Hypertransition. What flying in hyperspace actually looks like. Practical conclusions, statistics and speculation.

ASTROPHYSICS: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FLIGHTS THROUGH HYPERSPACE.

The main obstacle to flights to the stars is the maximum speed of movement in physical space, defined in Einstein's theory of relativity. This maximum speed is equal to the speed of light - 300 thousand kilometers per second. According to my theory of the Absolute, this speed limit is due to the fact that the physical universe is filled with ether, which is the medium for the transmission of interactions and the medium in which the spaceship moves. When a ship or other object approaches the speed of light, the ether begins to provide significant resistance to the movement of the spacecraft, and the ship also begins to shrink in the direction of its movement. This is similar to how a beach ball begins to flatten in water in the direction of movement if it is pushed too quickly - the water resists the movement.

If a spaceship somehow finds itself transported into hyperspace, then it finds itself in an environment much more rarefied than the ether. If the ether can be compared to a liquid medium, then hyperspace is a gas. Therefore, in hyperspace, a spaceship can move at enormous speeds, many times greater than the speed of light in physical world. There are probably some restrictions there too, but still there is no main obstacle to accelerating a spacecraft - the physical ether.
A spaceship in hyperspace will most likely have the same inertia as in the physical universe, that is, the ship will also have to accelerate in hyperspace as in physical space, but in hyperspace a spaceship can accelerate to speeds many times the speed of light.
This makes it possible to fly to the stars and return back in a fairly short time. However, there are some limitations. People and equipment do not easily tolerate excessive acceleration.
The ship must fly in hyperspace, constantly accelerating to reach the required speed. In order to accelerate to the speed of light, flying with an acceleration of ~1g (10 m/s2), corresponding to the force of gravity, it will take 30 million seconds or 347 days - almost a year of flight in hyperspace. It will take almost two years to accelerate to twice the speed of light 2c, and 9.5 years to accelerate to 10c. During 9.5 years of flight, such a spacecraft will fly at an average speed of 5c a distance of approximately 47.5 light years. Next, it is necessary to turn on the braking engines, since a spaceship flying at 10 times the speed of light cannot enter physical space without exploding with colossal force, then the entire mass of the ship will turn into radiation. Thus, the spacecraft will need to slow down in hyperspace for another 9.5 years to reduce its speed to zero. During this time, the ship will fly another 47.5 light years, and the total distance traveled will be 95 light years over 19 years of flight. It's far enough. Within a radius of 95 light years from Earth there are thousands of stars and tens of thousands of planets, this is a large field for research. Returning from hyperspace to physical space, the spacecraft will find itself somewhere far from the Earth, at a distance of 95 light years from it, for example, near some star or even planet, and can study this planetary system. Having spent several years on this research, the ship sets off on its way back to Earth, through hyperspace. The return journey takes another 19 years with acceleration and deceleration. Thus, the spacecraft will return to Earth after 40 years of flight. If the astronauts went on this flight while still young, at the age of 20-25, then when they return to Earth, they will already be 60-65 years old. Which means that flights through hyperspace, even to stars very distant from us (distant by today's standards), are quite feasible based on the theory of the Absolute.
Flights of automated spacecraft can be carried out with much greater acceleration, since the technology can be made much stronger than humans. 10, 20, 30g, and more - with such accelerations very remote areas of space become accessible for exploration. With an acceleration of ~50g (500 m/s2), an automatic spacecraft will accelerate to the speed of light in less than 7 days, and in 9.5 years of flight it will accelerate to a speed of 500c - 500 times faster than light. The average flight speed will be 250s and the ship will fly a distance of 2378 light years during this time. Another 9.5 years of braking, and the automatic spacecraft dives from hyperspace back into physical space, ending up at a distance of 4756 light years from Earth.
Thus, the theory of the Absolute, in fact, removes the limitations of Einstein's theory of relativity, since the theory of relativity limits the range of space flights to the maximum speed of light. Through hyperspace, you can send spaceships consisting of physical atoms to almost any distance - even to neighboring galaxies and beyond. The difficulties here are of a technical nature - the strength of materials, the presence of powerful energy sources and engines. There is also the most important problem - how to transfer a ship from physical space to hyperspace and back. When this issue is resolved theoretically and technically, the road to the stars will be open.
There is also the difficulty of orienting a ship in hyperspace. I already wrote in my article “Optics of Hyperspace and the Dimensions of Hyperplanets” that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to visually navigate in hyperspace due to the severe optical distortions caused by gravity and antigravity.
The passage of time on a spaceship in hyperspace.
Most likely, time on a spaceship flying in hyperspace will flow at the same speed as on Earth. This is due to the fact that the Earth itself moves in the ether surrounding it at a low speed and the relativistic deviation of the speed of the flow of time on Earth from the speed of the flow of time on the reference space object, having a speed of zero relative to the surrounding ether, is very insignificant. Therefore, almost the same time will pass on Earth and on a spaceship that has flown through hyperspace and returned to Earth.
Let me explain in more detail. Time on a spaceship flying in physical space at near-light speed slows down due to the interaction of the physical substance of the ship with the physical ether. It is this interaction of the physical substance of a spaceship with the physical ether, which fills the entire physical space, that causes all the relativistic effects - time dilation, reduction of the length of the ship in the direction of movement, increase in the mass of the ship. This physical ether provides resistance to a ship flying at near-light speed.
When a spaceship flies through hyperspace, which is filled with hypergas, and not physical ether, then it flies without experiencing resistance. Hypermatter does not interact with physical matter, or interacts much weaker than ether. Therefore, there are no relativistic effects when a spacecraft moves in hyperspace. There is no increase in mass, no time dilation, no reduction in the length of the ship in the direction of movement.
The theory of relativity states that there is no standard time, that everything is relative. This is Einstein's mistake. Reference time is the time on an object that is motionless relative to the surrounding ether. This error is due to the fact that science has not yet proven the existence of ether. However, she did not refute it, since light still propagates in some medium. Why not call this medium ether, and not the abstract concept of “space”, which does not define anything other than three conditional axes perpendicular to each other.
Thus, the spaceship itself, once in hyperspace, will apparently be such a reference object, with a reference passage of time corresponding to the speed of movement in the surrounding ether equal to zero. There is no ether around a ship in hyperspace, and it does not provide any resistance to the movement of the ship, no matter how fast it moves.
Reducing the mass of the spacecraft.
It is likely that there are ways to reduce the mass of a spacecraft, for example using antigravity. Since antigravity, according to the theory of the absolute, actually exists in hyperspace, there is a theoretical possibility of its use. This could be, for example, a device codenamed “Anti-gravity field generator”. When such devices appear, they will reduce the mass of the spacecraft several times, this will allow flying in hyperspace at much higher speeds and over much longer distances. Reducing the mass of the ship and crew by 5 times will allow you to fly at 5g acceleration with the same comfort as at 1g acceleration. And reducing the mass of the ship and crew by 1000 times will allow you to fly with an acceleration of 1000g with the same comfort as with an acceleration of 1g. Moreover, fuel costs when flying with an acceleration of 1000 g will be the same as when flying with an acceleration of 1 g, without taking into account the energy costs for creating an anti-gravity field.
If it is possible to completely neutralize the mass of the ship, or make it negative, then any restrictions on the speed of the ship will disappear; such a ship will be able to fly at almost infinite speed in hyperspace to any distance, to neighboring and distant galaxies, billions of light years from Earth. However, it should be noted that a ship creating an anti-gravity field will interact with the surrounding hypermatter. Therefore, there will still be some restrictions on the speed of movement of a spaceship in hyperspace for a ship with an anti-gravity installation.

Fascinating... The reader is stunned, inspired and looks at the world in a literally new, revolutionary way.

The Washington Post

The scientific revolution is almost by definition counterintuitive.

If our common sense ideas about the Universe were correct, science would have unraveled its secrets thousands of years ago. The goal of science is to cleanse an object from external manifestations, revealing the essence hidden beneath them. Actually, if appearance and essence coincided, the need for science would not arise.

Perhaps the most ingrained common sense view of our world is that our world is three-dimensional. Without further explanation, it is clear that length, width and height are sufficient to describe all objects in the Universe visible to us. Experiments with babies and animals have confirmed that the sense of three-dimensionality of our world is inherent in us from birth. And when we add one more dimension to three - time, then four dimensions are enough to describe everything that happens in the Universe. Wherever our instruments have been used, from deep within the atom to the farthest reaches of galaxy clusters, we have found only evidence of these four dimensions. To publicly assert otherwise, to declare the possible existence of other dimensions or the coexistence of our Universe next to others, means to incur ridicule. However, this deep-rooted prejudice about our world, first adopted by ancient Greek philosophers two millennia ago, is about to fall victim to scientific progress.

This book is dedicated to the revolution in science brought about by hyperspace theory, which states that there are other dimensions besides the four commonly known dimensions of space and time. Physicists from all over the world, including several Nobel laureates, it is increasingly accepted that the universe may actually exist in a higher-dimensional space. If this theory is correct, it will revolutionize our understanding of the universe conceptually and philosophically. In scientific circles, the theory of hyperspace is known as the Kaluza-Klein and supergravity theories. In an improved form, it is represented by superstring theory, which even assumes the exact number of dimensions - ten. Three ordinary spatial ones (length, width, height) and one temporal one are supplemented by six more spatial ones.

We warn you: the hyperspace theory has not yet been confirmed experimentally, and, in fact, it is very difficult to confirm it in laboratory conditions. However, it has already spread, conquered the world's major research laboratories and irrevocably changed the scientific landscape modern physics, spawning a staggering array of research papers (by one count, over 5,000). However, almost nothing has been written for non-specialists; they have not been told about the amazing properties of multidimensional space. Consequently, the general public has only a vague idea of ​​this revolution, if at all. Moreover, glib references to other dimensions and parallel universes in popular culture are often misleading. And this is unfortunate, since the significance of this theory is that it is able to combine all known physical phenomena into an amazingly simple structure. Thanks to this book, scientifically authoritative and at the same time understandable information about fascinating modern research hyperspace.

In an effort to explain why hyperspace theory has caused such a stir in the world of theoretical physics, I have looked in detail at four fundamental themes that run throughout the book. There are four parts corresponding to these topics.

In Part I, I outline the early development of hyperspace theory, emphasizing that the laws of nature become simpler and more beautiful if they are written down in more dimensions.

To understand how multidimensionality can simplify physics problems, consider the following example: for the ancient Egyptians, everything related to the weather was a complete mystery. What causes the seasons to change? Why does it get warmer if you go south? Why do winds usually blow in one direction? It was impossible to explain the weather using the limited knowledge of the ancient Egyptians, who considered the Earth to be a two-dimensional plane. Now imagine that the Egyptians were launched into space in a rocket, from where the Earth is visible as an object moving in orbit around the Sun. And the answers to all the questions listed earlier will become obvious.

It is clear to anyone who is in space that the earth's axis is tilted from the vertical by approximately 23° (with the vertical being perpendicular to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun). Because of this tilt, the northern hemisphere receives much less sunlight when passing through one part of the orbit and more when passing through another part. That's why there is winter and summer on Earth. And since equatorial regions receive more sunlight than areas near the North or South Pole, it gets warmer as we get closer to the equator. And similarly, as the Earth rotates counterclockwise (from the perspective of someone at the North Pole), northern, polar air is deflected, moving south toward the equator. Thus, the movement of hot and cold air masses driven by the Earth's rotation helps explain why winds tend to blow in the same direction - depending on where on Earth we are.

In short, the rather vague laws of weather are easy to understand if you look at the Earth from space. Therefore, to solve the problem it is required go out into space - into third dimension. Facts that are incomprehensible in the “flat world” suddenly become obvious if we consider the Earth in three dimensions.

The laws of gravity and light can also look like they have nothing in common. They are consistent with different physical assumptions and are calculated mathematically in different ways. Attempts to “merge” these two forces invariably fail. But if we add one more dimension - fifth- to the previous four (space and time), then the formulas defining light and gravity will converge like two pieces of a puzzle. Essentially, light can be explained as vibrations in the fifth dimension. In doing so, we will see that the laws of light and gravity will be simplified in five dimensions.

Therefore, many physicists are now convinced that the traditional four-dimensional theory is “too tight” to adequately describe the forces characterizing our Universe. Adhering to the four-dimensional theory, physicists are forced to “compress” the forces of nature in an inconvenient and unnatural way. Moreover, this hybrid theory is incorrect. But, if we operate with a number of dimensions greater than four, we have enough “room” to find a beautiful, self-sufficient explanation of the fundamental forces.

In Part II we develop this simple idea by emphasizing that hyperspace theory may be able to unify all known laws of nature in a single theory. Thus, the theory of hyperspace is capable of crowning the achievements of two millennia scientific research, combining all known physical forces. Perhaps it will give us the holy grail of physics - the “theory of everything” that eluded Einstein for so many decades.

For the past fifty years, scientists have been intrigued by the question of why the fundamental forces holding the cosmos together - gravity, electromagnetism, the strong and weak nuclear forces - are so different from each other. Attempts by the greatest minds of the 20th century. present an overall picture of all known interactions that have failed. And the theory of hyperspace makes it possible to provide a logical explanation for both the four forces of nature and the seemingly chaotic collection of subatomic particles. In hyperspace theory, matter can also be considered as vibrations propagating through space and time. This leads to a fascinating assumption: everything we see around us - from trees and mountains to the stars themselves - is nothing more than vibrations in hyperspace. If this is true, then we have the opportunity to elegantly and simply describe the Universe using geometry.

"Mole Hole"

Hyperspace- a metric of the Universe that often appears in science fiction literature, in which movement at superluminal speed is possible. Apparently, the principle of its “work” is similar to a “wormhole” in Einstein’s space-time, through which a tunnel transition is possible in some gravitational theories.

In contrast to the null transition, movement in hyperspace is usually represented as extended in time, however, in science fiction literature there are different interpretations regarding the dependence of flight time on speed and distance.

It is believed that the space of the Universe is three-dimensional. It is possible that the science fiction writer who was the first to use this term to describe interstellar flights believed that a starship could move into space with more than 3 dimensions. Or he meant something completely different. In the first case, our 3-dimensional space can be represented from hyperspace, for example, in the form of a tape rolled into a ball, and getting from one point of the tape to another through hyperspace, and not along the tape, will not be difficult.

Hyperspace theory explained

Imagine that there is a valley in front of you, and you need to get to a point beyond the valley. Since you can only move on a flat surface (in 2-dimensional space), you will have to either go around an obstacle or go down into a valley, cross it, and then climb up. But if you have an airplane at your disposal that can move in 3-dimensional space, then you will get where you need to go in a straight line.

If you pierce the tape and go through the puncture to reverse side, then you get a null transition. Each point in space will correspond to only one point where you can get to. But if the tape is folded, then by piercing it many times, you can get to different points in space.

The possibility of the existence of hyperspace

Recently, detailed experimental data from the WMAP spacecraft have appeared on inhomogeneities in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation, which is one of the main objects of observation in the study of our universe. When analyzing these data, a large number of

Mystics and hyperspace

Some of these ideas are not new. Over the past few centuries, mystics and philosophers have speculated about the existence of other universes and tunnels between them. Since ancient times, they have been fascinated by the possible existence of other worlds that cannot be detected by sight or hearing, but nevertheless neighboring our Universe. It was intriguing that perhaps these unexplored and unexplored worlds are very close, in fact, surround us, permeate us everywhere we go, but remain physically inaccessible to us, eluding our senses. But all this talk ultimately turned out to be empty and useless, since there was no practical way to express these ideas mathematically and, ultimately, test them.

Another favorite literary device is transitions between our Universe and other dimensions. For science fiction authors, multidimensionality has become an indispensable tool, which they use as a medium for interstellar travel. Since the stars in the sky are separated by astronomically vast distances, science fiction writers find use for higher dimensions by conveniently shortening the path between the stars. Instead of traveling vast distances on a straight path to other galaxies, rockets simply and instantly go into hyperspace, warping the space around them. For example, in the film " star Wars"Hyperspace serves as a refuge where Luke Skywalker can easily elude Imperial warships. In the television series “Star Trek. Deep Space Nine (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) a “wormhole” opens near a distant space station, allowing you to travel vast distances and cross the galaxy in a matter of seconds. The space station suddenly becomes the center of a violent intergalactic conflict, with parties vying for control of this vital link to other areas of the galaxy.

Since Flight 19, the 30-year-old incident in which a flight of American torpedo bombers disappeared during a training flight in the Caribbean, mystery novelists have used multidimensionality as a convenient solution to the mystery of the Bermuda, or Devil's, Triangle. Some writers have suggested that planes and ships disappearing into Bermuda Triangle, actually find themselves in a tunnel leading to another world.

The existence of the elusive parallel worlds for centuries it has given rise to countless hypotheses of a religious nature. Spiritualists wondered whether the souls of deceased loved ones actually passed into another dimension. British philosopher of the 17th century. Henry More argued that ghosts and spirits do exist and inhabit the fourth dimension. In his work “Guide to Metaphysics” (Enchiridion Metaphysicum, 1671), he defended the existence of a kingdom of the dead, inaccessible to our perception and serving as a refuge for ghosts and spirits.

Nineteenth-century theologians, not knowing where to look for heaven and hell, wondered whether they could be found in higher dimensions. Some wrote that the Universe consists of three parallel planes: earth, heaven and hell. God himself, according to theologian Arthur Willink, resides in a world significantly removed from these three planes: he lives in infinite-dimensional space.

Interest in higher dimensions peaked between 1870 and 1920, when the "fourth dimension" (spatial, as opposed to the fourth temporal dimension) captured the imagination of the general public and gradually became a source of inspiration in all arts and sciences, becoming a metaphor for the wondrous and mysterious. . The fourth dimension appears in the works of Oscar Wilde, F. M. Dostoevsky, Marcel Proust, H. G. Wells and Joseph Conrad; it contributed to the creation of some musical works by Alexander Scriabin, Edgard Varèse and George Antheil. This dimension fascinated such famous personalities as psychologist William James, writer Gertrude Stein, revolutionary and socialist Vladimir Lenin.

The fourth dimension inspired Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp, and had a significant influence on the development of cubism and expressionism - two of the most prominent movements in the art of the 20th century. Historian Linda Dalrymple Henderson writes: “Like black holes, the “fourth dimension” has mysterious properties that even scientists themselves cannot fully understand. However, the impact of the "fourth dimension" idea was much greater than that of black holes or any other scientific hypothesis put forward since 1919, with the exception of relativity."

Mathematicians, too, have long been intrigued by alternative forms of logic and incredible geometry that defies all convention and common sense. For example, the mathematician Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, who taught at Oxford University, delighted generations of schoolchildren with books, publishing them under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll and weaving unusual mathematical concepts into the text. Falling down a rabbit hole or passing through a mirror, Alice finds herself in Wonderland - an amazing place where the Cheshire cat disappears, leaving only a smile, magic mushrooms turn children into giants, and Hatters celebrate "unbirthdays." The mirror somehow connects Alice's world with another land where everyone speaks in riddles and common sense is not so common.

Lewis Carroll's inspiration came in part from ideas most likely gleaned from the great 19th-century German mathematician. Georg Bernhard Riemann, who was the first to lay the mathematical foundations of the geometry of multidimensional spaces. Riemann changed the course of mathematics in the next century by demonstrating that these universes, however outlandish they may seem to the uninitiated, are absolutely self-consistent and obey their own internal logic. To illustrate one of these ideas, take a fairly thick stack of sheets of paper. Now imagine that each leaf is a whole world that obeys its own physical laws, different from the laws of all other worlds. Then our Universe is not the only one of its kind, but one of many possible parallel worlds. Intelligent beings can inhabit any of these planes, completely unaware of the existence of others similar to them. One sheet can accommodate Alice's pastoral English countryside. On the other is an outlandish Wonderland inhabited by fictional creatures.

As a rule, life continues on each of these parallel planes independently of life on the other planes. But in some cases, the planes intersect, for a brief moment the very fabric of space is torn, and as a result, a hole or passage opens between the two universes. Similar to the wormholes that appear in the Star Trek series. Deep Space Nine,” these passages make it possible to travel between worlds, serve as space bridges connecting two different universes or two different points within the same Universe (Fig. 1.2). It is not surprising that Carroll became convinced that children are much more receptive to such possibilities than adults, who over time demonstrate an increasingly obvious rigidity in their ideas about space and logic. In fact, Lewis Carroll's Riemannian theory of multidimensionality has become an integral part of children's literature and folklore, and over the decades has spawned many other classics in children's literature, including Dorothy's Oz and Peter Pan's Neverland.

Rice. 1.2. Wormholes are capable of connecting the universe to itself, possibly allowing for interstellar travel. Since wormholes can connect two different time periods, they can also be used to travel through time. In addition, wormholes can connect endless rows of parallel universes. It is hoped that the theory of hyperspace will make it possible to determine whether the physical existence of “wormholes” is possible or whether it is just a mathematical curiosity.

However, in the absence of any experimental confirmation or convincing physical motivation, these theories of parallel worlds as a branch of science were in danger of withering away. For two millennia, scientists have occasionally turned to the concept of multidimensionality, only to dismiss it as an untestable and therefore absurd idea. Although Riemannian geometry was interesting from a mathematical point of view, it was rejected as useless, despite all its thought. Scientists who dared to risk their reputation and turn to multidimensionality soon found that the entire scientific community made fun of them. Multidimensional space has become the last refuge of mystics, originalists and charlatans.

In this book we will study the writings of the pioneering mystics, mainly because they invented ingenious ways to help non-specialists “visualize” what multidimensional objects might look like. These tricks have proven useful in understanding how higher dimensional theories can be received by a wider audience.

Moreover, by studying the works of these early mystics, we understand more clearly what was missing in their research. We see that their conclusions were missing two important components: physical and mathematical basis. Considering them from the standpoint of modern physics, we now understand that the missing physical the basis is the simplification of the laws of nature in hyperspace and the possibility of unifying all the interactions of nature using exclusively geometric parameters. Missing mathematical the base is called field theory, it is the universal mathematical language of theoretical physics.

Background

The year 2319 is considered to be the moment of discovery of G. - in fact, this year the first successful experiment in this area was carried out. The first prototype of the G. installation was developed by scientists from the Interstellar Corporation. According to some sources, the author of the revolutionary project was Dr. Joshua Layman. A few years later, under pressure from the Colonial Union, the basic principles of the technology are published. Leading corporations are beginning to develop their own prototype installations.

The first ships with G. installations, put into production, left the stocks in December 2327 (Interstellar) and February 2328 (Vesco Industries and Solaris). However, due to the extreme unreliability and imperfection of the first systems, the first regular flights by ships of a new type began to be carried out only in the mid-2350s. Until this point, the crews of ships with hyperdrives were recruited from among rare volunteers and suicide bombers. The likelihood of an accident or off-the-shelf hyper(see below) could reach 50 percent or more.

However, due to the low value of human resources for most corporations of that time, the above circumstances did not prevent the explosive development of interstellar expansion since the end of the 2330s. In the middle of the century, G. completely displaces all previous technologies at distances exceeding 10-15 light years.

Data

Physical meaning and limitations of technology

1. During G. two areas are combined at different points in real space. The regions have a shape close to spherical with the center at installation G. This process transfers all matter from the input region to the output region.
2. In terms of the time of transported objects, G. is instantaneous. This fact is not due to theory, but modern science knows of no examples to the contrary.
3. According to the time of the outside world, G. takes from several seconds to several years. Usually several hours. As a rule, the more accurate G.'s calculation is, the less time it takes in the outside world. The time during which the transported matter is not located anywhere is called the G. delay.
4. Modern G. installations are very cumbersome. On ultra-small ships, the hypertransition system (HTS), long-distance communication system (LCS) and power propulsion systems (EMS) can occupy up to 90% or more of the ship's volume.
5. Modern gas installations are capable of transporting areas up to a kilometer (usually much less) in diameter, so interstellar ships are usually small and often turn out to be smaller than intra-system ships. The size of the transferred area usually depends only on the installation model and is usually not adjustable. According to indirect evidence, before the War there were installations capable of transporting areas up to ten kilometers in diameter and non-spherical areas.

Hyperspace coordinates

1. The most difficult thing in the G. process is the calculation of parameters. The computing systems of an interstellar ship can be more powerful than the central computing systems of small colonies. However, typical parameter calculations take between two and twelve hours. A longer calculation is more accurate. An incompletely calculated hypertransition will, with a high degree of probability, turn out to be no less dangerous than a non-calculated (“non-calculated”) hypertransition.
2. Information on modern computing systems ah, based on the principle of a quantum computer, is significantly damaged during G., unless the computing system is built on the basis of t-crystals. Less advanced computers are too bulky and ineffective for calculating G parameters. In this regard, although t-crystals are not strictly necessary for SGP, they are used on most modern ships, especially military ones.
3. There is such a thing as hyperspatial coordinates (HC). In general, this is a collection of data, incl. obtained empirically, necessary for calculating G. Modern science There are known methods for calculating hyperspatial coordinates, with a relatively high degree of probability (about 1%) corresponding to the vicinity of ordinary stars. Otherwise, it is believed that the discovery of GCs in areas of space of interest to people is possible only by chance or as a result of a scrupulous check of a large set of coordinates calculated using the above methods.
4. As a result, even knowing the exact astronomical coordinates of the star system and having in service modern technologies, you don’t always have its hyperspatial coordinates or methods for calculating them. GC of inhabited worlds is one of the most valuable resources of modern civilization.

Off-design hypertransition

1. An unplanned hypertransition with a probability of more than 90% leads to the disappearance of the ship without a trace (according to some versions, to delays of hundreds of years or more). At best, the ship will end up in an unexplored region of space and will be forced to reach habitable regions of space through a long series of risky jumps.
2. Off-design jumps are characterized by a very long delay - several months, years and even decades.

Hyperspace topology

1. The modern atlas of inhabited worlds is usually depicted in the form of the so-called. Leiman-Dynnikov scheme, since it best possible reflects the subjective distance between star systems for a real traveler (taking into account delays, etc.).
2. The dependence of the delay on distance in the Leiman-Dynnikov scheme is nonlinear. Often a series of short jumps is more effective than one long one. Because too many very short jumps increase total time path due to the time of calculating parameters and reaching a convenient position, usually a certain optimal ratio of the “length” of jumps (according to the scheme) to their number is sought.
3. Space is heterogeneous. The G. delay and the required time for calculating parameters strongly depend on the situation at the entry and exit points, as well as at some intermediate points. Excessive proximity to massive objects (including excessive mass of the spacecraft with GST) increases the delay and increases the complexity of the calculation. As well as excessive distance. The most efficient route is usually one that passes through star systems or clusters dark matter, removed from them at a certain distance directly proportional to the mass material objects in these systems or clusters of dark matter. The region in the vicinity of a star system or dark matter cluster that is most favorable for gas is called a region, or Weiss zone.
4. Based on the above, we can talk about one or more so-called. “efficient routes” between points A and B - successive sets of main routes, the expected average flight time along which from point A to point B is theoretically minimal.

Practical conclusions, statistics and speculation

The success of G. depends on many parameters. G. calculation is carried out taking into account the main code, parameters of the ship and the SGP, current astronomical coordinates, environment at entry and exit points, entry time, ship speed vectors at entry and exit points, etc. For effective navigation with the least delay, it is important to have complete information about the surrounding space, the presence of the most accurate possible navigational systems, high power of computer systems, the ability to maneuver freely, and the most favorable location of the ship. It’s not difficult to go to G., it’s difficult to go where you really want to be.