Nikolay Sibirtsev. The meaning of Nikolai Mikhailovich Siberians in the brief biographical encyclopedia Nikolai Sibirtsev

Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov

Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev

Essay

5th year student

Faculty of Soil Science

Department of Soil Biology

Churilin Nikita

Moscow 2013

1. Social and historical essay. 3

2. Biography 4

3. The current situation in science at the end of the 19th century. 6

4. Teachers and predecessors of N.M. Sibirtseva 7

5. Contribution of N.M. Sibirtsev in the development of soil science. 8

6. Disciples and followers of N.M. Sibirtseva 12

7. Bibliography. 13

8. Literature. 15

1. Social and historical essay.

The end of the 19th century was a period of rapid economic growth. During 1860-1880, industrial production increased 2.5 times. During the reign Alexandra III industrial policy has changed its direction. Regulation of economic and social relations. Active mechanization of production is taking place.

During the reign of Alexander II, land, administrative, judicial, military and school reform. On February 19, 1861, a manifesto was published “On the most merciful granting to serfs of the rights of free rural inhabitants and on the organization of their life,” according to which serfdom was abolished, former serfs received personal freedom, part of the land was given to peasants for free, part for ransom, part left with the landowners.

Further, on June 2, 1897, Alexander III normalized the length of the working day. This was the first time this had been done. According to this law, for workers employed during the day, working time should not exceed 11.5 hours a day, and on Saturdays and pre-holidays - 10 hours. A little later, it was established by law that the working day should not exceed 10 hours. In 1906, Nicholas II issued the “Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order,” according to which freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions was introduced, and put into effect a constitution that established a dualistic monarchy in Russia. The legislative body was a bicameral parliament, the lower house (State Duma) was elected for 5 years by men who had reached 25 years of age, except for nomadic peoples. At the same time, a property qualification was established, giving landowners and wealthy residents more votes than workers and peasants. Members of the upper house were partly appointed by the emperor, partly elected public organizations and local governments. Executive power belonged to the emperor and the Council of Ministers, appointed by the emperor and responsible to him.

2. Biography

Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev was born in 1860 in Arkhangelsk. He received his initial education at a local theological seminary, after which he entered the Imperial St. Petersburg University. In 1882 N.M. graduates from the university with a candidate's degree in natural sciences and then remains there to receive the title of professor.

Scientific activity of N.M. began as a student at the university, in 1882 he was invited by Professor S.P.B. University, V.V. Dokuchaev for soil-geological research in Nizhny Novgorod province. N.M. with great pleasure he took on this new and difficult work and soon took first place among the students of the then nascent school of Russian soil scientists, created by prof. Dokuchaev. Following the completion of Nizhny Novgorod studies, N.M., having passed the master's exam, in 1885 accepted the proposal of the Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Zemstvo to begin creating the first zemstvo natural history museum in N. Novgorod, which he was in charge of until 1892. Nikolai Mikhailovich organized the following departments in it: geological, soil, botanical, zoological and agricultural. He also compiled an explanatory catalog for them. In addition to the enormous work on creating the museum, N.M. Sibirtsev took over the leadership (1887-1892) of new series of detailed soil studies, taking direct part in them. At the same time, at the invitation of the Geological Committee, in 1887-1890 he carried out geological research in adjacent provinces: Vladimir, Ryazan and Kostroma. In 1892 N.M. invited to the Special Expedition of the Forestry Department to test and record various methods and techniques of forestry and water management in the steppes of Russia. As a senior assistant to the Head of the Expedition, N.M. took a direct part in the organization and production of work and research in the Voronezh, Kharkov and Yekaterinoslav provinces, as well as in managing the affairs of the Expedition.

In January 1894, Nikolai Mikhailovich was invited to the newly opened Department of Soil Science at the transformed New Alexandria Institute of Agriculture and Forestry. His fruitful work began at the Institute. First of all, he had the difficult task of developing a course program for a subject that was for the first time allocated to a separate department. The difficulties were not in the lack of material, but in the abundance of new facts obtained in last years research by the school of Russian soil scientists and in a new formulation of the very doctrine of soil as a natural-historical education earth's crust. With this task N.M. coped with it he was able to correctly group all the facts and properly present the course itself. Along with his study of purely soil issues, Sibirtsev continued the development of geological material that he had previously obtained in Nizhny Novgorod. The result of this was his extensive research entitled “Oka-Klyazma Basin. Geological sketch with map." For this work (1896), the Council of the Imperial Moscow University, after a public defense, awarded Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev a master's degree in mineralogy and geology. Since 1896 N.M. devotes all his energy to studying soil science issues. His participation in the re-edition of the soil map of Russia, undertaken on the initiative of V.V., dates back to this period. Dokuchaev, Ministry of Agriculture and State Property. At the same time, he worked tirelessly to prepare his course “Soil Science” for publication.

In the fall of 1898, Nikolai Mikhailovich began to show signs of pulmonary disease. On the advice of doctors, he spent the winter of 1898-1899 in Yalta, and the summer in the Orenburg steppe for treatment with kumis. The following fall, despite the fact that the painful process did not stop, but rather intensified, N.M. nevertheless resumed lecturing. Strict in the performance of his duties, despite the advice of doctors and the requests of his comrades to take up treatment, he persistently continued his teaching activity.

Only in the spring, having completed his course, N.M. agreed to take a vacation and go to Crimea. Here he spent two months, constantly preparing his course for publication. In June, he again went to St. Petersburg, hoping to end up in a sanatorium in Khalil. He was not accepted there, but was sent to the Ufa province. Nikolai Mikhailovich did not stop working and on July 17, 1900 he gave two parts of his course, and on July 20 he died.

3. The current situation in science at the end of the 19th century.

At the end of the 19th century, scientists were very concerned about drought and soil erosion. A great contribution to the solution of these problems was made by contemporary V.V. Dokuchaev and P.A. Kostychev A.A. Izmailsky, who published the book “How our steppe dried up” in 1893. History of the development of research on soil erosion and its control in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. is closely connected with the works of V.V. Dokuchaev’s direct students, among whom was G.N. Vysotsky. To understand the patterns of wind soil erosion great importance has one of the first works by G.N. Vysotsky "Materials on the study of black storms in the steppes of Russia", published in 1894 in the proceedings of the expedition of the Forestry Department. The terrible drought of 1891 forced the Parsi government to take a number of measures. In 1892, a government expedition was organized to water the south-eastern part of Russia under the leadership of M.N. Annenkova. The expedition carried out its work in the Don basin - in the Tula, Ryazan, Oryol, Tambov and Voronezh provinces. The expedition work program was developed by V.V. Dokuchaev. The main goal of the expedition is to combat drought by regulating surface runoff of melt and storm water, combating ravines, regulating river flow, and organizing irrigation.

P.V. did a lot to develop measures to combat drought and soil erosion. Yankovsky, who published a series of articles and brochures from 1891 to 1914. In his research P.V. Yankovsky focused his main attention on the issues of accumulation and conservation of moisture in the soil. Works by P.V. Yankovsky, along with the research of A.N. Shishkin and P.A. Kostychev, served as the basis for the development of basic agricultural techniques for the accumulation and preservation of moisture in the soil and the fight against soil erosion.

As a result, the end of the 19th century was devoted mainly to the fight against drought and erosion. Geography and cartography of soils and also genetic classification of soils, which was what Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtse did, was very important for solving these problems. His invaluable contributions to these disciplines will be discussed below.

4. Teachers and predecessors of N.M. Sibirtseva

Speaking about the teachers of Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev, one cannot fail to mention Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev.

V.V. Dokuchaev is the founder of genetic soil science. In Dokuchaev’s scientific activity, its main stages can be distinguished:

Geological and geomorphological studies of the moraine region of Northwestern Russia.
Participation in the completion of the Chaslavsky map.
Expeditions along the black soil belt, creation of a scientific concept about black soil, substantiation of the position “soil is a special body of nature.”
Practical verification of this position in a detailed study of the Nizhny Novgorod and Poltava provinces.
Formation of a school of like-minded naturalists, many of whom became the creators of new natural sciences.
Creation of a genetic classification of soils and principles of their grading.
Education of the Department of Genetic Soil Science.

In 1875, Chaslavsky invited Dokuchaev to create a soil map of European Russia, which was published with explanatory text in 1879.

All of Dokuchaev’s research enabled him to compose his main work, the famous “Russian Chernozem”. This book of 40 printed sheets consists of 10 chapters. The first talks about the history of the study of chernozem, the next 6 describe individual parts of the chernozem strip. The author's ideas themselves are discussed in the last 3 chapters.

Also in this chapter it is necessary to say about Pavel Andreevich Kostychev (1845-1895) - an outstanding soil scientist, agronomist, microbiologist, geobotanist. He completely denied the role of climate in the formation of soils and black soil, but this was not justified. The significance of the maternal breed was reduced to their physical properties. Kostychev's views and role biological factor formed during the study of black soil. The essence of field and laboratory work set out in his book “Soils of the black earth region of Russia, their origin, composition and properties” (1886). Kostychev's research experimentally supported many of Dokuchaev's provisions. His great merit is that he strengthened the interpretation of the biological mechanism of chernozem formation, gave an agronomic assessment of chernozems and substantiated a number of methods for their rational processing.

5. Contribution of N.M. Sibirtsev in the development of soil science.

As already mentioned, Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev began his scientific activity in 1882, taking part in the study of the Nizhny Novgorod province, under the guidance of prof. Dokuchaeva. After 2 years, he had already published two large works containing carefully developed material on the geology and soil science of the studied areas.

At the end of the field work of the expedition, Nikolai Mikhailovich was given the task of bringing together data on the chemical composition of Nizhny Novgorod soils. This summary was to constitute one of the essential elements of the binitation system first adopted by Nizhny Novgorod researchers.

Sibirtsev’s invaluable contribution to the methodology of regional descriptions of soils. Exemplary in this regard was his essay on the geology and soils of the Arzamas district of the Nizhny Novgorod province. A new word in science appeared two years later in the monograph “ Chemical composition plant-terrestrial soils of the Nizhny Novgorod province." Already here there has been a connection between the genetic approach to soils and their assessment from physical and chemical points of view. He gives a quantitative description of the soils and comes to the conclusion that the plateau chernozem and podzolized sands represent two extremes, but if the sands are not favorable for agriculture, then the plateau chernozems are very difficult to cultivate. It turns out that “average” soils are valued much higher, but this is due to the peasants’ lack of good cultivation tools.

Working with peasants, agronomists, zemstvo statisticians, the revolutionary-minded N.F. Annensky and, of course, his research papers brought N.M. to important conclusions about the social and economic growth of soil. He believed that not only long-term average productivity, but also agricultural economic phenomena depend on soils.

Having learned about his appointment to the world's first department of soil science, Sibirtsev wrote to Dokuchaev and outlined the following sections of the soil science course:

Soil genesis (soil formers and their relationships)
Soil morphology (diversity of soil types)
Soil as a subject of physical, chemical and biological research
Soil science methods
Soil statistics and geography
Relation of soil science to agriculture and forestry

In 1895, Sibirtsev’s work “On the Foundations of the Genetic Classification of Soils” was published, which should be considered a classic work in soil science. The paper examines Dokuchaev's 1886 classification of soils. An estimate of its value is given with various points view:

“Its starting point is not some applied or external property of the soil, but their natural origin, genetic determination the soil itself as a natural body."
The basis of the classification “is declared to be the types and forms of soil formation in the sense of a certain combination of soil-forming elements, both material and dynamic.”
“The idea of the constancy and legitimacy of the territorial distribution of soils across physiographic stripes and regions is clearly conveyed.”

Further, Sibirtsev says that this classification must be correctly applied to the actual material, develop its architecture and internal structure, and prove the possibility of its extension to all soils.

Sibirtsev does not deny the importance of organisms in soil formation, but believes that other factors of soil formation should not be forgotten. Soil science is intended to deal with “continental soils,” and their division should be based on the types of soil formation or soil origin, those combinations of natural conditions that lead the soil-forming process in a certain direction.

Having briefly examined the features of different types of soils and adding new types, Nikolai Mikhailovich sets out his classification, dividing soils into 3 “divisions”:

Complete or zonal (chernozem, gray forest, podzolic-turf, desert-steppe and tundra)
Intrazonal (solonetzes and bog soils)
Incomplete (skeletal and alluvial)

In 1897, Sibirtsev gave his classification the form of compact tables. In which soil types were divided horizontally into subtypes, which was done for the first time. Five petrographic groups of soils are distinguished vertically: from clayey to sandy, indicating the ratio of clayey and sandy particles in them. For all soils in the table conventional signs the content of humus, the degree of acidity, the amount of sand and clay were given.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev played an equally important role in soil cartography. In 1898, the “Schematic Soil Map of European Russia” was published, attached to his works. Until this point, only the outdated Chaslavsky map and Kostychev’s scheme existed, but they were not based on genetic soil science. Sibirtsev gave a cartographic analysis of the achievements national science in the study of soils. On a map of a scale of 240 versts in 1 inch, 22 main types and groups of soils are shown in different colors and symbols. Soddy-podzolic soils are divided into 3 groups, chernozems into 6, solonetzes, peat tundra,
soils on calcareous rocks, etc. In 1901, a map of European Russia was published, the authors were Sibirtsev, Ferkhmin and Tanfilyev. It was printed in 6 sheets and was more detailed than the 1898 map.

Sibirtsev's main scientific achievement was the creation of the first free encyclopedic course on soil science, the last edition of which appeared after the death of the author. In the preface, Sibirtsev wrote that before Dokuchaev, the concept of soil was as a “mass” or “environment”. Dokuchaev put forward and substantiated the doctrine that soils are formed according to special types and occupy an exceptional place among the formations of the earth's crust. The first section of the textbook was devoted to the concepts of soil science, soil formers and parent rocks of all types, weathering processes, the importance of climate and organogenic processes. The second section contained the doctrine of soil as a mass. It examines the mechanical and chemical composition of the soil, organic components, soil phases, etc. The third section is called “Soil as a geophysical formation.” The fourth section is called “Descriptive Soil Science”. N.M. Sibirtsev put forward his own provisions in relation to black soils:

Chernozem is formed on different rocks, but best of all “develops from marly-loamy rocks and marly rocks.” Chernozem is characterized by the presence of calcareous veins and concretions.
Chernozem is considered in the system of types of the class of zonal soils, but it is preceded by soils of dry steppes - chestnut and brown.
Chernozem is divided into subtypes: chocolate (southern), transitional to chestnut soils (ordinary), fat, forest-steppe (brown), degraded.

The large fifth section is devoted to the geography of soils. Soils are considered here by zone and region. Information about soil maps and their compilation and use is also provided. The sixth section is devoted to soil grading, based mainly on the results of Nizhny Novgorod and other provincial works.

Sibirtsev's voluminous work (35 printed sheets) summarized all the material that soil science had accumulated over 20-25 years. The book presents the views of Dokuchaev, Kostychev, Glinka, Izmailsky, Mendeleev, Ferkhman, Chaslavsky, and Schmidt. Foreign authors were also mentioned: Volny, Gilgard, Grando, Lorenz, Orta and others (Sibirtsev, 1901)

Publisher of the book P.F. Barakov wrote in 1901:

« The young professor encountered difficulty not in the lack of material for a separate course, but rather in the abundance of new factors obtained in recent years, mainly by the research of the school of Russian soil scientists" The task was not easy, but Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev was up to it " coped brilliantly: all the facts found the proper grouping and proper coverage in his extensive, strictly scientific course».

K.D. Glinka (1902):

« The deep conviction in the scientific nature and independence of the subject, which was reflected with extreme clarity in Nikolai Mikhailovich’s course and stretched like a red thread across all the pages of the wonderful book, was undoubtedly one of the reasons that attracted the reader" Books by N.M. Sibirtsev was republished four times (the last one in 1951), which is undoubtedly the best recognition of the scientist’s merits.

S.S. Sobolev (1953):

« ...soil scientists of new generations remember with pride and gratitude the life and work of one of the three founders of Russian genetic soil science».

6. Disciples and followers of N.M. Sibirtseva

In this chapter it is impossible not to mention Konstantin Dmitrievich Glinka (1867 1927). He is Sibirtsev's successor. The ability to collect and summarize data made Glinka an encyclopedist in soil science. In 1906, he defended his dissertation on the topic “Research in the field of weathering processes,” in which he revealed the stages of transformation of primary minerals into secondary ones, characteristic of the weathering crust and soil. In 1906-1910, under the leadership of K.D. Work was carried out in the field of soil research in Pskov, Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk and other provinces. During these studies, significant areas of the non-chernozem zone were mapped. These studies were carried out to solve agronomic issues and to evaluate land. In 1903, Konstantin Dmitrievich took up the task of summarizing the materials collected on red soils and in the same year gave a critical summary of them and established the uniform genesis of ferrallitic soils and weathering crusts in all areas of their location. In 1913, Glinka's hypothesis was confirmed by chemical studies of African soils on different rocks.

The discovery of the genesis of saline soils belongs to the student of Dokuchaev and Sibirtsev, Nikolai Aleksandrovich Dimo (1873-1959). He studied the soils of Saratov, Penza and Chernigov provinces, the role of soil animals, developed methods and instruments for soil research in the laboratory. In a place with botanist B.A. Keller published the monograph “In the Semi-Desert Region,” where he described the complexity of the soil and vegetation cover of the Caspian Lowland. He also developed a classification and nomenclature of soils, for example, he owned the term “columnar solonetz”, established the difference between solonetzes and solonchaks, as well as geographical patterns and their distribution in natural areas.

Abroad, supporters of the ideas of Dokuchaev and Sibirtsev were the Romanian soil scientist G.M. Murgoch and Hungarian P. Treitz. In 1903, the first of them became interested in Dokuchaev’s work and visited Russia. In particular, G.M. Murgoch published his articles in the journal “Soil Science”. On maps of Romania, he showed the zonal distribution of forest soils and several subtypes of chernozems. At the same time, P. Treitz began exploring certain parts of Hungary as an agrogeologist. He compiled soil maps of Hungary and introduced podzols, solonetzes, and chernozems on them.

7. Bibliography.

About the Permian limestones of the southwestern part of the Nizhny Novgorod province. (1884)
Arzamas district (1884)
About the Alatyr sands and the Jurassic system in the southern part of the Nizhny Novgorod province (1885)
Chemical composition of plant-terrestrial soils of the Nizhny Novgorod province. “Materials for the assessment of land in the Nizhny Novgorod province” (1886)
Essay on the Nizhny Novgorod Jurassic. “Materials for the assessment of land in the Nizhny Novgorod province” (1886)
Mineral resources of the Nizhny Novgorod province. Iron ores in Ardatov district (1886)
A note about Jurassic formations in the northern part of the Nizhny Novgorod province. (1887)
Brief abstracts of works on soil science. "Russian Geological Library", 36 abstracts. 1887-97 and “Hedgehog.” according to Geol. and Min. Russia", 5 abstracts in It. 1896-97
On post-Tertiary deposits of the Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod provinces. (1891)
Project on the establishment of experimental fields in the Nizhny Novgorod province (1891)
Natural Causes of Crop Failure (1891)
On the issue of objective study of soil during territorial assessment studies (1891)
Explanatory note to the 3-verst soil assessment map of Knyagininsky district. With soil map. (1892)
About the 3-verst soil map of the Knyaginsky district and about the latest soil assessment studies in the Nizhny Novgorod province (1894)
Short scientific review of prof. Dokutschaevs and his pupils collection of soils, exposed in Chicago in the year 1893.
Additional chemical tests soil (1894)
Soil Science Course Program (1895)
On the basic genetic classification of soils (1895)
Program for studying soils in the field (1895)
About the soils of the Vistula region (1896)
Brief preliminary report on research into the subsoil and soil of Opochetsky district (1896)
Oksko-Klyazmensky basin. Geological essay. (1896)
Classification of soils as applied to Russia (1896)
Etude des sols de la Russie (1897)
Classification of soils as applied to Russia (1898)
Short review main soil types of Russia (1898)
Ardatovsky district. Regional description (1899)
Soil science. Lectures given to students of the New Alexandria Institute (1899)
Geography of soils. Rough soils. Soddy-podzolic soils. Soil Cartography (1900)

Maps and cartograms

Soil map of the Nizhny Novgorod province. Scale 10th century. in inches. (1896)
Geological map of the Nizhny Novgorod province. Scale 10th century. in inches. (1886)
Map of subsoil formations of the Nizhny Novgorod province. 20th century scale. in inches. Handwritten.
Soil map of the “stone steppe”. (1894)
General geological map of Russia (1895)
Schematic soil map of Eur. Russia. (1898)

8. Literature.

Barakov P.F., Glinka K.D. and others N.M. Sibirtsev, his life and work. // Publication of the journal “Soil Science”. St. Petersburg, 1901.
Krupenikov I.A. History of soil science from its inception to the present day. // Publishing house "Science", Moscow, 1981.
Ivanov V.I. National history soil science: development of ideas, differentiation, institutionalization. // M. Science, 2003.
Internet

Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev(February 1, Arkhangelsk - July August 20, Ufa province) - Russian geologist and soil scientist, one of the students of V.V. Dokuchaev. He played an important role in the development of soil science and soil geography. C headed the first department of soil science in, author of the first textbook on soil science, reprinted 4 times.

Biography

Education

After graduating from the University, he was left to prepare for the professorship.

Developing a classification of soils, N. M. Sibirtsev divides them into three sections (zonal, intrazonal and incomplete), and gives it the form of a table and for the first time identifies soil subtypes (for example, for chernozems the subtypes were fat, ordinary and dark chocolate). This classification was given in the article "Soils" The encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron subsequently formed the basis of modern classifications.

Teaching activities

N. M. Sibirtsev in 1899

From the walls of New Alexandria during the years of Sibirtsev’s work there came such soil scientists as N. A. Dimo, I. A. Shulga, A. M. Pankov, G. M. Tumin, A. I. Nabokikh, N. I. Prokhorov, D. P. Gedevanishvili, T. P. Gordeev.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev died on July 20, August in the Ufa province, where he was treated with kumis for consumption.

Family

Father Sibirtsev, Mikhail Ivanovich (1822-1912) - Teacher of natural science at the seminary.

Membership in organizations

Memory

In honor of N. M. Sibirtsev the following was named:

Bibliography

Sibirtsev N. M. On the basis of genetic classification of soils. – Warsaw: Type. K. Kovalevsky, 1895. – 23 p.
Sibirtsev N. M. Classification of soils as applied to Russia // Yearbook on Geology and Meneralogy of Russia / ed. N. Kristafovich. 1897. T. 2, issue. 5. pp. 73–78.
Sibirtsev N. M. Chernozem in different countries// Sat. publ. lectures, readings in Novo-Alexandr. in-those sat down. households and forestry. Warsaw, 1898. Vol. 2. pp. 29–48.
Sibirtzev N. M. Etude des sols de la Russie // Compte rendu: Congrès géologique international, 7th session, Russie, 1897. St. Pétersbourg: M. Stassuléwitsch, 1899. P. 73-125: carte: 2 pl.
Sibirtsev N. M. Soil science: Lectures given to students of the New Alexandria Institute: Parts 1-3: Part 1: Warsaw: Type. F. Chernaka, 1899. 146 pp.; Parts 2 and 3: St. Petersburg: ed. A. Skvortsov, 1899. VII, 360 pp.; 2nd ed. augmented Soil science: Lectures given at the Institute of Villages. households and forestry in Novo-Alexandria. Vol. 1-3: St. Petersburg: Typ. I.N. Skorokhodova: Vol. 1: Soil formation (sediment and weathering). 1900., 136 pp.; Vol. 2: The doctrine of soil as a mass; Soil as a geophysical formation. 1901. XII, 196 p. ; Vol. 3: Descriptive soil science; Geography and cartography of soils; Soil grading. 1901. 212 pp.; 3rd ed. St. Petersburg: type. M.P. Frolova, 1909. XVI, 504 pp.; 4th ed. St. Petersburg: type. M.P. Frolova, 1914. XVI, 504 p.
Sibirtsev N. M. Selected works: T.1-2 / ed. and with a preface. S. S. Soboleva. M.: Selkhozgiz. T. 1: Soil science. – 1951. – 472 p.; T. 2: Soil science and drought control: (department of work). 1953. 584 p.

(1(13)02.1860 - 20.07.(2.08).1900), soil scientist, geologist, agronomist; one of the founders of scientific (genetic) soil science.

One of the biographers called the outstanding natural scientist-soil scientist, geologist, agronomist N. M. Sibirtsev a scientist of “Lomonosov scale.” This comparison is not accidental. Followers found brilliant anticipations in Sibirtsev’s works, which were far ahead of the level of knowledge of his contemporaries. Much in the fate of Sibirtsev is reminiscent of the fate of Lomonosov. Childhood and adolescence in the Pomeranian region, rejection of the predicted career of a clergyman, walking behind a convoy to the capital, studying from hand to mouth and a frantic thirst for knowledge, and then selfless, selfless service to science. So, having graduated from the main course of the Arkhangelsk Theological Seminary in 1878, Nikolai Sibirtsev went to St. Petersburg and entered the university in the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

His teachers and favorite professors were the great D.I. Mendeleev, the founder organic chemistry A. M. Butlerov, the famous botanist A. N. Beketov, geologists A. A. Inostrantsev and V. V. Dokuchaev. A capable student is retained to prepare for a professorship. From that time on, Sibirtsev became an assistant and associate of Dokuchaev, the founder of scientific soil science.

For a short but bright creative life, most of which took place on expeditions, N. M. Sibirtsev did an amazing amount. As a geologist, he resolved one of the important questions of the structure of the European part of Russia. Geological research was carried out inextricably with the study of soils. Sibirtsev developed a genetic classification of soils and the doctrine of soil zones based on Dokuchaev’s principles, compiled a soil map of European Russia, headed the world’s first department of genetic soil science, wrote a textbook and trained a galaxy of young soil scientists.

The main scientific feat of the scientist is that he systematized his teacher’s ideas about the origin of soils, as a result of which soil science took shape as an independent science. He was able to overcome the differences in the views of V.V. Dokuchaev and another outstanding scientist P.A. Kostychev, an adherent of the agronomic school, to present the ideas of these scientists as complementary.

Sibirtsev's works on agronomy are widely known; he compiled a methodology for land assessment work, developed issues of experimental work, and field-protective afforestation in steppe regions. The scientist paid great attention to the promotion of agronomic knowledge; he created the first natural history museum in the Russian province (in Nizhny Novgorod).

Nikolai Mikhailovich vividly responded to the national disaster of the bad harvest of 1891, when, together with the great Russian writer V. G. Korolenko, the famous public figure and economist N. F. Annensky and other leading representatives of the Russian intelligentsia, he provided assistance to the hungry.

N. K. Sibirtsev’s roads ran through many cities, villages and countries: St. Petersburg, N. Novgorod, Vladimir, Ryazan, Kostroma, Voronezh, Poltava, Kamennaya Steppe, Novo-Alexandria and Warsaw, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland and Italy and ended in the steppes of Bashkiria, where he died of tuberculosis. And the beginning was in Arkhangelsk.

The scientist’s scientific heritage remains relevant. His life’s feat is also remembered in his homeland. Soil scientists, land reclamation specialists and agrochemists from Arkhangelsk, together with colleagues from Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities, gather once every five years for traditional scientific sessions - Sibirtsev Readings.

Varfolomeev L. A.

From book:

Varfolomeev, L. A. Path of Lomonosov: northerners - outstanding figures of science and culture: monograph / L. A. Varfolomeev; Pomor. state University named after M. V. Lomonosov, Arkhang. center Rus. Geogr. islands; under general ed. R. A. Khantalina. - Arkhangelsk: PSU named after. M. V. Lomonosov, 2001. - pp. 14-15.

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Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev

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Biography

Education

After graduating from the University, he was left to prepare for the professorship.

Teaching activities

Nikolai Mikhailovich Sibirtsev died on July 20, August in the Ufa province, where he was treated with kumis for consumption.

Family

Membership in organizations

Memory

Bibliography

Sibirtsev N. M. On the basis of genetic classification of soils. – Warsaw: Type. K. Kovalevsky, 1895. – 23 p.
Sibirtsev N. M. Classification of soils as applied to Russia // Yearbook on Geology and Meneralogy of Russia / ed. N. Kristafovich. 1897. T. 2, issue. 5. pp. 73–78.
Sibirtsev N. M. Chernozem in different countries // Sat. publ. lectures, readings in Novo-Alexandr. in-those sat down. households and forestry. Warsaw, 1898. Vol. 2. pp. 29–48.
Sibirtzev N. M. Etude des sols de la Russie // Compte rendu: Congrès géologique international, 7th session, Russie, 1897. St. Pétersbourg: M. Stassuléwitsch, 1899. P. 73-125: carte: 2 pl.
Sibirtsev N. M. Soil science: Lectures given to students of the New Alexandria Institute: Parts 1-3: Part 1: Warsaw: Type. F. Chernaka, 1899. 146 pp.; Parts 2 and 3: St. Petersburg: ed. A. Skvortsov, 1899. VII, 360 pp.; 2nd ed. augmented Soil science: Lectures given at the Institute of Villages. households and forestry in Novo-Alexandria. Vol. 1-3: St. Petersburg: Typ. I.N. Skorokhodova: Vol. 1: Soil formation (sediment and weathering). 1900., 136 pp.; Vol. 2: The doctrine of soil as a mass; Soil as a geophysical formation. 1901. XII, 196 p. ; Vol. 3: Descriptive soil science; Geography and cartography of soils; Soil grading. 1901. 212 pp.; 3rd ed. St. Petersburg: type. M.P. Frolova, 1909. XVI, 504 pp.; 4th ed. St. Petersburg: type. M.P. Frolova, 1914. XVI, 504 p.
Sibirtsev N. M. Selected works: T.1-2 / ed. and with a preface. S. S. Soboleva. M.: Selkhozgiz. T. 1: Soil science. – 1951. – 472 p.; T. 2: Soil science and drought control: (department of work). 1953. 584 p.

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Sibirtsev Nikolay Mikhailovich- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

An excerpt characterizing Sibirtsev, Nikolai Mikhailovich

I was interested in trying to look at the expectant mother, when suddenly a sharp pain slashed all over my body!.. And I immediately, with my whole being, felt how cruelly Esclarmonde suffered!.. Apparently, her child, who was about to be born, brought her a sea of unfamiliar pain, for which she was not yet ready.
Convulsively grabbing hands young man, Esclarmonde whispered softly:
- Promise me... Please, promise me... you will be able to save him... No matter what happens... promise me...
The man did not answer anything, he only affectionately stroked her thin hands, apparently unable to find the saving words needed at that moment.
– He should be born today! He must!.. – the girl suddenly shouted desperately. - He cannot die with me!.. What should we do? Well, tell me, what should we do?!!
Her face was incredibly thin, exhausted and pale. But neither thinness nor terrible exhaustion could spoil the refined beauty of this amazingly tender and bright face! Now only his eyes lived on him... Clean and huge, like two gray-blue springs, they shone with endless tenderness and love, not looking away from the alarmed young man... And in the very depths of these wonderful eyes lurked a wild, black hopelessness...
What was that?!.. Who were all these people who came to me from someone’s distant past? Were these the Cathars?! And was it not because my heart sank so sadly for them because an inevitable, terrible misfortune hung over them?..
The mother of young Esclarmond (and it was probably her) was clearly excited to the limit, but, as best she could, she tried not to show it to her already completely exhausted daughter, who at times generally “went away” from them into oblivion, feeling nothing and not responding. ... And she just lay there like a sad angel, having left her tired body for a while... On the pillows, scattered in golden-brown waves, long, wet, silky hair glistened... The girl, indeed, was very unusual. Some kind of strange, spiritually doomed, very deep beauty shone in her.
Two thin, stern, but pleasant women approached Esclarmonde. Approaching the bed, they tried to gently persuade the young man to leave the room. But he, without answering, just shook his head negatively and turned back to the woman in labor.
The lighting in the hall was sparse and dark - several smoking torches hung on the walls on both sides, casting long, swaying shadows. Once upon a time, this hall must have been very beautiful... Wonderfully embroidered tapestries were still proudly hanging on the walls... And the high windows were protected by cheerful multi-colored stained glass windows, enlivening the last dim evening light pouring into the room. Something very bad must have happened to the owners for such a rich room to look so abandoned and uncomfortable now...
I couldn’t understand why this strange story completely and completely captured me?! And what was the most important thing about it: the event itself? Some of those present there? Or that unborn little man?.. Unable to tear myself away from the vision, I longed to quickly find out how this strange, probably not very happy, alien story would end!
Suddenly the air thickened in the papal library - North suddenly appeared.
– Oh!.. I felt something familiar and decided to return to you. But I didn’t think that you would watch something like this... You don’t need to read this sad story, Isidora. It will only bring you more pain.
– Do you know her?.. Then tell me, who are these people, North? And why does my heart hurt so much for them? “I asked, surprised by his advice.
“These are the Cathars, Isidora... Your beloved Cathars... on the night before the burning,” Sever said sadly. “And the place you see is their last and dearest fortress, which lasted longer than all the others.” This is Montsegur, Isidora... Temple of the Sun. The home of Magdalene and her descendants... one of whom is about to be born.
– ?!..
- Do not be surprised. The father of that child is a descendant of Beloyar, and, of course, Radomir. His name was Svetozar. Or – the Light of Dawn, if you prefer. This (as it has always been with them) is very sad and cruel story... I don’t advise you to watch it, my friend.
The North was focused and deeply sad. And I understood that the vision that I was looking at at that moment did not give him pleasure. But despite everything, he was, as always, patient, warm and calm.
– When did this happen, Sever? Are you saying that we are seeing the real end of Qatar?
North looked at me for a long time, as if pitying.... As if not wanting to hurt me even more... But I stubbornly continued to wait for an answer, not giving him the opportunity to remain silent.
– Unfortunately, this is so, Isidora. Although I would really like to answer you something more joyful... What you are now observing happened in 1244, in the month of March. On the night when the last refuge of Qatar fell... Montsegur. They held out for a very long time, ten long months, freezing and starving, infuriating the army of the Holy Pope and His Majesty, the King of France. There were only one hundred real warrior knights and four hundred other people, among whom were women and children, and more than two hundred Perfect Ones. And the attackers were several thousand professional knight-warriors, real killers who received the go-ahead to destroy the disobedient “heretics”... to mercilessly kill all the innocent and unarmed... in the name of Christ. And in the name of the “holy”, “all-forgiving” church.
And yet, the Cathars held out. The fortress was almost inaccessible, and in order to capture it, it was necessary to know the secret underground passages, or passable paths, known only to the residents of the fortress or the residents of the area who helped them.

But, as usually happened with heroes, betrayal appeared on the scene... The army of murderous knights, out of patience and going crazy from empty inaction, asked for help from the church. Well, naturally, the church immediately responded, using its most proven method for this - giving one of the local shepherds a large fee for showing the path leading to the “platform” (that was the name of the nearest site where a catapult could be installed). The shepherd sold himself, destroying his immortal soul... and the sacred fortress of the last remaining Cathars.

My heart was beating wildly with indignation. Trying not to succumb to the overwhelming hopelessness, I continued to ask Sever, as if I still hadn’t given up, as if I still had the strength to watch this pain and the savagery of the atrocity that had once happened...
-Who was Esclarmonde? Do you know something about her, Sever?
“She was the third and youngest daughter of the last lords of Montsegur, Raymond and Corba de Pereil,” answered Sever sadly. “You saw them at Esclarmonde’s bedside in your vision.” Esclarmonde herself was a cheerful, affectionate and beloved girl. She was explosive and mobile, like a fountain. And very kind. Her name translated meant – Light of the World. But her acquaintances affectionately called her “flash,” I think, for her seething and sparkling character. Just don’t confuse her with another Esclarmonde - Qatar also had the Great Esclarmonde, Dame de Foix.
The people themselves called her great, for her perseverance and unshakable faith, for her love and help to others, for her protection and Faith of Qatar. But this is already different, although very beautiful, but (again!) very sad story. Esclarmonde, whom you “watched,” became Svetozar’s wife at a very young age. And now she was giving birth to his child, which the father, according to an agreement with her and with all the Perfect Ones, had to somehow take away from the fortress that same night in order to save it. Which meant that she would see her child for just a few short minutes while his father prepared to escape... But, as you have already seen, the child was not born. Esclarmonde was losing strength, and this made her more and more panicked. A whole two weeks, which, according to general estimates, should have been enough for the birth of a son, came to an end, and for some reason the child did not want to be born... Being in a complete frenzy, exhausted from attempts, Esclarmonde almost didn’t believe it anymore. that she would still be able to save her poor child from terrible death in the flames of the fire. Why did he, an unborn baby, have to experience this?! Svetozar tried to calm her down as best he could, but she no longer listened to anything, completely plunging into despair and hopelessness.
Having tuned in, I saw the same room again. About ten people gathered around Esclarmonde's bed. They stood in a circle, all dressed identically in dark, and from their outstretched hands a golden glow gently flowed directly into the woman in labor. The flow became thicker, as if the people around her were pouring all their remaining Life Power into her...
– These are the Cathars, aren’t they? – I asked quietly.
– Yes, Isidora, these are the Perfect Ones. They helped her survive, helped her baby be born.
Suddenly Esclarmonde screamed wildly... and at the same moment, in unison, the heart-rending cry of a baby was heard! A bright joy appeared on the haggard faces surrounding her. People laughed and cried, as if a long-awaited miracle had suddenly appeared to them! Although, probably, it was so?.. After all, a descendant of Magdalene, their beloved and revered guiding Star, was born into the world!.. A bright descendant of Radomir! It seemed that the people filling the hall had completely forgotten that at sunrise they would all go to the bonfire. Their joy was sincere and proud, like a stream of fresh air in the vastness of Occitania scorched by fires! Taking turns welcoming the newborn, they, smiling happily, left the hall until only Esclarmonde’s parents and her husband, the person she loved most in the world, remained around.
With happy, sparkling eyes, the young mother looked at the boy, unable to utter a word. She understood perfectly well that these moments would be very short, since, wanting to protect his newborn son, his father would have to immediately pick him up in order to try to escape from the fortress before morning. Before his unfortunate mother goes to the stake with the others....
- Thank you!.. Thank you for your son! – Svetozar whispered without hiding the tears rolling down his tired face. - My bright-eyed joy... come with me! We will all help you! I can't lose you! He doesn’t know you yet!.. Your son doesn’t know how kind and beautiful his mother is! Come with me, Esclarmonde!..

SIBIRTSEV NIKOLAY MIKHAILOVICH

Sibirtsev (Nikolai Mikhailovich) - soil scientist; Professor. Born in 1860. He received his primary education at the Arkhangelsk Theological Seminary. Upon completion, in 1882, of a course in science at St. Petersburg University, in the Faculty of Natural Sciences, he took part in a geological and soil study of the Nizhny Novgorod province, under the general supervision of Professor V. Dokuchaev. From 1885 to 1892, he was in charge of the Nizhny Novgorod Zemstvo Natural History Museum, and led (together with N.A. Bogoslovsky) the soil part in the assessment and statistical study of the same province, compiling, among other things, the first 2- and 3-verst district maps in Russia soil maps. At the same time, on behalf of the geological committee, he carried out geological research in the eastern part of the Vladimir province. In 1892 and 1893 he participated in the work of the so-called “Special Steppe Expedition of the Forestry Department.” Since 1894 he has held the chair of soil science at the New Alexandria Institute. Agriculture and forestry. The largest of Sibirtsev's printed works: a number of articles ("Serchachsky district", "Arzamas district", "Jurassic system of the Nizhny Novgorod province", "Chemical composition of soils") in the publication "Materials for the assessment of lands of the Nizhny Novgorod province. Natural history part", 1882 - 1886; chapters under the general designation “Territory of the County” with soil maps and tables, in the economic part of the same “Materials” (1887 - 1891); "Preliminary report on the activities of a special expedition of the forest department" (1893); “On the foundations of genetic classification of soils” (1895); "Classification of soils as applied to Russia" (1895); "Okskoklyazminsky basin" (geological research, 1896); "Etude des sols de la Russie" (1897); “A brief overview of the main soil types of Russia” (1898); “Soil Science” (parts I - III, course given at the Novoaleksandrovsk Institute, 1898 - 1899). Died in 1900. Wed. articles by I. Barakov, P. Glinka, N. Bogoslovsky, A. Fortunatov, K. Matseevich, A. Ferkhtmin and P. Ototsky, dedicated to the memory of S. in the journal "Soil Science", 1900, ¦ 4; there is a list there scientific works WITH.

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

Nikolay Sibirtsev. The meaning of Nikolai Mikhailovich Siberians in the brief biographical encyclopedia Nikolai Sibirtsev

1. Social and historical essay.

2. Biography

3. The current situation in science at the end of the 19th century.

4. Teachers and predecessors of N.M. Sibirtseva

5. Contribution of N.M. Sibirtsev in the development of soil science.

6. Disciples and followers of N.M. Sibirtseva

7. Bibliography.

8. Literature.

Biography

Education

Teaching activities

Family

Membership in organizations

Memory

see also

Bibliography

From book:

Essays:

Biography

Education

Teaching activities

Family

Membership in organizations

Memory

see also

Bibliography

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An excerpt characterizing Sibirtsev, Nikolai Mikhailovich

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