GDP is relatively small, and is approximately comparable to the GDP of Ukraine or Israel, and several times inferior to the GDP of Egypt. It is GDP in absolute terms (and not in specific per capita terms) that gives a more accurate idea of the country’s economic power and its capabilities.

Qatar's outstanding GDP per capita is due to the fact that Qatar is a dwarf kingdom with a small inhabited territory and an equally small population. That is why, in terms of this indicator, it takes its rightful place among other similar dwarf showcase kingdoms, such as Liechtenstein, Monaco and Luxembourg. And here, as the proverb goes: “Less people, more oxygen.”

At a superficial glance at the statistical data on the territory and number of inhabitants, it may seem that the emirate of Qatar is more comparable in scale, for example, to Chechnya, and not to the same Luxembourg.

Qatar - territory: 11,586 km²; population: 2,258,283 people (2016).

Luxembourg - 2,586 km²; 582,291 people (2016).

Chechnya - 15,647 km²; 1,414,865 people (2017).

But in fact, most of the territory of Qatar is a lifeless desert and extremely poor in natural sources of fresh water. Just over 1% of the land is irrigated, and the bulk of the population is concentrated in the capital, Doha, and a couple of other relatively large cities. In fact, Qatar is a city state. Like all other dwarf states, present-day Qatar is not self-sufficient and is not able to independently provide its current population with food and other goods necessary for life; the bulk of its food products are imported.

Moreover, the overwhelming majority of the population of Qatar itself is also imported. In 1971, when Qatar formally left the British protectorate (under which it had been since the beginning of the 20th century, and before that it was also usually someone’s province or colony - the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, etc.) the population of Qatar was only 130 thousand people, of which even then only 60 thousand people. were the local Arab population, the rest were from other countries. In 2015, out of a nominal 2.3 million people. Of the population, only 11.6% were native Qataris. The legal difference between indigenous and non-indigenous residents (a kind of segregation) can be seen very clearly: local Qatari Arabs are a privileged minority living on oil rent, the bulk of the population are workers and servants imported into the country, for whom life in Qatar is not at all as rosy as may seem from afar to dreamers of a foreign freebie (such a misconception ends tragically for some).

The casket of the “economic miracle” of Qatar opens simply: Qatar has always (before gaining independence and after) been closely integrated into the world capitalist system as a typical raw material appendage. It has always been a mono-economy focused on oil and gas (large liquefied gas plants, for example, have been built there since the 1970s). Fossil raw materials were supplied to the rich markets of the countries of the Western camp; the proceeds from this rent went to support the local comprador elite and feed the local indigenous population (which was possible due to its small number). The years were especially rich, when financial bubbles were inflating in the oil and gas markets and energy prices were breaking all records. Recently, however, things have not been going so well: during the economic wars, oil and gas prices were forcibly collapsed (as an action against countries such as Russia and Venezuela), and Qatar, anticipating future troubles, was just as concerned as Russia searching for ways to diversify the economy.

Your son of a bitch: democracy and human rights

Since Qatar regularly fulfilled its role as a raw materials appendage, did not create problems and completely satisfied the imperialist metropolises, the West happily turned a blind eye to its, to put it mildly, features. Completely in the spirit of the famous expression attributed to Roosevelt: “He’s a son of a bitch, of course, but he’s our son of a bitch.”

We can start with the fact that Qatar, like Saudi Arabia in its neighborhood, as well as other Middle Eastern satrapies, is absolute monarchy. With virtually unlimited power of the royal family.

Political parties are prohibited in the country. Any independent political activity, too. Propaganda of religions other than Sunni Islam may result in criminal prosecution. You don’t even have to talk about any freedoms for gays promoted by the West, which does not in the least prevent the West from considering Qatar as its reliable partner and not noticing anything at all. Simply put, the situation with human rights and freedoms in this kingdom, as well as in its neighbors, leaves much to be desired.

Slavery and human trafficking

The import of workers, servants and, let's face it, slaves (slavery in the country was officially banned only in 1952, under pressure from the then dominant Great Britain) is reflected in the distortions in the age and gender structure of the population. The number of sexually mature men is many times greater than the number of women (in age group from 25 to 54 years old - and this is more than 70% of the population - 5 times). That is, women in Qatar are in the same shortage as fresh water in the local deserts. Add to this the archaic attitude towards a woman as property (with polygamy, numerous prohibitions, curtailment of rights, cruel punishments “for adultery”, etc.), a hot oriental temperament (large families, etc.) and you will not be surprised at all , that Qatar, in company with other Middle Eastern countries (including Israel), is accused of massive illegal human trafficking, including for the purpose of sexual exploitation. In the emirates and neighboring countries, from time to time there are public initiatives to legalize sexual slavery if it involves non-Muslim foreigners. There is nothing out of the ordinary in these initiatives, if we remember that during the time of the Prophet Muhammad, by whose precepts the Middle Eastern monarchies are trying to live, slavery was the norm.

Victims come to wealthy Qatar to obtain, for example, generously paid jobs as housekeepers and risk ending up in sexual slavery. It is believed that the main traffic of slaves comes from Southeast Asia, but after the victory over the damned communist totalitarianism, countries such as Russia and Ukraine also became noticeable exporters of “female meat”. Supplies from our countries are in special demand among Arabs, because just yesterday it was possible to purchase a free, proud and beautiful woman into sexual slavery Soviet woman was considered something completely unthinkable. And now it is not only possible, but even cheap. Failed teachers, medical and scientific workers have an unenviable fate (however, depending on the ideological point of view, you look at it; an inveterate person, for example, may not agree with such a statement).

Spread of terrorism

Another cute pastime of almost all Middle Eastern kingdoms is the spread of terrorism. We are talking not only about ordinary support based on situational tactical needs (which, for example, the United States or enlightened Europeans openly indulge in). Middle Eastern raw materials monarchies purposefully create and develop military and paramilitary formations of the sectarian network type, in order to promote their own medieval ideology. Ideas about how to convince others that you are right are drawn directly from the dogmas of the times of transition from the stage of savagery to feudalism, when a military-organized semi-nomadic society lived primarily through raids and robbery.

However, it is possible that this is only organizational form mediation for the fulfillment of US military-political tasks by proxy. There is a lot of evidence of mutual support, strategic and tactical coordination between the military-political forces of the West and the most odious terrorist groups.

Conclusion

Qatar is a reserve of medieval archaism on the basis of capitalist relations, existing solely thanks to the patronage of the West. Until recently, the West happily turned a blind eye to all these cute pranks, including “support for terrorism.” The apotheosis of this hypocrisy was the campaign against secular Libya “for democracy,” when the Middle Eastern satrapies (which, when asked about the state of affairs in their home, could answer in the spirit of “Democracy? Human rights? No, you haven’t heard”) as part of a luminous coalition (with European monarchies for company) flew to bomb the “dictator” Gaddafi, who did not hold any official positions and was progressive even by formal European standards.

Until recently, Qatar itself had everything under control and everything was going well. And now it turns out like the proverb: “Don’t dig a hole for someone else, you’ll fall into it yourself.”

State of Qatar دولة قطر ... Wikipedia

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