Research work on the topic: “Amazing natural phenomena. Iceberg

Municipal budget educational institution"Secondary school 5" NGO Research Icebergs. Or how to quench the "thirst of humanity." Completed by: students of 6 “B” class MBOU “Secondary School 5” Esakov Alexander, Bratchikov Alexander Supervisor: Panova Tatyana Valerievna

Where to get icebergs The continent of Antarctica annually gives up thousands of cubic kilometers to the ocean pure ice in the form of calving icebergs. Thousands more huge ice floes set off on an annual journey across the world's oceans from the shores of Greenland, Alaska, Spitsbergen, Severnaya Zemlya

Project 2 (idea of ​​Georges Mougin) One of the most ambitious modern projects IceDream (gg..) “the possibility of transporting and further using Arctic table icebergs”

The dangers of transporting icebergs It is unknown what impact a colossal ice caravan will have on the microclimate along the delivery route, especially in tropical latitudes. Fog may fall on the sea, and then a multi-kilometer caravan will pose a serious threat to oncoming ships. Another danger: icebergs have the unpleasant property of melting unevenly, while their center of gravity shifts, and ice blocks can turn over sharply at the most unexpected moment. The main question: will the icebergs melt along the way?

Resources Magazines Magazine “Science in Focus” Magazines Magazine “Science in Focus” ledyanaya-mechta-zhorzha-muzhena/ ledyanaya-mechta-zhorzha-muzhena/

The decision to use icebergs to obtain fresh water, it would seem obvious, and the goal is noble. Therefore, in the last two centuries, projects of this kind have appeared one after another. On the threshold of the third millennium, humanity faced serious problems. Rapid population growth, depletion natural resources, global change climate change has only worsened the situation with fresh water shortages. At the current rate of growth in consumption, by 2025 there will be an acute shortage of water for 1.8 billion people. If earlier the idea of ​​transporting icebergs in scientific circles was treated as a crazy adventure, now the time has come to think about it thoroughly.

One of the most ambitious modern projects is IceDream. Its history began with the idea of ​​transporting icebergs in the 1970s by two polar explorers, Paul-Emile Victor and Georges Mougin. Together with the prince Saudi Arabia Mohammed al Faisal founded the company Iceberg Transport International in 1975, whose employees studied the possibility of transporting and further using Arctic table icebergs. But in those days it was incredibly difficult to correctly evaluate and calculate such a complex project. And in 1981, IceDream, faced with numerous difficulties, curtailed its activities.

The matter got off the ground only in 2009. Glaciologists and oceanographers working at Mougins used Dassault Systèmes software to work with complex 3D models.

As an example, they decided to simulate the scenario of transporting a real table iceberg (dimensions 163 x 236 x 189 m and weighing 7 million tons) from the coast of Newfoundland to the Canary Islands. Preliminary radio sounding of the iceberg would make it possible to select only strong blocks of ice and minimize the risk that the iceberg will break apart during transportation. To protect the ice mountain from rapid melting in warm waters, there is a “skirt” made of geotextile material in which the iceberg is “packed.” This same fence should save it from contamination such as oil spills.

Three-dimensional modeling showed that the optimal option is to use one powerful tug with a bollard pull of 130 tons (and not, for example, several tugs). Transportation will take 141 days, the towing speed will be 1.8 km/h. During this time, the iceberg will lose 38% of its original weight, but the ice that survives will be enough to provide about 35 thousand people with water for a year.

Andrey Glazovsky, Candidate of Geographical Sciences, leading researcher at the Department of Glaciology at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, believes that the IceDream project is technically quite feasible. But the information presented on the project’s website does not yet make it possible to assess the depth of its scientific and technical development. In particular, it is necessary to take into account a number of difficulties that may be encountered when transporting an iceberg, including the instability of the iceberg and the likelihood that it will crumble while in transit.

Iceberg - for vodka!

Large-scale sales of drinking water obtained from icebergs are still only plans, but vodka is already a reality. Practical Canadians have been producing it for 17 years using meltwater from icebergs in Newfoundland. A few years ago, this became a serious problem for travel companies. Their customers, many of whom come to Canada solely to enjoy the majestic views of the ice blocks, began to complain about the noise. It turned out that it was created by employees of a vodka company who came for the next batch of ice. They tried to resolve the issue at the government level, but it turned out that in Canada there is no law prohibiting the collection of such a “harvest.”

Madmen and practitioners

The idea of ​​Victor and Mougin is not new. However, none of the projects for using icebergs as sources of drinking water, of which many were proposed, were implemented. Oceanographer John Isaacs became a real enthusiast in this matter. In 1949, at a seminar at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, he came up with a project to tow Antarctic icebergs to the Southern California region.

Isaacs planned to drag a block weighing 8 billion tons to San Diego in 200 days. Having high hopes for favorable sea currents, he planned to make do with six ocean tugs with a total capacity of 80 thousand liters. With. Some of those present greeted the idea with enthusiasm, others considered it crazy. In subsequent years, Isaacs came up with new proposals, his projects were supplemented with details from year to year, but things did not go beyond conversations.

However, history also knows examples of the successful involvement of icebergs in the economy. True, not as a source of water, but as a refrigerator. In the second half of the 19th century, small icebergs were successfully towed using ordinary ships from the southern coast of Chile to the north, to the port of Valparaiso. There they were in demand at breweries. Since the 1960s, companies involved in the development of oil and gas fields have become concerned about the problem of transporting icebergs - they had to insure drilling rigs against collisions with ice blocks. Today this has become commonplace - not only small icebergs are successfully towed, but also those reaching a weight of 3-4 million tons.

Jerome Baker, owner of the 9,600 hp, 81 m long, 4,600 tonne Viking, and his 14-member crew operate the fixed oil platform Hibernia in the Jeanne D'Arc Basin. in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland. Their task is to intercept icebergs in time and drag them away from the platform. The technique is simple: the team ties a block of ice with a polypropylene rope (it seems simple, but sometimes this procedure takes 2-3 days), attaches it to the Viking and very slowly, at a speed of 1.8 km/h, pulls the iceberg away. Although Hibernia is one of the larger platforms designed to withstand collisions with very powerful icebergs, the company's owners, as Baker explains, prefer to avoid collisions with even such a piece, which is the size of a piano. So Viking has enough work.

Research work on the topic:

“Amazing natural phenomena. Iceberg."

performed

3 "B" class

Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 83"

Saratov

Research topic:“Amazing natural phenomena. Iceberg".

Purpose of the study: learn more about the world around us. Understand the connection between natural phenomena and humans. Learn to appreciate what surrounds us

Tasks: Find information on this issue. Understand what benefits can be derived from this natural phenomenon.

1. Introduction.

2. Birth and life cycle of icebergs.

3. Movement of icebergs.

4. How icebergs affect our lives.

5. Benefits of icebergs.

6. Interesting facts.

7. Threat.

8. Conclusion.

9. List of references.

Introduction.

In our environmental lesson we studied the properties of water. I learned that this unique liquid can be in three states:

liquid

gaseous

hard

It was the solid state that interested me, because the ice into which it turns does not sink, but floats. I thought, how can this be? It turns out that the process of freezing water is very unusual. As the water in lakes and seas cools, it becomes heavier and moves downward, but when the water reaches the freezing point, the reverse process occurs. Now it becomes lighter and colder water rises. Having turned into ice, it floats on the surface. I decided to conduct an experiment. I froze an ice cube and then threw it into a glass of water. Surprisingly, the ice cube floated on the surface. The piece of ice on the water reminded me of the icebergs I saw on TV. But how little I know about them. I decided to do a survey among my friends what they know about icebergs. I interviewed 15 people. Here is the survey table:

They don't know anything about icebergs	Have some idea about them	Have accurate, extensive information

As we can see, few people have an accurate understanding of icebergs. I myself first learned about icebergs when I watched the movie Titanic. I remember the moment of the collision well.

“ICEBERG is straight ahead!” - shouts the alarmed lookout. The sailors on the captain's bridge responded immediately. The engines reversed to avoid a collision. But it's too late. The starboard side of the ship received a fatal hole.

I asked myself: how and why do icebergs appear? What can be done to protect people at sea from the danger of collision with it? And how can they influence people's lives? I started looking for information on this issue, and this is what I found out.

Birth and life cycle

Icebergs are like giant ice cubes of fresh water. They are born from glaciers and cover ice in the North and Antarctica.

One of the places where icebergs “emerge”

I was surprised to learn that the Antarctic ice cap produces about 90 percent of the earth's icebergs. It also produces the largest icebergs. Sometimes they rise 100 meters above the water level and can reach more than 300 kilometers in length and 90 kilometers in width. Large icebergs can weigh between 2 million and 40 million tons. This is power! And like snowflakes, no two icebergs are alike. Some are table-shaped, that is, with flat tops. Others are wedge-shaped, pointed or dome-shaped.

Usually only one-seventh or one-tenth of the iceberg is visible above the water. This is especially true for flat-topped icebergs. This all reminds me of my ice cube floating in a glass of water. However, the ratio of ice above and below water is different, depending on the shape of the iceberg.

In general, Antarctic icebergs have flat tops and sides, while Arctic icebergs often have irregular shapes and resemble turrets. Arctic icebergs, most of which originate from the vast ice cap that covers Greenland, pose the greatest threat to humans as they can drift along the transatlantic shipping route.

How do icebergs form? In the northern and southern regions of the earth, the resulting snow cover often does not have time to melt, and cold rain does not evaporate. This causes the layers of snow that accumulate on the surface of the earth to turn into glacial ice. Year after year, as more snow and rain fall, constant compaction occurs. This creates massive ice fields over vast areas of land, such as in Greenland. Eventually, the ice becomes so thick and hard that it causes the heavy glacier to slowly slide down the high slopes into the valleys and then out to sea. The age of the iceberg from the moment of snow compaction at the sources of the glaciers until the start of drift is calculated in centuries.

I imagined a river of ice moving very slowly over the uneven terrain, like cold molasses. Already containing vertical cracks, this giant ice sheet will be a spectacular sight once it reaches the coastline. Due to the simultaneous effects of tides, wave movement and underwater destruction, a huge block of freshwater ice, which can extend approximately 40 kilometers out to sea, will break away from the glacier with a deafening roar. And then the iceberg was born! A person who observed it described it as a “floating crystal castle.” This must be an amazing sight.

In the Arctic, between 10,000 and 15,000 icebergs form each year. However, relatively few reach the southern waters off Newfoundland. What happens to those icebergs that reach this area?

Movement icebergs

Most of the icebergs that break away from the massif are carried away by the ocean current on a long journey, then turns some to the west, others to the south and, ultimately, brings them to the Labrador Sea, nicknamed Iceberg Alley. It would be great to ride on such a unique ice ship. Icebergs that survive after drifting for approximately two years from their birthplace into the open Atlantic towards the Labrador Sea and Newfoundland last a very short time. Once in warm waters, they begin to quickly deteriorate: melt, shrink and break into pieces. When I carried out the experiment, the ice cube really melted quickly.

It is typical that during the day the ice melts and water collects in the cracks. At night, the water freezes and expands in these cracks, causing the iceberg to break into pieces. This dramatically changes the shape of the iceberg and moves its center of gravity. Then the block of ice turns over in the water, presenting a completely different ice sculpture.

As this cycle continues and the ice castles shrink in size, breaking into pieces, they give rise to their own icebergs the size of an average house, and growlers the size of a small room. Some smaller growlers can even flounder in the shallows of shorelines and small coves.

However, the environment in more southern waters will cause the iceberg to rapidly disintegrate into small pieces of freshwater ice that will become part of the great ocean. However, until this happens, icebergs must be handled with care.

How icebergs affect our life

Fishermen who depend on the ocean for their livelihoods say icebergs are a nuisance and a danger. One fisherman said: “Icebergs may be a tourist attraction, but they are a threat to fishermen.” The fishermen returned to check their nets only to find that an iceberg, carried by the tide or current, had torn their expensive nets and released their catch.

Icebergs deserve respect. “I advise you to keep your distance,” says the captain of the sailing ship. “Icebergs are very unpredictable!” Tall icebergs can break off huge chunks, or when the icebergs hit the bottom, large chunks can break off and float up towards you. The iceberg can also spin and capsize - all of which could spell disaster for anyone who ventures too close!”

Icebergs scraping the ocean floor is another cause for concern. “If the iceberg's sediment is almost equal to the depth of the water, then it is known that its base can dig long and deep channels. In oil-producing areas, this has a devastating effect on bottom-dwelling installations such as wellheads,” said one person who observed the icebergs.

I thought about how I could prevent the damage that icebergs could cause. I heard that in some cities they use lasers to knock icicles off the roofs of houses. This makes the job easier for the people who keep track of it. I wondered if something like this could be used to cut off pieces of the iceberg that could cause harm. It would also be good to track wandering icebergs and warn people about a possible collision with them. But it turns out that such work is already underway.

International ice patrol

After the tragedy of the ocean liner Titanic, the International Ice Patrol was formed in 1914 to locate icebergs and predict their movement based on knowledge ocean currents and wind directions, and then warn people about ice. In order to provide protection from these "crystal" giants of the sea, every effort is being made to accumulate knowledge about characteristic features and behavior of ice. The technology used includes visual and radar surveys from aircraft, ice detection reports from commercial vessels, satellite photography, oceanographic surveys and forecasts.

The benefits of icebergs

Maybe we would live better without icebergs. However, not everything associated with icebergs is bad. I found information on how you can use icebergs for the benefit of people. One Newfoundlander noted: “A long time ago, when not everyone had a refrigerator, people in some coastal villages would bring small pieces of iceberg and put them in their wells to keep the water as cold as ice. They also served another purpose: chunks of ice were stored in boxes with sawdust to be used in making homemade ice cream.”

How else could we apply them in our lives? I'm thinking, since icebergs are frozen fresh water, couldn't we use it to deliver it to people who need it? It would be nice to attach, not the largest iceberg, to a cargo ship and tow it to the shore. Of course, part of the iceberg will melt along the way, but some part will float to its destination and can be useful. Or, on the spot, right in the sea, cut off a piece, melt it and pass it through a filter, and only then deliver it in bottles to the shore.

Since these “ice palaces” are impressive with their beauty, many people want to see all this beauty with their own eyes. On Newfoundland's rugged coastline, they look for a spot with panoramic views of the Atlantic to admire the giants of the sea. Cameras are clicking to capture this moment on film. Icebergs come in amazing sizes and even colors. I would love and with great pleasure to look at them in their natural environment.

By the way, the pale blue tint of some icebergs appears due to the re-freezing of melt water, which fills the gullies in the icebergs. Ancient ice blocks reflect sunlight and change color depending on the angle at which the light hits them.

Some icebergs are a favorite habitat of penguins.

Interesting Facts.

To understand the full power and greatness of icebergs, I want to give some Interesting Facts about their sizes.

Two or three icebergs average size contain a mass of water equal to the annual flow of the Volga (the annual flow of the Volga is 252 cubic kilometers).

The largest icebergs are found in Antarctica. In 1956, the American icebreaker Glacier circumnavigated an iceberg 350 km long and 40 km wide.

In October 1999, an iceberg the size of London broke off from Antarctica.

90% of all fresh water on our planet is stored in the eternal Antarctic ice. Almost 5 thousand icebergs break off from Antarctic glaciers every year - this is 100 million tons of frozen fresh water. Among them there are sometimes giants, comparable in size to the islands. For example, in 1956 in the southern part Pacific Ocean An iceberg was discovered whose length was 335 km and width 97 km. And in the 58th year of the last century, a record high iceberg with a height of 167 m was discovered near Greenland. Similar record holders appear constantly. In the fall of 1987, an ice floe 159 km long and 40 km wide, with a total area of ​​6200 km and a thickness of more than 220 m, broke off from the ice sheet of Antarctica. The fresh water flooded from this iceberg would be enough to meet the needs of Moscow for about 650 years. Currently, this iceberg is gradually falling apart, drifting in the Ross Sea, and has a size of 95 x 35 km, with a total area of ​​3365 km.

Threat.

I was very concerned that this amazing natural phenomenon was in danger. The fact is that due to the “greenhouse effect”, glaciers and icebergs are rapidly melting. It would be a shame if over time people will no longer be able to admire these floating castles. In addition, this poses a huge threat to the entire planet. After all, if all the glaciers melt, the level of the world's oceans will rise significantly, which may lead to various natural disasters. I tried to find out what the “greenhouse effect” is and what causes it.

The Earth's atmosphere, like glass in a greenhouse, does not let out solar heat. The sun heats the earth, but the heat transferred infrared radiation, cannot escape freely from the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases block the radiation and reflect it back to the ground, causing the air near its surface to warm up.

I am very sorry that our planet may be in danger. Since many people believe that this problem is caused by man, can't it be solved by man himself? What can I personally do? It turns out that a lot depends on everyone’s efforts. For example, car use and deforestation contribute to global warming. Our family doesn't have a car, but those who do might think they can do their part to preserve environment, if they use it only when necessary and sometimes walk. Also, the energy consumed by various devices in standby mode leads to increased operation of the power plant, which releases gas that contributes to " greenhouse effect" Therefore, I personally can make sure that I do not leave appliances in “standby” mode in our house and use electricity wisely. I am glad that I can contribute to the conservation of our planet and the icebergs that I have met.

Conclusion.

During the research work I learned a lot interesting information about icebergs, how they appear, what they are like. As we gaze upon these towering, sparkling wonders of the sea we marvel at these amazing creations. I would really like people on our planet to learn to see beauty natural phenomena, appreciated what surrounds us and remembered that man and nature are interconnected. The main thing is to learn to live in harmony with each other!

Bibliography:

1. Children's encyclopedia "Cyril and Methodius"

2. Periodical publication of Awake magazine.

3. Website: www.

Victoria Dorofeeva
District scientific-practical conference. The final work of the project “Why don’t icebergs sink in water?”

Regional scientific and practical

conference

MBDOU "Sargatsky kindergarten No. 4"

Name work

Why icebergs don't sink in water?

Scientific director:

Dorofeeva Victoria Vasilievna,

teacher

MBDOU "Sargat kindergarten No. 4"

Sargatka 2012

Introduction...3

Content Research Stages work...4

Used literature...19

Application…. 20

Introduction

Iceberg– unique, constantly changing "sculpture" made of ice, created by nature. First icebergs attracted people's attention after the sinking of the Titanic, the world's largest liner.

Icebergs are one of the most dangerous elements of the natural environment, both for shipping and for engineering structures and mining in the Arctic seas and oceans.

And at the same time icebergs perform a nutritional function, bringing useful substances. Icebergs As they melt, they gradually release iron, a nutrient essential for living nature.

Avoid collision with icebergs possible with well-organized observation of their movement and external structure.

Hypothesis. We assume that icebergs don't sink in water because

Target work. Determine the reasons for unsinkability icebergs.

Tasks. 1. Find out the species icebergs and their habitats.

2. Make a model icebergs and identify its features.

3. Reveals the reasons for unsinkability icebergs.

Methods. 1. Watching a movie

2. Collection and data processing.

3. Conversation.

4. Experiment.

5. Observation.

6. Analysis of the obtained data.

“There are many such forms,

which you usually find in nature more

you won't find it anywhere.

This is why it seems

that many icebergs visited

hands of a master sculptor"

Stephen Kozlowski

Research stages

Last year, preparing for scientific and practical work We got acquainted with the properties of water in detail and learned a lot of new and useful things for ourselves. This year we decided to dwell in more detail on the study of the properties of ice, or rather on the amazing creatures of nature - icebergs.

Forms iceberg so varied that, for example, some could be mistaken for a fairy-tale cathedral of ice, and most seem processed by human hands.

After watching the film about icebergs we wondered. Where do these come from? icebergs and why they don't sink?

We assume that icebergs don't sink because that salt water in the sea pushes ice out.

Our goal work began to determine the causes of unsinkability icebergs.

First we needed to find out what types of icebergs and their habitats. That's why. Victoria Vasilievna told us a lot of interesting things, held conversations about "ice beauties". And here's what we found out.

"Ice"- in German - ice. "berg"- mountain. (It turned out to be a mountain of ice).

Icebergs- these are those who deviate from continental ice huge blocks floating in the seas and oceans.

They are formed from the cover continents in the Arctic, Greenland, and Antarctica, and the current carried them out to sea.

Their height can reach 200 meters, and their volume can be several million cubic meters. For example, "growler" called iceberg, which rises less than one meter above the surface of the water, and the one that protrudes more than 75 meters is called "very big".

If iceberg of blue color , most likely it is more than 1000 years old. The so-called dark blue color "black" icebergs, which recently turned over water. When they capsize, they cause a terrible tsunami. Nine tenths of the total mass icebergs hidden underwater.

For us, they are excellent objects for study and observation. But for ocean-going ships, they pose a huge danger.

If the ship does not notice the moving ice giant in time, it may receive serious damage or even die in a collision. One of the worst maritime disasters occurred on the night of April 14, 1912, when "Titanic" collided with iceberg, resulting in 1,513 deaths. Two giants walked towards each other. One was created by nature over 15,000 years, the other by man. But ice defeated metal. And literally 2 weeks after the collision with the Titanic iceberg collapsed and completely melted in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. This the iceberg will forever be remembered as a destructive force. Therefore, in our time, the sea patrol monitors the movement icebergs and warns ships of danger. Also on icebergs construction of inhabited research bases is practiced.

To identify features iceberg we decided to grow a model iceberg. We poured water into an empty container and placed it outside for a certain time.

When we returned, we saw that the water in the container had frozen, so we brought it into the group and pulled it out. Due to the low temperature, the water turned into ice and took the shape of the vessel in which it was located - this is how our iceberg.

After this we wondered whether our iceberg float in water, or will he drown? And we conducted the following experiment. We took an empty transparent one

a vessel, filled it with water and began to lower various objects into it. When we lowered a spoon weighing 50 g - it drowned, stone weighing 40 g - drowned, magnet whose weight is 50 g - drowned, and when the ice lowered we noticed that

iceberg not only does not drown in water but also, as if alive, constantly turns over. It turns out that it begins to melt from below, water washes it from the sides, and then the sun began to melt the ice from above. It follows that The iceberg is melting on both sides.

He is affected by two strength: its weight pulls down, and the water pushes out. This is where the energy comes from that helps it move. When water gets into the crevices of the ice, it makes sounds that can even be heard.

Object mass Sinks or not

magnet 50 g.

50g. Sinking

Why does ice float??

Scientists have proven that solid water has an openwork structure with cavities and voids.

Crystal structure of ice

When melting, they are filled with water molecules, so the density of liquid water is higher than the density of solid water. Since ice is lighter than water, it floats on it rather than sinking to the bottom. This plays a very important role in nature. If the density of ice were higher than water, then, having appeared on the surface due to cooling of the water by cold air, it would sink to the bottom and, as a result, the entire reservoir would freeze. This would have a catastrophic effect on the lives of many organisms in water bodies.

Studying scientific facts we learned What is density? The density of a substance is the density of bodies consisting of this substance.

We decided to conduct another experiment "Waterfloating Lemon". Fill a container with water and put a lemon in it. The lemon was floating.

And then they peeled it and put it back into the water. He drowned.

We concluded that peeled lemon drowned because of that that its density has increased. The lemon's peel is less dense than its interior, and contains many air particles that helped the lemon to remain on the surface of the water.

Conclusion: When water freezes, air particles in it also freeze. This is what allows iceberg to float. Density iceberg less than the density of sea water, one tenth of its surface remains above water.

During our we learned the work that the water in the sea contains a lot of salts, that is, salty. Will it have any effect on iceberg? And we decided to conduct another experiment to determine how iceberg behaves in salty and fresh water.

For this experiment, we needed two transparent containers filled with water. We poured salt into one container, and the water remained fresh in the other.

At the same time we immersed our icebergs and saw what's in the fresh water the iceberg sank deeper into the water, and in salty water- is located above the water level.

This experience proves it. Since the density of salt water is greater than the density of fresh water, it means that salt water pushes out ice more strongly.

Another famous scientist Mikhail Lomonosov once said that iceberg consists of fresh water. It has a density of 920 kg/cubic. m. And sea water is denser - about 1025 kg / cubic meter. m.

Our assumption was confirmed. From all that has been said, we can conclude that icebergs don't sink because. That salt water in the sea pushes ice out.

Decades after the terrible Titanic disaster, fear was replaced by interest. We realized that these are amazing and beautiful creatures of nature. We learned that icebergs and underwater currents play a huge role in climate change. The safety of the polar regions is more important today than ever.

Used Books

1. A. Likum "Everything about everything". Encyclopedia for children - Moscow, Company "Key-S" 1994.

2. S. I. Ozhegov « Dictionary Russian language" Moscow, "AZ",1993.

3. « encyclopedic Dictionary young physicist" Compiled by Chuanov V. A., Moscow "Pedagogy Press", 1995.

4. I explore the world. Children's encyclopedia. "Geography", "AST", 1998.

5. I explore the world. Children's encyclopedia. « Natural disasters» , "AST", 1999.

6. I explore the world. Children's encyclopedia. "Physics", "AST", 1996.

7. Video recording "BBC Wildlife".

Application

Photos icebergs