What are ions? General and inorganic chemistry

IONS IONS are electrically charged particles formed from an atom (molecule) as a result of the loss or gain of one or more electrons. Positively charged ions are called cations, negatively charged ions are called anions.

Modern encyclopedia. 2000 .

See what “IONS” are in other dictionaries:

IONS- (from the Greek ion walking, wandering), atoms or chemical. radicals carrying electric charges. Story. As Faraday first established, the conduction of electric current in solutions is associated with the movement of material particles carrying... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

ions- – electrically charged atoms or molecules. general chemistry: textbook / A. V. Zholnin Ions are electrically charged particles that arise when atoms, molecules and radicals lose or gain electrons. Dictionary of Analytical Chemistry... ... Chemical terms

Products of the decomposition of any body through electrolysis. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (from the Greek iōn going), charged particles formed from an atom (molecule) as a result of the loss or gain of one or more electrons. In solutions, positively charged ions are called cations, negatively charged ions ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

An ion (Greek ιόν “going”) is an electrically charged particle (atom, molecule), usually formed as a result of the loss or gain of one or more electrons by atoms or molecules. The charge of an ion is a multiple of the charge of an electron. Concept and... ... Wikipedia

Ions- (from the Greek ion going) electrically charged particles formed by the loss or gain of electrons (or other charged particles) by atoms or groups of atoms (molecules, radicals, etc.). The concept and term ions were introduced in 1834... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Metallurgy

- (from the Greek going), monatomic or polyatomic particles carrying electricity. charge, e.g. H +, Li+, Al3+, NH4+, F, SO42. Positive I. are called cations (from the Greek kation, literally going down), negative anion and m (from the Greek anion, ... ... Chemical encyclopedia

- (from the Greek ión going) electrically charged particles formed by the loss or gain of electrons (or other charged particles) by atoms or groups of atoms. Such groups of atoms can be molecules, radicals or other... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

ions- physical particles that carry a positive or negative charge. Positively charged ions carry fewer electrons than expected, and negative ions carry more... Universal additional practical Dictionary I. Mostitsky

- (physical) According to the terminology introduced into the doctrine of electricity by the famous Faraday, a body that undergoes decomposition by the action of a galvanic current on it is called an electrolyte, decomposition in this way is electrolysis, and the products of decomposition are ions.... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Books

• Hydrogen ions cure cancer. Ray of hope, Garbuzov Gennady Alekseevich. Gennady Alekseevich Garbuzov is a famous scientist from Sochi, a biologist, a longtime follower of Academician Bolotov, and a specialist in the field of alternative treatment of oncological diseases. Perennial...
• Hydrogen ions treat cancer Ray of hope, Garbuzov G.. Gennady Alekseevich Garbuzov is a famous scientist from Sochi, biologist, longtime follower of Academician Bolotov, specialist in the field of alternative treatment of oncological diseases. .…

Try this experience at home (or in a school group). Take an electric battery and connect it with wires to a light bulb from a flashlight. Current will flow through the light bulb and it will light up. Then cut one wire and place its ends in a glass of water. The light bulb will not light, which means there is no current. Now pour ordinary salt into a glass. When the salt dissolves, the light bulb will light up again. This means that as soon as the water turned into a salt solution, a current flowed through it. And why?

You've probably already heard (and if not, read the story "" in this book") that in an atom the nuclei rotate around the nucleus. Why do they stay in the atom and not fly away?

Take a stone and swing it on a rope above your head. You feel that the stone is constantly trying to fly away, but it is held in place by the rope.

And the atom has its own “rope”. These are electric charges. The nucleus of an atom is positively charged, the electrons are negatively charged. Such opposite charges, as they are called, attract each other. This attraction keeps electrons near the nucleus.

But if you spin the stone too much on a thin rope, it will come off and fly away. And the electron can come off. For example, during a sharp collision of atoms. It’s just like a bunch of grapes: you shake it and the berry falls.

What will happen to the atom itself? When the electron is removed, the atom becomes positively charged.

An electron that flies away can meet another atom on its way and “stick” to it. Then this atom will become negatively charged.

These charged atoms are called ions.

Not only individual atoms, but also groups of atoms can lose or gain electrons. At the same time, they also turn into ions, and the transformation itself is called ionization.

If a gas is heated very much, its atoms will move with great speed and many electrons will be torn off during collisions. The gas will become ionized.

Various substances are ionized under the influence of radioactive radiation. And at an altitude of hundreds of kilometers above the Earth, ions arise under the influence of special rays of the Sun. This layer of the atmosphere is called the ionosphere.

Many solids also consist of ions. For example, salt. When it dissolves in water, the ions move apart. As soon as these charged particles appeared in the water, they began to transfer electricity from one end of the wire to the other and the solution began to pass electricity.

The movement of ions is the basis for the operation of many instruments and apparatuses created by man, for example, an electric battery. And in nature, ions play an important role. There are many different ions moving in every cell of your body. Whether you're skiing or writing a dictation, it's the ions that work. And now you are reading our book, and ions are moving in your brain cells. If it weren't for them, you wouldn't be able to think, you wouldn't be able to study, you wouldn't be able to read, you wouldn't know what ions are.

The term "ion" was first coined in 1834 by Michael Faraday. After studying the effect of electric current on solutions of salts, alkalis and acids, he came to the conclusion that they contained particles with a certain charge. Faraday called cations ions that, in an electric field, moved towards the cathode, which has a negative charge. Anions are negatively charged non-elementary ionic particles that, in an electric field, move towards the plus - the anode.

This terminology is still used today, and particles are studied further, which allows us to consider a chemical reaction as a result of electrostatic interaction. Many reactions proceed according to this principle, which made it possible to understand their progress and select catalysts and inhibitors to accelerate their progress and inhibit synthesis. It also became known that many substances, especially in solutions, are always in the form of ions.

Nomenclature and classification of ions

Ions are charged atoms or a group of atoms that, during chemical reaction lost or gained electrons. They make up the outer layers of the atom and can be lost due to the low gravitational pull of the nucleus. Then the result of electron detachment is a positive ion. Also, if an atom has a strong nuclear charge and a narrow electron shell, the nucleus is an acceptor of additional electrons. As a result, a negative ion particle is formed.

The ions themselves are not only atoms with an excess or insufficient electron shell. It could also be a group of atoms. In nature, most often there are group ions that are present in solutions, biological fluids of organisms and in sea water. There are a huge number of types of ions, the names of which are quite traditional. Cations are ionic particles that are positively charged, and negatively charged ions are anions. They are called differently depending on their composition. For example, sodium cation, cesium cation and others. Anions have a different name because they most often consist of many atoms: sulfate anion, orthophosphate anion, and others.

Mechanism of ion formation

Chemical elements in compounds are rarely electrically neutral. That is, they are almost never in the state of atoms. In the formation of a covalent bond, which is considered the most common, the atoms also have some charge, and the electron density shifts along the bonds within the molecule. However, the ion charge is not formed here, because the energy covalent bond less than the ionization energy. Therefore, despite different electronegativity, some atoms cannot completely attract the electrons of the outer layer of others.

In ionic reactions, where the difference in electronegativity between atoms is large enough, one atom can take electrons from the outer layer from another atom. Then the created connection becomes strongly polarized and breaks. The energy expended on this, which creates a charge on the ion, is called ionization energy. It is different for each atom and is indicated in standard tables.

Ionization is possible only when an atom or group of atoms is capable of either donating electrons or accepting them. This is most often observed in solution and salt crystals. The crystal lattice also contains almost immobile charged particles, devoid of kinetic energy. And since there is no possibility for movement in the crystal, the reactions of ions most often occur in solutions.

Ions in physics and chemistry

Physicists and chemists actively study ions for several reasons. Firstly, these particles are present in all known states of matter. Secondly, the energy of electron removal from an atom can be measured in order to use it in practical activities. Thirdly, ions behave differently in crystals and solutions. And fourthly, ions allow the conduction of electric current, and the physicochemical properties of solutions change depending on the concentrations of the ions.

Ionic reactions in solution

The solutions and crystals themselves should be considered in more detail. In salt crystals there are separately located positive ions, for example, sodium cations and negative ions, chlorine anions. The structure of the crystal is amazing: due to the forces of electrostatic attraction and repulsion, the ions are oriented in a special way. In the case of sodium chloride, they form what is called a diamond crystal lattice. Here, each sodium cation is surrounded by 6 chloride anions. In turn, each chloride anion is surrounded by 6 chlorine anions. Because of this, simple table salt dissolves in both cold and hot water at almost the same speed.

There is also no single molecule of sodium chloride in solution. Each of the ions here is surrounded by water dipoles and moves chaotically in its thickness. The presence of charges and electrostatic interactions leads to the fact that saline solutions of water freeze at a temperature just below zero, and boil at a temperature above 100 degrees. Moreover, if there are other substances in the solution that can enter into chemical bond, then the reaction occurs not with the participation of molecules, but of ions. This created the doctrine of the stages of chemical reactions.

Those products that are obtained at the end are not formed immediately during the interaction, but are gradually synthesized from intermediate products. The study of ions made it possible to understand that the reaction proceeds precisely according to the principles of electrostatic interactions. Their result is the synthesis of ions that electrostatically interact with other ions, creating the final equilibrium reaction product.

Summary

A particle such as an ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms that is formed by the loss or gain of electrons. The simplest ion is the hydrogen one: if it loses one electron, it is only a nucleus with a charge of +1. It causes the acidic environment of solutions and media, which is important for the functioning of biological systems and organisms.

Ions can have both positive and negative charges. Due to this, in solutions, each particle enters into electrostatic interaction with water dipoles, which also creates conditions for life and signal transmission by cells. Moreover, ion technology is being developed further. For example, ion engines have been created that have already equipped 7 NASA space missions.