Report on teaching internship, essays and coursework. Topic: Report on internship at school Student’s conclusion based on the results of internship at school
Introduction
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
Additional education is a complex pedagogical system. Its optimal functioning depends on many factors, but mainly on the pedagogical skill of the teacher. Improving the pedagogical skills of teachers is the main condition for further improving the quality of teaching and educational work and bringing it in accordance with the requirements of life in modernization conditions Russian education.
“Mastery is nourished by a variety of theoretical knowledge (psychological-pedagogical, social-psychological, philosophical, etc.) and acts as a kind of intermediary link between theory and practice, that is, between a system of knowledge summarized in scientific concepts and activity that leads to the transformation of existing reality” .
In the pedagogical literature, the following elements of pedagogical skill are distinguished:
Humanistic orientation interests, values, ideals;
Professional knowledge of the subject, methods of teaching it, pedagogy and psychology:
Pedagogical abilities, communication skills, perceptual abilities. Dynamism, emotional stability, optimistic forecasting, creativity:
Pedagogical technique: ability to manage oneself, ability
to interact.
The development and improvement of all elements of pedagogical skill is possible only in the process of self-development of the teacher’s personality, which occurs on the basis of self-education and self-upbringing.
Self-education is a purposeful, systematic, self-managed cognitive and practical activity necessary to solve problems arising in work and social life, which is carried out through internal voluntary motivations based on formed motives for activity. Finding contradictions between the necessary and actual stock of his knowledge, the insufficient effectiveness of the forms and methods of work used, the teacher comes to the need to rethink and, to a certain extent, reshape professional knowledge. The teacher’s self-education influences not only the formation of his professional skills, but also the formation of his professional position, his attitude towards his pedagogical activity, forms character, develops intelligence. Self-educational activity is independent cognitive activity on acquiring knowledge from various sources of information, systematizing and generalizing this knowledge.
Object this study is a system additional education.
Subject of research: the activities of a master teacher.
Goal: to identify the influence of a teacher’s skill on the educational process in a creative association.
Hypothesis: The higher the skill of the teacher, the better the interaction of subjects of the pedagogical process in the system of additional education is organized.
Chapter 1. The profession of a teacher of additional education in the system of pedagogical professions
1.1 Basic concepts of additional education
Additional education of children is a phenomenon and process of freely chosen child acquisition of knowledge, methods of activity, value orientations aimed at satisfying the interests of the individual, his inclinations, abilities and promoting his self-realization and cultural adaptation, going beyond the standard general education.
A teacher of additional education is a person who specifically promotes the development of additional education for children in a specific institution, who is proficient in the pedagogy of additional education, and who implements programs for additional education for children.
A teacher of additional education is an equal participant in partnerships and joint activities with children, specifically promoting their development.
Methodology is a procedure for using a set of methods and techniques, regardless of the personality of the subject implementing them.
Technology is a strictly scientific design and accurate reproduction of pedagogical actions that guarantee success (determined by the personal parameters of the teacher).
Interaction is a system of communication relationships, interdependence between people, mutual support and coordination of actions to achieve a common goal and solve common problems.
Pedagogical activity is a type of socially significant activity, specifically aimed at organizing the conditions for the emergence and development of a child’s activity in developing his human image.
Pedagogical support is a special pedagogical activity that ensures the individual development (self-development) of a child, but is based on the recognition that it is possible to support only what is already available, to develop independence, the “self” of a person.
An educational route is a pre-planned unique path of a student in education, reflecting his interests, needs and capabilities.
Personal development is the process of personality formation, the accumulation of qualitative changes in it, leading to a transition from one state to another, more perfect one.
Creativity is an original, highly effective solution to the problems of the pedagogical process.
1.2 Specific features of additional education for children
Institutions of additional education can be considered as an educational organization, since they are specially created by the state and non-state structures, and their main task is the social education of certain age groups of the population. The starting point in identifying institutions of additional education in this capacity should be considered the consideration of socialization as “the development and self-change of a person in the process of assimilation and reproduction of culture, which occurs in the interaction of a person with spontaneous, relatively guided and purposeful created conditions life at all age stages." Hence, social education is a process of relatively socially controlled socialization, carried out in specially created educational organizations; nurturing a person in the process of systematically creating conditions for targeted positive development and acquiring a spiritual and value orientation.
The conditions for managing socialization are created during the interaction of individual and group subjects in three interconnected and at the same time relatively autonomous processes in content, forms, methods and style of interaction:
1) organizations social experience child;
2) his education;
3) individual assistance to him.
Distinctive features of one or another type of educational organization are determined by:
a number of factors, their function in national system, social education;
the historical line of registration of this function in the public consciousness;
government policy in the field of education;
spontaneous processes of development of one or another social institution, which have a cyclical nature;
the specific social situation in which the analysis is carried out, and the approach to analysis itself.
Nevertheless, it was advisable to highlight the specifics of a child’s entry into an educational organization as the first feature of institutions of additional education for children. Attending an additional education institution is voluntary for a child, that is, it excludes the obligation to be subject to any coercion. This is expressed in the fact that its absence cannot be an obstacle to continuing education or acquiring a profession. Voluntariness is also associated with the child’s independent choice of the content of the subject activity and the duration of participation in the life of a particular children’s association. Since numerous additional education institutions offer various services, the nature of the relationship is most clearly demonstrated here when the child and his parents act as customers of the educational service. The “customer-executor” relationship creates the prerequisites for choosing the subject area of activity in institutions of additional education for children. This gives rise to such a specific feature of additional education institutions as a constant focus on attracting children, since the teacher’s ability to implement the educational program depends on this.
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This principle of staffing an educational organization, such as voluntariness, creates the need to ensure students are motivated to participate in activities. It is generally accepted that a motive is the result of a correlation in the individual’s mind between the image of a need and the image of an encountered object. Consequently, the development of schoolchildren’s motivation to participate in the activities of children’s associations involves the construction of such situations of life activity in which the surrounding objects generate in children attractive (similar to images of needs) images of the above-mentioned activities. The content of social education in institutions of additional education should include, on the one hand, direct motivation, infection, and involvement of students in joint activities, and on the other hand, orient the child to realize the significance and value of these activities.
The voluntariness of joining an educational organization in this case is ensured by:
1) providing opportunities to choose various forms of self-realization, this or that association, corresponding to their interests and inclinations;
2) creating opportunities to move from one association to another and switching from one type of activity to another within
one association;
3) the use of individual deadlines and rates of program implementation.
Objective factors such as the lack of strict educational standards in additional education institutions and the interest of the teacher in ensuring that the child attends classes regardless of direct dependence on academic success determine the following features of the additional education institution:
Creativity (creativity) of the life of children's associations;
Differentiation of the educational process:
Individualization of the educational process (response to time, pace and organization of space when mastering the content of education);
Focus on the processes of self-knowledge, self-expression and self-realization of the child;
The desire to create a genuine dialogical nature of the relationship between the teacher and students.
The creativity of the functioning of children's communities in institutions of additional education is expressed in the development of elements of research work, design, experimentation, and in the first attempts in the field of art and literature. According to the behest of S.T. Shatsky, the very life of additional education institutions is organized with an abundance of artistic and creative forms, so that the child voluntarily submits to the requirements of the teacher, that is, the “free element” turns into the law of life, accepted voluntarily by the student.
Differentiation of the educational process can be considered an important feature of the institution of additional education for children. For example, in most educational organizations, children's associations (classes at school, groups at a country camp) are created without taking into account the interests of the adolescents included in them. In addition, the hobby that forms the basis for the association of students can be quite narrow, and with subsequent clarification of the range of interests of the participants, both the composition of the group and the content of the activity can change; differentiation is associated not only with the desires of the students, but also with their capabilities. Institutions of additional education for children and children's and adolescent associations can vary significantly in the level of complexity of the programs they implement.
Individualization of the educational process acts as regulation of time, pace and organization of space when mastering the content of social experience and education. This advantage of additional education institutions is associated with the lack of a strictly defined place in the state system of social education. Unlike a school, which, as a rule, prepares a graduate for the next stage of professional training, for the establishment of additional education for children, an apparently dead-end option is also possible. Social experience, additional information, etc., acquired in institutions of additional education for children, do not necessarily become the basis of a future profession, but to a greater extent organize the experience of independent free orientation in various fields of activity. Therefore, how long and how intensively did the child master additional educational program becomes not so important.
Attention to the processes of self-knowledge, self-expression and self-realization of the child is ensured by the inclusion of the child in activities. The result of inclusion is a state of inclusion - a kind of beginning of a subjective attitude to activity. Involvement is understood as a personal state in relation to activity, containing objective and subjective components (V.V. Rogachev). The objective component is the actual activity of the individual, the subjective attitude of the individual to this activity, in other words, V.V. Rogachev characterizes the state of inclusion by internalization of the purpose of the activity; direct participation in it; performing certain actions that bring the individual satisfaction of his own interests and needs; satisfaction with interpersonal relationships arising in the process of activity.
In institutions of additional education, thanks to personality-oriented information and assistance in self-determination, the child designs options for participation in joint activities, which becomes for him an activity in the full sense of the word, that is, it acquires the necessary attributes: a goal, subject, object, and means that are personal to the individual.
The desire to create a genuine dialogical relationship between educators and students in additional education institutions makes it possible to provide individual pedagogical assistance to children on a wide range of problems.
At the same time, the condition for the effectiveness of individual pedagogical assistance in institutions of additional education is precisely that the pupil here is ready to accept help from the teacher, the child has an attitude towards voluntary contact about his problems, a desire to find understanding from the teacher, to receive information, advice, sometimes further instructions.
The true dialogical nature of interpersonal relationships between a teacher and students in an additional education institution is determined by the correlation with external reality, that is, with the subject of activity, regarding which cooperation between an adult and a child occurs. This gives rise to the following requirement: the teenager must understand the meaning of joint activities. The dialogical nature of the relationship between the student and the teacher can lead to a “reversal of subjectivity,” when the child himself acts as an initiator, organizer, and controller. Genuine dialogue in interpersonal interaction is based on the communicative tolerance of the additional education teacher. Communicative tolerance is manifested in the fact that in relation to strange, puzzling phenomena in the partner’s behavior, the desire to understand and accept these features dominates. Showing communicative tolerance, the teacher considers these manifestations as external, or as a form that should not have a decisive influence on the content of contacts, and does not immediately try to change the student, to make him “comfortable.”
The second feature of institutions of additional education for children is most clearly manifested in education and is determined primarily by the relationship with the secondary school. The child attends a club at his place of residence, an art studio or a violin class at a music school in parallel with the school, therefore, the listed children's associations perform the function of a supplement.
The concept “additional” (“additional”) has two meanings:
1) additional is something that makes it more complete, adding to something, replenishing what is missing in something;
2) additional appears as an addition beyond what is necessary.
In other words, additional education is designed to complement each pupil with the common and necessary foundation for everyone that the school provides, with the help of different materials and in different ways. This addition should be carried out in line with the desires and capabilities of the child (and his parents), society and the state, and in the direction of exceeding what is urgently necessary. There is an objective dialectical dependence of additional education on basic education, and it lies in the state’s determination of the content of education that is basic (general and compulsory). Additional education is doomed to a peripheral role - to be focused on the past and the future. Its content consists of what has ceased to be general and obligatory, and what has not yet become so. This peripherality does not diminish the importance of additional education, but on the contrary, it makes it a powerful means of humanizing the education system as a whole; everything that, due to certain conditions, cannot be the basis for everyone (or everyone who has chosen this or that profile), can be added if possible and desired, deepening, expanding and applying school knowledge.
Additional education, carried out in various educational organizations, is distinguished on the basis of the specific function of supplementing the general, supplementing as unified, as basic, as compulsory and as academic (theoretical). But additional education is not unified; it is focused not so much on meeting the social need to prepare the new generation to participate in the production and cultural life of the country, but on meeting individual and group educational needs, which objectively cannot be taken into account when organizing mass education. The contrast between additional education and the unification of the mass school is manifested both in its content and in the methods of development. An additional educational program is created as methodological support for the educational process of a group of children, the composition of which is determined by whether they have one or another educational needs, which may be associated both with age characteristics and with the values of a social, ethnic, subcultural group, individual interests and capabilities.
As a result, additional education is not academic, that is, oriented in the selection of content to the fundamentals of science. Its content can, firstly, complement the main one in terms of application of knowledge and skills, that is, have a practical orientation. Secondly, it can replenish existing needs in terms of Everyday life“gaps” in the content of basic education are utilitarian in orientation. Thirdly, it often has an interdisciplinary, synthetic character. Thus, the wider the scope of additional education, the more academic and unified the nature of basic (mass school) education.
Basic education is considered as basic, that is, as the basis for subsequent professionalization in any field of activity. Additional education in this sense is not basic. Additional activities can serve to satisfy needs, the emergence of which is not related to the life plans of the individual, but is determined by the current situation of life - episodic interest, the desire to belong to a group of significant peers, to make new friends, etc. In older age school age, when professional self-determination begins to act as an important task of personal development, additional classes for some students become the basis for professionalization, but in a specific field (or fields) of activity, which they assess as the most likely areas for continuing education. Additional education is also the basis for the formation of leisure preferences - hobbies, which should be considered as an expansion of the space for personal self-realization, as a way to improve the quality of life.
Additional education, unlike basic education, is not compulsory. This is expressed in the fact that its absence cannot be an obstacle to continuing education or acquiring a profession. Its optionality is also expressed in voluntariness and less strict regulation of the educational process. On the one hand, the child or his parents themselves determine the content and form of additional education and the extent to which attendance at classes is compulsory. On the other hand, the institution of additional education sets certain written and unwritten rules regulating the behavior of children and teachers, concerning, among other things, the obligation to attend classes.
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Institutions of additional education in the state system of social education objectively play a subordinate role. This circumstance is expressed both in determining the content of the organized social experience and education, and in adjusting the order of functioning to the regime of a comprehensive school.
Third feature. One of the tasks of institutions of additional education for children is assistance in the professional self-determination of students, which is ensured by providing schoolchildren with the opportunity to choose a field of activity from the proposed list and the practice-oriented nature of the content, forms and methods of social education.
The purpose of these educational organizations for children of senior preschool and the entire school age spectrum leads to the fact that in them vocational guidance becomes a long process of gradually clarifying the interests of the child, ascent to the profession through numerous trials in the field of practical activity through deepening and expanding the content of education, as well as through the child’s mastery of methods of activity, which represents either profiling or professionalization.
Profiling education takes place when its content is a specific educational area. At the same time, not only can disciplines of one of the educational areas the basic curriculum of a comprehensive school, but interdisciplinary connections can also be revealed. In institutions of additional education for children, teaching is characterized by an applied orientation. Its contents are relatively a large share consists of mastering techniques and methods of activity not only educational, but also practical, which creates opportunities for the professionalization of the student.
In a number of institutions and associations focused on developing children’s abilities in a certain area, individual achievements pupils will vary depending on the degree of giftedness. Thus, children with small inclinations, as a rule, have fairly clear ideas about their own capabilities and limitations. On this basis, this category of pupils faces the problem of desire and interest in engaging in this type of activity. The focus of gifted children on carrying out activities that are attractive and meaningful to them is very high, as is the time spent on these activities. Accordingly, the student finds himself in a situation of lack of diverse interaction outside the framework of the chosen type of activity. Therefore, a number of age-related tasks are not fully solved by the child. A number of children's associations in additional education institutions, when providing individual assistance, are characterized by a focus on overcoming the student's failure in meaningful practical or spiritual-practical activities.
The fourth feature is the indirect nature of social education. It seems very interesting to consider social education in an institution of additional education through the principle of complementarity in social pedagogy. If upbringing (the relatively socially controlled part) complements the process of spontaneous socialization, then in an educational organization designed to “supplement upbringing,” the emphasis can be placed on reducing the controlling principle. Most likely, a characteristic feature of institutions of additional education for children is the optimal combination of spontaneous, relatively guided, relatively socially controlled socialization and conscious self-change of a person.
Communication and interpersonal relationships, occupying a significant place in the life of institutions of additional education, are characterized by intensity and richness. Each of their students strives to realize themselves in this area, often without having the appropriate skills. Therefore, assistance in establishing mutual understanding with others, overcoming the student’s stereotypes transferred from other situations, have the nature of individual assistance. In addition, individual assistance in institutions of additional education is aimed at solving such problem situations as: self-regulation of the child when participating in performances, competitions, conferences, exhibitions; lack of self-service skills (hiking trips, field expeditions, military training, sports team trips to competitions); the child’s reluctance or unwillingness to share the norms and values of the club community; incompetence in interpersonal interaction.
The opportunity to reduce the regulation of pupils' behavior is ensured by the fact that the teacher works with a relatively small group of pupils (15 - 16 people), combining both group and individual forms of work.
Describing the fifth feature of additional education institutions as educational organizations, it should be noted that having arisen on the social and pedagogical initiative of the intelligentsia and entrepreneurs, this type of educational organizations has remained predominantly state-owned since 1918 and to the present day. The relative youth (100-150 years) of the institution of out-of-school education - additional education, significant political, economic and social changes that occurred in the early 1990s. in our country, this type of educational organizations has an insufficiently defined status in the domestic system of social education.
The sixth feature of additional education institutions is that they have different departmental subordination, for example: the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism.
The seventh feature is related to the specifics of the subjects of social education in institutions of additional education for children. The unique thing is that the opening of an additional education institution in a particular profile is associated with the presence of a corresponding specialist in the educational organization. The work of an additional education teacher is regulated by a program that he creates based on his own ideas and legalizes through appropriate examination and approval. In general, the effectiveness of the professional activity of a teacher of additional education is determined by his self-realization.
It should be noted that many additional education teachers, without professional pedagogical training, are specialists in a specific subject-practical field, so their solution to the problems of social education occurs intuitively.
The interaction between a teacher and a pupil in institutions of additional education and a comprehensive school differs both in essence and in the perception of the child. The teacher of additional education is in a certain way limited in the methods of managing the activities and behavior of the student, in particular, we are talking about methods of demand and punishment. Therefore, the child does not experience fear and anxiety when communicating with the teacher. In this case, the teacher establishes a dialogue relationship to manage the activities of students, and the activity of children in mastering the content of education is ensured by stimulating their interest. The teacher, in the eyes of the student, is a specialist in an attractive type of activity, so the child is ready to establish contact with him in order to master the activity. In other words, the image of an additional education teacher, as a rule, differs from the image of a school teacher in the direction of greater trust, more comfortable relationships, and interest on both sides in each other and in the subject the child is mastering.
1.3 Pedagogical skills and creativity of the teacher
IN explanatory dictionary SI. Ozhegov, you can find several meanings of the word “master”:
A qualified worker in some industrial field;
The head of a production workshop in a separate special area:
A person who knows how to do something well, deftly;
A specialist who has achieved high art in his field.
The last two definitions are closest to the teacher.
In the Russian language dictionary, “mastery” is defined as art in some field, and a master appears as a specialist who has achieved high art in his field (S.I. Ozhegov, 1990). Considering pedagogical skill as a special state of a person who has achieved high art in teaching, it is necessary to take into account that this state has both an activity and a personal dimension. Will a teacher who has advanced knowledge in his own and related scientific fields achieve mastery about the experience of his colleagues, diligently transferring “all” of this into the sphere of his professional activity? Probably not, because the teacher is forced to create every hour, surrounded by a rapidly changing reality, guided by the laws of science, integrity and beauty. And how important it is to understand that in this case we are not talking so much about the most objective laws, but about their refraction in the consciousness, habits, inclinations, and in general in the attitude towards the world of a very specific person - a teacher.
In pedagogy, the most holistic and systemic concept The concept of “pedagogical skill” that determines the quality of professional activity.
Pedagogical mastery - a high and constantly improving degree of mastery certain types activities and the formation of mastery is a task of paramount importance in any field human activity. However, this task can be solved only at a stage of qualification development when the basic knowledge, skills and abilities required to work in a given profession have already been formed. The skills and abilities of a worker who has achieved mastery acquire both a specialized and generalized character and are closely intertwined with special knowledge. Mastery in any field of activity is characterized by high plasticity, i.e. the ability to switch from one environment to another, adapt to new requirements and rebuild the very nature of activity in accordance with changing conditions. Mastery is an important quality of a teacher. The high and constantly improving art of education and teaching is available to every teacher working according to his vocation. To the one who loves children.
A teacher is a master of his craft, a specialist of high culture, deeply knowledgeable about his subject, well acquainted with the relevant branches of science or art, practically versed in general issues, and especially children's and pedagogical ones, younger, and fluent in teaching and upbringing methods.
On the basis of a unique alloy of knowledge, abilities and skills, mastery is born - the highest level of professionalism. To be a master of pedagogical work means to deeply understand the laws of teaching and upbringing, skillfully apply them in practice, and achieve tangible results in the development of the personality of the student being educated. Researcher of mastery problems Yu.P. Azarov gives the following interpretation of it:
“Mastery is singular and special in relation to the universal, to practice. Mastery as an individual paves the way for the universal.
Mastery is that great miracle that is born instantly, when a teacher, at any cost, must find an original solution, discover a pedagogical gift, faith in the infinite possibilities of the human spirit... Again and again I am ready to repeat the same formula of mastery, the essence of which is triad of technology, relationships, personality...
In pedagogical mastery, play is only a form, and the content is always the affirmation of the highest human values, always the development of culture and developed forms of communication.
The development of pedagogical skills is always associated with the need to resolve the most important contradictions in the very creative activities of educators who differ in their beliefs and ways of communicating with children.”
Mastery is inseparable from creativity - from the ability to put forward new ideas, make non-standard decisions, use original methods and technologies, in short, design the educational process, turning the idea into reality.
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Different teachers at different times tried to define pedagogical skill in different ways. So, for example, A. Disterweg believed that the teacher is a master, and only he has “Developed cognitive abilities, perfect knowledge educational material, both in terms of content and form, both its essence and teaching method. L.S. Makarenko noted that the essence of pedagogical skill is manifested in knowledge and skills. In modern pedagogical literature, the following components are included in the description of the concept of “teaching skill”:
Psychological and ethical-pedagogical erudition;
Professional abilities;
Pedagogical technology;
Certain personality qualities necessary for professional activities.
In modern conditions, a teacher is a master - a teacher who has research skills and abilities, knows the features of experimental work, is able to analyze innovative pedagogical technologies, select content and apply it in practice, the ability to predict the results of his activities, develop guidelines.
The foundation (basis) of pedagogical mastery covers the following main components: the personality of the teacher, knowledge and teaching experience. A teacher studies all his life, he is in constant development and is a researcher throughout his working life. Mastery is usually associated with extensive experience. The first step to teaching mastery is creativity. Despite the massive nature of the teaching profession, the vast majority of teachers are creative individuals striving for mastery. In the skill of a teacher, four relatively independent elements can be distinguished:
Skill as an organizer of collective and individual activities for children;
The skill of persuasion;
Mastery of knowledge transfer and formation of operational experience;
Mastery pedagogical technology.
Pedagogical technique occupies a special place in the structure of a teacher’s skill.
Pedagogical technique is a set of skills that is necessary for the effective application of a system of methods of pedagogical influence on individual students and the team as a whole (the ability to choose the right style and tone in communication, the ability to manage attention, a sense of tact, management skills, etc.).
The level of pedagogical skill can be determined based on the following criteria:
Stimulating and motivating the student’s personality during the learning process;
Organization of student’s educational activities;
Organization and implementation of professional pedagogical activities in the learning process;
Structural and compositional construction of a lesson (lesson or other form).
Thus, we consider the skill of a teacher as a synthesis of personal and business qualities and personality traits, which determines the high efficiency of the pedagogical process. It is important for a master teacher to be able to effectively present his experience, broadcast it to as many colleagues as possible, and thus develop professionally.
A.S. Makarenko argued that students will forgive their teachers for severity, dryness, and even pickiness, but they will not forgive poor knowledge affairs. Above all, they value in a teacher confident and clear knowledge, skill, art, golden hands, taciturnity, constant readiness to work, clear thought, knowledge of the educational process, and educational ability. “I have come to the conclusion from experience that the issue is resolved by skill, based on skill, on qualifications” (A.S. Makarenko).
To become a master, transformer, creator, a teacher needs to master the laws and mechanisms of the pedagogical process. This will allow him to think and act pedagogically, i.e. independently analyze pedagogical phenomena, break them down into their component elements, comprehend each part in connection with the whole, find in the theory of teaching and upbringing ideas, conclusions, principles that are adequate to the logic of the phenomenon under consideration; correctly diagnose a phenomenon, determine which category of psychological and pedagogical concepts it belongs to; find the main pedagogical task (problem) and ways to optimally solve it.
Professional excellence comes to the teacher who bases his activities on scientific theory. Naturally, in doing so he encounters a number of difficulties. Firstly, scientific theory is an ordered set of general laws, principles and rules, and practice is always specific and situational. The application of theory in practice requires some theoretical thinking skills, which the teacher often does not have. Secondly, pedagogical activity is a holistic process based on the synthesis of knowledge (philosophy, pedagogy, psychology, methodology, etc.), while the teacher’s knowledge is often sorted “on shelves”, i.e. have not been brought to the level of generalized skills necessary to manage the pedagogical process. This leads to the fact that teachers often master pedagogical skills not under the influence of theory, but independently of it, on the basis of everyday pre-scientific, everyday ideas about pedagogical activity.
Pedagogy for many centuries developed primarily as a normative science and was a collection of more or less useful practical recommendations and rules of education and training. Some of them relate to elementary methods of work and do not need theoretical justification, others follow from the laws of the pedagogical process and are specified as theory and practice develop. Standards, regardless of their nature - traditional and instructive, conditional and unconditional, empirical and rational - are an applied part of pedagogy. In many cases, without knowledge of regulations, it is difficult to solve a completely simple pedagogical problem. It is impossible to demand that every step of pedagogical activity be creative, unique and always new. However, the harm of pedagogical standards can be just as great. Prescription, inertia, stereotypes, hostility to pedagogical theory, dogmatism of pedagogical thinking, orientation to methodological guidelines from above, acceptance of someone else's positive experience - this is not a complete list of shortcomings, the source of which is the assimilation of standards without knowledge of the dialectical nature of the pedagogical process.
Knowledge generalized in theory about the structure of pedagogical activity excludes unlawful decisions and actions, and allows one to act without wasting energy, without grueling trial and error. In the activity of a teacher, as if in a focal point, all the threads coming from pedagogical science converge, and ultimately all the knowledge it produces is realized. “A discovery made by a scientist,” wrote V. A. Sukhomlinsky, “when it comes to life in human relationships, in a living impulse of thoughts and emotions, appears before the teacher as a complex task, which can be solved in many ways, both in the choice of method, in the implementation of theoretical truth lies in living human thoughts and emotions creative work teachers"
The idea of K.D. Ushinsky that the facts of education do not give experience remains relevant. “They must make an impression on the teacher’s mind, be classified in it according to their characterological characteristics, be generalized, become a thought, and this thought, and not the fact itself, will become the rule of the teacher’s educational activity... The connection of facts in their ideal form, the ideal side of practice will be theory in such a practical matter as education.”
Pedagogical excellence, expressing a high level of development of pedagogical activity, mastery pedagogical technology, at the same time, expresses the personality of the teacher as a whole, his experience, civic and professional position. The skill of a teacher is a synthesis of personal and business qualities and personality traits, which determines the high efficiency of the pedagogical process.
In pedagogical science, several approaches to understanding the components of pedagogical skill have developed. Some scientists believe that this is a fusion of intuition and knowledge, truly scientific, authoritative guidance capable of overcoming pedagogical difficulties, and the gift of feeling the state of a child’s soul, a subtle and careful touch on the child’s personality, inner world which is tender and fragile, wisdom and creative audacity, the ability for scientific analysis, fantasy, imagination. Pedagogical skill includes, along with pedagogical knowledge and intuition, also skills in the field of pedagogical technology, which allow the teacher to achieve greater results with less energy. Mastery of the teacher in this approach involves a constant desire to go beyond what has been achieved.
Pedagogical skill consists of special knowledge, as well as abilities, skills and habits, in which perfect mastery of the basic techniques of a particular type of activity is realized. Whatever particular problems a teacher solves, he is always an organizer, a mentor and a master of pedagogical influence. Based on this, four relatively independent parts can be distinguished in the skill of a teacher:
skill as an organizer of collective and individual activities for children;
skill of persuasion;
mastery of knowledge transfer and formation of operational experience;
and, finally, mastery of teaching techniques.
In real pedagogical activity, these types of skills are closely related, intertwined and mutually reinforcing each other.
It seems more progressive to understand pedagogical skill as a system from the perspective of a personal-activity approach. N.P. Tarasevich, considering pedagogical skill as a complex of personality traits that ensures a high level of self-organization of professional activity, considers the humanistic orientation of the teacher’s personality, his professional knowledge, pedagogical abilities and pedagogical technique to be among the most important. All these four elements in the system of pedagogical mastery are interconnected; they are characterized by self-development, and not just growth under the influence of external conditions. The basis for self-development of pedagogical skills is the fusion of knowledge and personality orientation; an important condition for its success is ability; a means that imparts integrity, coherence, direction and effectiveness - skills in the field of pedagogical technology.
Despite certain differences in the approaches considered, they emphasize that in the structure of pedagogical excellence in general
the personality and activities of the teacher are expressed.
Pedagogical technique occupies a special place in the structure of a teacher’s skill. This is the set of skills that are necessary for the effective use of a system of methods of pedagogical influence on individual students and the team as a whole: the ability to choose the right style and tone in dealing with students, manage their attention, a sense of pace, management skills and demonstration of one’s attitude to actions students, etc.
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Let us consider the content of some definitions of pedagogical skill presented in Soviet and modern domestic scientific and methodological literature.
We find mention of the requirements that a teacher must meet already in articles and materials of public speaking. people's commissar for education A.V. Lunacharsky. In 1928, in his speech at a meeting of social educators, he especially noted the high responsibility that rests with the teacher: “If a goldsmith spoils gold, the gold can be poured. If precious stones deteriorate, they are used for marriage, but the largest diamond cannot be valued in our eyes more than the person born. The corruption of a person is a huge crime or a huge guilt without guilt. You need to work on this material clearly, having determined in advance what you want to do with it?”
A.S. Makarenko (1988) also has statements on issues of pedagogical excellence. According to him, mastery is: “real knowledge of the educational process, the presence of educational skills.” Here he states: “I have come to the conclusion from experience that the issue is resolved by skill, based on skill, on qualification.” Further, he has a number of provisions that clarify the definition of the above concept of mastery: “... the art of setting a voice, the art of tone, glance, turn..., how to stand, how to sit, how to rise from a chair from the table, how to smile, look - there is and should be great skill in this... I became a real master only when I learned to say “come here" with 15-20 shades, when I learned to give 20 nuances in the setting of a face, figure, voice. And then I was not afraid that someone won’t come to me and won’t feel what they need.”
Consequently, the luminaries of Soviet pedagogy saw the essence of pedagogical skill in knowledge and a wide range of behavioral skills.
V.A. Sukhomlinsky (1981) does not give a clearly defined definition of this concept, however, he has the following statements regarding the personality of the teacher, who should delight, attract and spiritualize students. He writes: “The harmonious unity of ideals, principles, beliefs, views, tastes, likes and dislikes, moral and ethical principles in the words and actions of a teacher - this is the spark that attracts young souls and becomes a guiding star for youth. At the same time, it is very important that this unity acts as an organic need of the educator, as the law of his life, without which he cannot think, cannot imagine personal happiness, the fullness of his spiritual life.”
A.I. Shcherbakov (1968) believes that pedagogical skill is “a synthesis of scientific knowledge, abilities, skills, methodological art and personal qualities of a teacher.” It is absolutely clear that such a synthesis can only manifest itself in creative activity, since methodological art cannot be manifested in any other way. And since this is art, its indispensable attribute is a high level of performance.
Yu.P. Azarov (1971), speaking about the basis of a teacher’s skill, reveals it as follows: “The basis of pedagogical skill is knowledge of the laws of raising children.” Further, speaking about the interaction of the structural components of mastery, he develops his definition: “The interaction of feelings and technology leads to a holistic imaginative emotional impact of the teacher on the individual, on the team. And in this unity is the strength of mastery.”
Yu.K. Babansky (1989) points out: “A master teacher is characterized by fluency professional technology, a creative approach to business and achieves high results in training and education.” The author clarifies the given definition, referring to the typical features of the mastery of pedagogical work as the correct analysis of the pedagogical situation and the choice of the optimal pedagogical solution, a creative style of activity, respect for the student’s personality.
N.V. Kukharev (1990) speaks of the legitimacy of considering pedagogical skill as a set of certain qualities of a teacher’s personality, which are determined by the high level of his psychological and pedagogical preparedness, the ability to optimally solve pedagogical problems (training, education and development of schoolchildren).
According to Pavlyutenkov (1990), a teacher’s professional skill consists of the following components:
a) the need-motivational sphere of the individual (an integral set of social attitudes, value orientations, interests);
b) the operational and technical sphere of the individual - an integral unity, characterized by a set of general and special knowledge, abilities, skills, and professionally important qualities;
c) self-knowledge of the individual.
V.L. Slastenin and co-authors (1998) are close in their definition of pedagogical skill to Yu.P. Azarov (1989), pointing out that it is interconnected with pedagogical technology. At the same time, pedagogical skill is presented to them as the highest level of mastery of pedagogical technology, however, it should not be limited only to the operational component, but should be a synthesis of personal and business qualities and properties that determine the high efficiency of the pedagogical process.
I.P. Andriadi (1999) considers pedagogical skill as a personality trait that reflects his spiritual, moral and intellectual readiness for a creative understanding of the sociocultural values of society, as well as theoretical and practical readiness for the creative application of knowledge, skills and abilities in professional activities.
V.A. Mizherikov and M.I. Ermolenko (1999) point out that pedagogical skill, expressing a high level of development of pedagogical activity, mastery of pedagogical technology, at the same time reflects the personality of the teacher as a whole, his experience, civil and professional position. In connection with this, the essence of pedagogical mastery is determined by them through the level of implementation of activities that synthesizes knowledge, skills and abilities and leads to high results.
In the definition of V.P. Kuzavlev (2000), pedagogical skill appears to us as: “... a fairly stable system of theoretical justifications and practically justified pedagogical actions and operations that ensure a high level of information interaction between teacher and student.” Developing this definition, the named author adds that, being a synthesis of theoretical knowledge and highly developed practical skills, a teacher’s skill is affirmed through creativity and is embodied in it. Specific indicators of mastery are manifested in a high level of performance, quality of work, expedient, adequate to pedagogical situations, actions of the teacher, achievement of high results of training and education.
A.L. Sidorov, M.V. Prokhorova and B.D. Sinyukhin (2000) consider pedagogical skill to be a core component of pedagogical culture and define it as a synthesis of developed psychological and pedagogical thinking, professional and pedagogical knowledge, skills, abilities and emotional-volitional means expressiveness, which, in conjunction with the personality qualities of the teacher, allow him to successfully solve a variety of educational tasks.
According to L.A. Baykova and L.K. Grebenkina (2000), pedagogical skill is “the highest level of pedagogical activity, manifested in the teacher’s creativity, in the constant improvement of the art of teaching, education and human development.”
Next, the authors approach the definition of pedagogical skill and technological point of view, presenting it in the form of a system, the main components of which, in addition to a high general culture and humanistic orientation, are professional knowledge and skills, pedagogical abilities, creativity and technological competence.
A.M. Novikov (2000), presenting to the public the author’s concept of the development of Russian education in the conditions of humanity’s transition to the post-industrial era of development, points out that now the social role of the teacher’s personality, his general and professional culture, conviction, morality, sociability, his emotional wealth. The author is deeply convinced that today and in the future, especially, the teacher cannot be replaced by a book, a personal computer and other means distance learning. Thus, it becomes important not only what to teach, but how to teach, what to teach and who teaches. In this regard, defining the content of pedagogical skill in new socio-economic conditions, A.II.Novikov (2000) sees it in the teacher’s ability to “put the student as early as possible on the path of consciousness of his purpose and calling, on the path of building his personality and his fate throughout life, including life educational trajectory».
Analyzing the concept of “pedagogical skill”, one should pay attention to Special attention also for the next one.
A.B. Orlov (1988), substantiating in his article the optimal relationship between the concepts of “master” and “creator” in the activities of a teacher, writes: “... the “master” is the servant of the “creator,” and mastery is a means of creativity (actualization).” This means that a teacher who masters effective, already proven methods, but does not strive to enrich them with his own professional findings, will not be able to realize his creative potential. Meanwhile, without mastering the necessary and sufficient level of pedagogical skills, it will be difficult for any specialist in this professional field to realize their creative ideas.
In psychology, pedagogical activity is considered as a long-term set of professional requirements that are presented to those who choose this type of activity. The set of interrelated tasks typical of it constitutes its multifunctional structure.
However, the essence of the teaching profession is not determined by the totality of tasks and the requirements they impose. Like any other profession, teaching influences the entire lifestyle of a teacher with its regime, working conditions, character and didactic form of communication with students, as well as emotional and volitional load. On the other hand, teaching activity is more personal than other professions, and therefore personal qualities play a significant role in achieving professional success.
Pedagogical work is not and cannot be uncreative, because the students, the circumstances, the personality of the teacher himself are unique, and any pedagogical decision must be based on these always non-standard factors. Pedagogical creativity, representing a special phenomenon, with all its specifics, has much in common with the activities of a scientist, writer, and artist. This issue is reflected in the works of domestic researchers.
The essence of pedagogical creativity is most often seen in the combination of the ability to act independently and adequately in unique learning situations with the ability to comprehend one’s activities in the light of scientific and theoretical pedagogical knowledge, as well as in determining the correct measure of the ratio of automated and non-automated components. The specificity of pedagogical creativity is seen in the fact that it always has a purposeful nature: it promotes mutual enrichment and creative cooperation between teacher and student. On the one hand, the direct participation of the teacher leads to the development, flow and completion of the student’s cognition. On the other hand, he himself inevitably masters the historical stages of the science of thinking, cognition, and the basic laws of its development. At the same time, pedagogical self-awareness is the key to solving many problems related to the teacher’s need for constant self-improvement. This concept includes the ability to correlate the goals and content of education, implemented in curricula and programs, pedagogical ideas and methods with specific conditions of practical activity. The teacher’s awareness of the degree of his skill and ideal models, which are a synthesis of science and practice, refracted through his own individuality, should serve as a guide for the formation of an independent professional position of a creative, innovative nature.
The origins of the development of pedagogical self-awareness include three components:
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1. knowledge of oneself as a specialist;
2. emotional attitude towards oneself as a professional teacher;
3. assessing yourself as a specialist.
At the same time, self-esteem, fulfilling a regulatory role in the process of improving pedagogical skills, is possible only when it is based on some “mismatch” between self-esteem and the ideal idea of a teacher. Thus, pedagogical self-awareness is the result of developed thinking, determined by external and internal sources, and here it is not enough to know what and how is needed, it is not enough to be able to do so - here we must accept general and private social goals, expressed in the language of pedagogy, as an inherent attitude of the individual, direction her activities.
One of the most important conditions governing the mechanism for improving pedagogical thinking and its main indicator, pedagogical self-awareness, can rightfully be recognized as an attitude towards self-education, i.e. the teacher’s readiness to improve activities aimed at satisfying the current need for creativity. It has been proven that professional improvement depends little on “frontal” pressure on the individual and proceeds successfully only if he has an internal motivation, a sincere desire to achieve high results in his work. In turn, the ability to restructure activities in accordance with new requirements modern society is possible if the teaching staff as a whole conducts a systematic analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of their activities based on indicators of the levels of education and training of students.
That is why the teacher’s awareness and acceptance of the fact that the formation of a person’s creative orientation should become the main function of teaching, and taking into account differences in the rates of development among different students is an indispensable condition self-realization, very often becomes an important incentive, a motive for self-improvement of the personality of the teacher himself. At the same time, independent efforts to master the achievements of psychological and pedagogical science, best practices, improvement of the assessment activities of the teacher and the leaders of the teaching staff, positive motivation of teaching work, informal creative community of masters of pedagogical work - these are the main factors that influence the professional growth and skill of the teacher.
In light of the above, the teacher’s creativity is presented as the highest form of the teacher’s active work to transform pedagogical reality, at the center of which is the Student. At the same time, pedagogical creativity will take place if the transformative activity of the Teacher is characterized by such indicators as systematic rethinking of his activities in the light of scientific theoretical and pedagogical knowledge, the creation of original and effective ways to solve professional and creative problems at a specific moment in pedagogical reality, contributing to the development of an independent professional position. This, in turn, leads to the expansion of its functional zero.
If the internal prerequisites for a teacher’s creativity include the interaction of a number of the most important mental processes, states and individual psychological properties of his personality (intuition, imagination, conscious and unconscious, perseverance, self-criticism, hard work, high linguistic culture), then the components of creativity include knowledge, worldview , pedagogical technology and culture (thinking and self-awareness), independent professional position. The components of creativity are both meaningful elements of the teacher’s personality, and products of the reflection of pedagogical reality in his feelings, consciousness, memory, and the results of the teacher’s creative powers and capabilities. The components of creativity are acquired by the teacher throughout his professional activity. Through mental activity, the components of creativity are improved, which are a kind of “integrator”, on the basis of which an independent professional position is formed: from professionalism to skill - from skill to asceticism. This suggests the conclusion that if at least one of the components of creativity is weakly functioning, it is impossible to count on significant success. The above highlights with even greater insistence the need for further searches for the most significant criteria and methods for assessing the work of a school teacher.
Chapter 2. Activities of a teacher of additional education for children
2.1 Research on the importance of additional education for children
In relation to additional education of children, determinative uncertainty is enhanced by the right of children to freely choose the mode of their activities, the volume of activities, and the level of their results. It is this essential feature that was not taken into account during the experimental certification of institutions of additional education for children.
The main problem of all pedagogy, including the emerging pedagogy of additional education for children, is the lack of clarity of what exactly to track in the educational process as its result. The most universal and officially accepted in educational practice are the following individual blocks of assessment objects:
1. “Students”: knowledge, abilities, skills (most often only in accordance with their standards); indicators of personal development and education (sometimes differentiated by areas).
2. “Teachers”: professionalism, competence, attitude to work.
3. “School”: compliance with various standards, organization and support of activities (in their positive and negative impact on children), prestige in society (its growth or decline).
Each block has its own set of criteria, indicators, methods, forms of their implementation, etc. For each of the listed blocks, different, closed results are obtained that are not correlated with each other. However, they are precisely the arguments for drawing conclusions about the level of quality of education (high, low, average).
The authors of the book “Managing the Quality of Education,” defining quality as the relationship between a goal and a result (a measure of goal fulfillment), propose to consider the result of education as one of the main components (along with operationally specified and predicted goals for the future), with the help of which the quality of education and management paths are determined this quality. We are talking not only about expanding the range of educational results (any results, even those that cannot be determined) and ways to determine them, but most importantly – about increasing controllability in obtaining exactly those results that are in the “goal zone”. This is the essence of all quality management issues. So, there are three groups:
1. educational results, quantified in absolute values and necessarily in measurable parameters. 2. results that are determined only qualimetrically (qualitatively), descriptively in a correct, detailed form or in the form of a point scale, where each level corresponds to a certain level of quality manifestation. 3. implicit results related to the internal, deep experiences of the student’s personality. The assessment is carried out expertly on the basis of intuition, observation, through the creation of conditions for their occurrence at a fixed level.
The meaning of the activity of a teacher of additional education for children is not to directly influence the child, forming in him a set of personal qualities given (by society or the teacher himself), but to organize the child’s initiative, in which the formation of “the human in man” will take place, manifestation and transformation his personality. Therefore, from the point of view of E.V. Titova, we must talk about the effectiveness of educational activities as the achievement of such a quality of organization of joint activities with children, which ensures the possibility of their value-significant personal manifestations and enriching their personal experience with vital content. From our point of view, the use of the concept of organization of activity allows us to introduce relations of interdependence between “quality as a relationship between goal and result” and “quality as an essential certainty.” In addition, in the first and second aspects, quality is a measure, but speaking about quality as an expression of essential certainty, we can talk about the level or degree of perfection of its implementation in practice. Thus, we put the value component of the quality of additional education for children in first place. Since ideas about the vital content of experience and the value significance of personal manifestations are always subjective, then the understanding of effectiveness will always be subjective (at the level of an individual teacher, pedagogical community, institution, etc.), which inevitably raises the problem of their normative-paradigmatic coordination and correlation at all levels of quality management organizational activities(from a teacher in an association, a separate institution or its division to territorial associations). It is important for us to emphasize that when speaking about the priority of the organizational component of pedagogical activity (its goals and results), we are talking about the essential characteristics or quality of this activity in the additional education of children. Only on this basis can it be further developed, proposed specific options, and carried out assessment procedures for the quality (level, degree) of the teacher’s organization of joint activities with children and the quality of his professionalism (competence). Understanding that this is not a final, final indicator, but an achieved stage in the movement towards the ideal (“here and now”). The form of expression of this stage is a program developed and implemented by a teacher of additional education for children, which has a specific goal (and corresponding quality indicators), tasks, necessary means of achieving these goals and methods for their diagnosis (evaluation).
The teacher's mission is not to lead children to advance known results, but in the ability and willingness to go with them along the “path” of knowledge, the results of which are not predetermined. This is the essence of co-creation pedagogy. The teacher organizes and participates in the educational process and, therefore, there is a relative equation of the educational result with the pedagogical one, but not their absolute coincidence. The result of the child’s own efforts and educational activities may turn out to be far from all the teacher’s forecasts and the goals he projects as “images of the result.” We emphasize that this discrepancy is a characteristic feature of additional education for children, since the main thing in the educational process is success (or failure) as a result of pedagogical activity, and the measure of this success is determined only relative personal growth every child.
Accordingly, the educational result should be considered not only at the level of the child, but also the nature of the conditions that the teacher creates for his success, i.e. the measure of the efforts of the teacher as a subject of the educational process. Speaking about the nature of the conditions, we mean what is called I.D. Demakova “the space and time of life of children and adults (teachers, pedagogues), which turns an educational institution into a “joint existence of adults and children.” Thus, we once again draw attention to the essence of pedagogical interaction with the child in additional education - pedagogical support for the education of the individual. The educational process in an institution of additional education for children is always an individual path or, more precisely, a route of education for a child under the influence of an adult, with his help and complicity. We are talking not so much about “the teacher maintaining interest, curiosity, inquisitiveness and a positive emotional mood of students... encouraging them to further mental activity and realistic self-assessment of achievements, but about pedagogical tactics of helping the child’s self-realization in a problem situation, assistance and interaction in the development of the child’s ability to perform choice. This emphasis on pedagogical support allows us to determine the specifics of the educational process in additional education for children. We agree with the opinion of T.V. Ilyina that the concept of the educational process only in the organizational and methodological aspect can be equated to the concept of the pedagogical process and under it we can consider the purposeful (organized and constant) interaction of the teacher with children on any content that does not contradict modern requirements science and regulatory documents (but more than what we called the priority of the requirements of childhood ecology and concentration on the child), during which the tasks of teaching, upbringing, and personality development of each child can be solved (Ilyina T.V. Monitoring and articles). In general, the educational process of additional education for children is always an original model of interaction and cooperation (compatibility of teaching activities and the child’s self-development), implemented on the basis educational program in specific conditions and having only its own set of results.
An analysis of the practice of additional education for children shows that the range of goals and objectives of the educational process is extremely diverse. Moreover, their definition is not stable and may change during the implementation of the program. Each new set of children in a group (program) brings its own needs, interests, level of abilities, and optionality and the right to choose create a special unpredictability in the organization of classes, in planning activities and their results. However, teachers, as well as institutions in general, strive for the sustainability of the educational process, to increase its controllability, which allows us to talk about the types of educational process that have developed today, which have their own specific tasks, predictable results, methods of organization, but are combined in one pedagogical process . So, T.V. Ilyina identifies five such types, each of which combines several types of educational models. None of the types of the educational process exists in its pure form, but the leading type for a teacher or institution can be identified. The most common types of educational process are: teaching, educational, general developmental, leisure, complex (integrated according to pedagogical objectives). Detailed characteristics and the assessment of the proposed typology is not part of the objectives of our research, so we will only name the “goal-result” options for each of them.
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The goal of the teaching type of educational process is for children to achieve a high (professional or pre-professional) level in a certain subject area; complete mastery of a specific specialty or specialization. Training in a specific subject area is a leading performance indicator and the main tracking parameter when monitoring educational results. The educational type of educational process is aimed at supporting, forming and developing those personality qualities that correlate with universal human values and norms operating in society. The predicted final result is the internal culture of the individual, which is built up in various evaluation criteria. The leading result in this type is general culture personality, understood as good breeding (its diagnosis is predetermined by a clear understanding of what good breeding is and the specification of signs that can be diagnosed and externally observed). The educational process only belongs to the educational type when it contains educational activities specially organized by the teacher, in which children take responsibility and learn social norms and gain experience positive relationships, care and help. The priority of the educational process of a general developmental type becomes the tasks of developing properties (primarily sensory development) and specific aspects of the personality (intellectual, physical, etc.). Monitoring of results here is individual, but the main result is the dynamics (positive changes or absence of regression, i.e. stabilization of the state) of the properties and aspects of each child. Most often, the level of attention, thinking, creativity, motor skills, health status, etc. are monitored. Naturally, monitoring educational results in the general developmental type is labor-intensive and complex, but it is also the most objective and clear system that allows you to track the real contribution of the teacher to the child.
The leisure type of educational process assumes that the main result is employment and organization of the child’s free time. constancy of interest (safety of the contingent) and the emergence of positive needs. Of course, in this type, elements of training can be achieved, educational, rehabilitation, and correctional tasks are set, but the priority remains with the organization of the child’s free time. Therefore, the result is measured quantitatively (how much was offered to the children and how many children took advantage of these offers. How many regular visitors) and qualitatively (what has changed in the child’s relationships, worldview). A special indicator of pedagogical effectiveness is the degree to which the teacher fulfills social and pedagogical functions: working with the family and caring for the child’s position in it, caring for the child’s health and financial situation, assistance in self-determination in life. It is extremely rare in real practice to encounter a complex type of educational process. Its main difference is associated with specially organized processes of subject teaching, upbringing and inclusion of developmental technologies in interaction with children. This is a process of a creative, exploratory nature - since development is not possible otherwise and it covers different spheres of human life (functional complexity). A special characteristic of this process is the prediction of the educational result in three equal and equally valuable components - in the field of subject education, the general culture of the individual and the level of development of some of its aspects.
Accordingly, E.V. Titova proposes to distinguish (and therefore evaluate) manifestations of the quality and results of the activities of an institution of additional education for children in relation to the following systems:
1. Macrosystem – the sphere of additional education.
2. External system– the education system within which the institution operates.
3. Internal system – the institution’s own educational (pedagogical) system.
The quality and result of the activities of each institution in the first system is determined by comparing it with the same institutions (by type, type, category, profile, etc.) in the field of additional education of children throughout the country. In the second system, quality and results must be correlated with the standards and development needs of the territorial education system (district, city, region, etc.).
The last assessment procedure concerns checking the relationship between the educational system of the institution and its own potential. In addition, the analysis can be supplemented by an assessment of the activities of the institution’s divisions, its services, individual employees: the quality and result of the activities of the department, team at the first level - in relation to similar structures in other institutions, at the second level - in relation to the educational system of the institution, at the third level - in relation to own purpose, tasks, opportunities; the quality and result of the activity of an employee, teacher at the first level - in relation to the same specialists in institutions of additional education, at the second level - in relation to other employees in this institution, at the third level - in relation to their own orientations, plans, qualifications. It seems to us that this is an extremely difficult task to implement and is not very productive. There will be a lot of information, but real research into the quality of each specific institution will be lost, giving way to subjective opinions, superficial assessments, and conventional ideas.
We are convinced that, in relation to additional education of children, we should talk about the quality of the organization of an educational institute, meaning not its functional integrity, but an organic whole. The expression of this organic integrity in the practice of life of educational institutions, which defines their internal coherence, structure, but also the ability for autonomy, self-organization, self-government, and development, is the cultural model: institutions of additional education for children as an original system and additional education for children as a unique type of educational process or “an educational subculture in which certain values are preferred and others are rejected.” By introducing the concept of a cultural model of an institution, we highlight a special type of self-government or innovation activity, uniting children, parents, teachers, administration to create their own system and type of their life activities, which in a special way influences the education of children, their interests, thinking, language, and also changes the pedagogical activities of adults, making the educational system unique. The cultural model of an institution implies the commitment of a concept - a system of views, ideas and values (its own “philosophy of life”), a vision of its mission; the appropriate organization of the educational process and the entire life of the institution, providing the style of the educational community and the mechanism of interaction, developing relationships. All this forms a certain quality of education and creates a real cultural context for the interaction of children and adults. At the same time, we are convinced that the internal characteristic that brings together, as if in focus, all the features of an institution (both managerial and behavioral) is organizational culture as an indicator of quality and, at the same time, a criterion for assessing this quality. The concept of organizational culture is new to domestic education and its application is not yet widespread. For additional education of children, its practical development provides real access to self-identification of various types of institutions in the system of additional education for children and the system itself in the field of education.
2.2 Interaction between teacher and child in a children’s creative association
Among the specific characteristics of the system of additional education for children, the “right of free choice” and “interaction between the teacher and the child” as subordinate pedagogical principles and phenomena are of key importance. It is the unconditional recognition of the child’s rights to voluntary choice that significantly influences the nature of the personal relationship between teacher and student in additional education. The good will of the child is what advances and makes pedagogical activity real.
One of the most attractive, actively discussed problems modern science and practice, is the problem of interaction between teacher and child. The reasons for this attention include:
the recognition of human interaction as the basis of all spheres of social life and activity, which has become an axiom, but at the same time the definition of the concept of “interaction” is debatable;
constant innovative search for adequate disclosure of the complex world of personal abilities through interaction;
a statement of the existing dependence of the effectiveness of the pedagogical process on the state of real interaction of its participants: teacher and child, teacher and association of children (group, class, circle, etc.);
broad practical development of a new pedagogical paradigm, the focus of which is the value of the child’s individuality;
mass passion for experimental work, the desire to test in practice attractive ideas of theoretical research in the field of psychology, social psychology, pedology, pedagogical management, etc.;
transition from the traditional understanding of pedagogical activity only as a form of influence of adults on the child to support processes associated with the development of the child’s abilities for self-determination and self-realization in common goals and tasks.
At the present stage of discussion of the problem of pedagogical interaction, the following main trends have emerged:
The interaction between a teacher and children is a special type of social relationship, democratic in nature (partnership), which depends on the qualities and individual characteristics of children to the same extent as on the personality of the teacher.
Interaction and all the diversity of relationships between the teacher and children depend only on the professionalism of the teacher, the characteristics of his pedagogical tact, skill, style and his authority as a leader.
The interaction process has its own nature and patterns, which can be implemented in pedagogical practice at different levels.
For a long time, the active use of the concept of “interaction” was limited to literature on philosophy (in its most general sense) or management and business (in a narrowly pragmatic sense). In the psychological and pedagogical literature there is no single view on the definition of this concept (in the latest edition of the Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia it is simply absent as an independent lexical unit!), just as there is no proper coordination between these two scientific fields.
For a clearer understanding of the essence of pedagogical interaction in general and its features in the conditions of additional education of children, we will highlight “reference points” from the general interpretations of the concept.
Interaction is the connection of phenomena; a system of communication relations, interdependence between people and social groups; mutual support and coordination of actions to achieve a common goal and solve common problems.
In this definition, interaction is affirmed only as an external, objective law of social life. At the same time, interaction is the coordinated activity of people in achieving joint goals (results), in solving tasks and problems that are important for everyone by all participants. This definition highlights a person’s activity, his conscious selectivity (desire, interest, goal) in relation to activity and to other people. Naturally, this consistency cannot be static - it must consciously change (develop) in the sequence of obtaining intermediate results, while maintaining focus on the goal (the image of the desired result).
From the point of view of social psychology, the main features of coordinated or joint activity include the presence of:
a common goal for the participants involved in the activity;
general motivation for activity;
association, combination or coupling of individual activities (simple, private);
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dividing a single process of activity into separate, functionally related operations and their distribution between participants;
coordination of individual activities of participants, adherence to a strict sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined program (management);
a single final aggregate result;
single space and simultaneity of individual activities different people.
Among these features, a common goal of joint activity is a central component. It is towards the goal, as an ideally represented common result, that the community of individuals strives.
Interaction is not only the relationship of participants in joint activities, but it is also the associated communication between people with each other. The existing relationship between communication and joint activity in the formation of the human psyche and personality development is known.
This postulate was substantiated in the works of famous psychologists D.B. Elkonin and A.N. Leontiev about the sequence of dominance of the leading types of communication and activity during a certain age period of human development. The essence of the idea of succession is quite simple - from birth to adolescence there is a natural change in the leading types of activity and communication, which ensures the continuity of the stages of development of a person’s personality and cognitive sphere. It must be borne in mind that each type of leading activity is distinguished by a special way of interaction - communication - cooperation of people with each other. This special method is established and retained by the individual throughout his life as a certain ability for emotional communication, reflection, communicative and object-based actions, learning, imagination, the ability to use symbols, the ability to cooperate, analyze, plan one’s own actions, etc.
Now it is only important for us to recall this well-known pattern. A more detailed conversation about leading activities and its practical implementation will go further.
table 2
Dominant type of communication or activity
Age stage
Direct emotional communication with mother and surrounding people
Infancy
Object-manipulative activity
Early childhood
Preschool age
Educational activities
Junior schoolboy
Intimate and personal communication
Educational and professional activities
Early adolescence
There are two types of communication:
information exchange or people getting to know each other;
personalization.
There is a serious difference between these types of communication in relation to joint activities. Communication of the first type is a necessary prerequisite for such activity (acquaintance, adaptation to each other), and personalization includes it in its composition. At the same time, it is known that personalization is most successful in situations of creative cooperation (development, definition and implementation of common goals).
Personalization is a person’s acquisition of his ideal representation and continuation in other people, thanks to which he appears to himself and in public life as an individual (A.V. Petrovsky). A person as a subject of personalization has the need and ability to cause significant changes in the world around him.
The need for personalization (the need to be an individual) is a fundamental human need. It is inherent in every person, but depending on the motive for the manifestation of one’s “I”, it manifests itself in different versions. This could be altruism, friendship, but it could also be aggressiveness or conformism. It is important to take into account the dynamics of the need for personalization when choosing a model of interaction (joint activity) with children of different ages.
The ability to personalize (the ability to be a person) is a set of individual psychological qualities of a person and the means that allow him to carry out socially significant actions not only for himself, but also for others. This ability of a person to distinguish his “I” from others, but at the same time to understand his similarity and continuity in others, is not immediately and not easily established. They say that personality is determined by one's entire life!
But it is necessary to “learn” and “teach” the ability to personalize, because what is usually called personality is nothing more than a person’s self-awareness, on the basis of which he builds his interaction with other people and with himself (L.S. Vygotsky).
And here we will once again turn to the idea of dependence of the development of the human psyche on the leading type of activity. A.N. Leontiev viewed leading activity not as a “rigid frame” of one activity, absorbing all other motives and types of activity. Its essence is different. Leading activity should be considered as an integrating basis for expressing the meaning of a growing person’s attitude towards real world, which necessarily dominates in a specific age period. The types and forms of leading activities at different stages of personality development interact with each other; there is a certain continuity between them in this single process of formation of a person’s personality.
In addition, there are three main signs of leading activity:
In the form of leading activity of a certain age period child development other, new types of activities arise and differentiate within it.
In leading activity, all private mental processes (imagination, abstract thinking, etc.) are born and established.
Age-related psychological changes in a child’s personality depend on leading activities.
Recognizing this is important for the practical implementation of the priorities of additional education for children. Moral, civic and other social qualities of an individual (unfortunately, not only positive ones...), her mental makeup, and therefore everything that is associated with mastering the ability to personalize, derived from leading activities, is determined by the development of communication, relationships of interdependence, and cooperation. Consequently, psychologically and pedagogically appropriate activities are organized in accordance with the age of the children. There have already been examples of such an organization in Russian pedagogy - A.S. Makarenko with his methodology of collective self-organization, collective teaching and work, I.P. Ivanov with a system of collective creative affairs. An important common feature of these and other similar examples of pedagogically organized activities, or “pedagogy of cooperation,” was that it ensured cohesion and goodwill of relations within groups (interpersonal relations), along with flexible self-organization and a profound influence on the behavior of each participant in the common cause ( interpersonal interaction).
Relations between people in the process of their joint activities and communication are always social relations. These include production, political, moral, aesthetic and other relations. In this listing, the so-called psychological relationships between people take their place. In the pedagogical literature they are usually differentiated into official or informal, business or personal (interpersonal).
Interpersonal relationships are subjectively experienced relationships between people, manifested in the nature and methods of their mutual influences in the process of joint activity and communication.
IN educational institution The “teacher-student” and “teacher-class” relationships are formed meaningfully and structurally, determined by the functions of pedagogical activity in influencing and managing the processes of teaching and upbringing (socialization of the individual).
In the conditions of additional education of children, the situation is completely different, since it is aimed at the processes of individualization of the personality of a growing person. Therefore, a teacher of additional education has different functions and roles in the educational process, accordingly, different methods of joint activity and communication, motives and style of interaction. The teacher does not “influence”, but conveys methods on the basis of which one can derive one’s own solution; does not single-handedly “set goals” and develop ways to implement them, but creates conditions for children to accept these goals and methods; does not “evaluate”, but develops in everyone the ability to self-esteem.
The nature of the personal relationship between the teacher and the child is influenced by the recognition of the right to free choice (self-development). Education that recognizes this right builds its pedagogical activities in the integration of two processes: ensuring “freedom from” - protecting the child from suppression, oppression, insult to dignity, including protection from one’s own complexes; and education “in freedom for” - creating the most favorable conditions for creative self-realization. Therefore, it makes sense to once again draw attention to the fact that interpersonal relationships are subjectively experienced relationships between people.
The sphere of interpersonal relations between a teacher and children, a teacher and an individual child covers a wide range of phenomena, but all of them can be divided on the basis of three components of interaction:
perception and understanding of each other;
personal attractiveness (attraction and sympathy);
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interactions and behavior.
Interpersonal interaction, in a broad sense, is a kind of personal contact between two or more people, the result of which is mutual changes in behavior, attitudes, actions, etc.; in a narrow sense - a system of mutually determined individual actions in joint activities associated with the division and cooperation of the functions of each.
Character interpersonal interaction determined by the type of situation and personal characteristics its participants. There is no doubt that a situation of cooperation presupposes a certain nature of human action and behavior compared to a situation of competition. In the first case, this is mutual sympathy and attraction, creating a holistic intra-group state of satisfaction, the need to be together. In the other - rejection, incompatibility, and perhaps even hostility, leading to conflict.
Interpersonal relationships are different in that each person in them demonstrates a genuine interest in the other person, and if there is no such interest between them, then we are dealing with a functional relationship. In this case, the teacher is focused not on the child, but on how to force him to meet external goals and requirements, which the teacher considers above the desires and interests of the child.
It is the interpersonal relationships that arise between children and additional education teachers that often become the first and main attractive force for children who have not yet clearly defined their interest in subject activities, but receive from the teacher and peers in the group the communication they need so much. Another situation is also real - a child has a strong interest in objective activities, but leaves a group or other association precisely because the interpersonal relationships that have developed in them traumatize him.
In a fragmented or systemic version, interpersonal interaction is a process of “exchange” of ideas, activities, values, meanings, experiences, interests, etc.
The interaction between a teacher and a child is a process of interpersonal interaction, and it is always a two-way active process, or “exchange,” which presupposes the equality we already know, the proportionality of what is “exchanged,” and at the same time an increase in the capabilities of everyone. Interaction in the pedagogical process, according to psychologists, is one of the ways to enhance the self-development and self-actualization of a child (his personalization). Its additional effect consists of interindividual influence based on mutual understanding, interpersonal mental reflection, mutual evaluation and self-esteem. In this case, we say that under certain conditions, interaction becomes a factor in the development of the personality of not only the child, but also the teacher.
Mutual knowledge as recognition of each other, as a positive assessment of individual and personal traits, capabilities, abilities, etc.;
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And if the process of interaction in pedagogical activity is built on the principles of consent and cooperation, then it becomes a process of developing and developing interaction, the result of which is not only changed relations between all participants in the process, but also changed attitudes towards oneself.
Let us note that the agreement is a fairly clear example of normative relations between people, understood by every person. Even a junior schoolchild knows that “an agreement is when people give each other their word and fulfill it,” or “this is when people fulfill what they agreed on.”
From the practice of everyday life, it is known that children independently resort to an agreement in their team as a natural way to resolve emerging contradictions in interaction and try to restore it through establishing relationships on this matter. Sometimes an agreement is reached and conflicts subside, but if skills are not enough, then it becomes necessary to communicate to children new rules and norms that ensure the restoration of joint activities.
It follows that:
only in conditions of joint activity are rules of behavior, ways of relationships in the group, and intrapersonal attitudes towards themselves and others established and mastered by all its participants;
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an agreement is possible only when a child needs to establish a relationship with someone - he has a need to come to an agreement in order to maintain interaction;
You need to learn ways to maintain and develop interaction, just as you need to know and be able to maintain relationships with friends, colleagues, and people around you.
On the one hand, a contract as a pedagogical tool can be used in a situation of supporting and helping a growing person in the development of personal qualities (a social person), facilitating the development of contractual relations as a cultural norm of relationships and interactions with other people. The agreement, as it were, gradually “leads” the child’s development, acts as a “zone of proximal development,” and the teacher is called upon to organize this process professionally and precisely, guided by the child’s condition and the level of his potential capabilities.
On the other hand, the contract is an adequate pedagogical means in a situation of supporting a child in mastering his own “I” (personalization). It allows one to realize one’s own interests and aspirations of a growing personality, check its capabilities in their implementation, detect discrepancies between “I want” and “I cannot,” and direct its activity to overcome this gap. Moreover, this can only be done in a situation of mutual interest in each other (teacher - child, teacher - children), in a situation of interaction that makes it possible to realize goals that are significant for everyone.
Thus, the teacher takes the place of that significant adult (authoritative leader!) who helps the child solve his own problems unnoticed, as if “pulling up, raising” his abilities in a situation of equal, open relationships based on completely understandable and accessible cultural norms of joint interaction .
And there is a third party to the contract - the process of personal and professional self-development of the teacher. He has to overcome behavioral stereotypes, patterns of officially accepted ways of acting and communicating with children. In contractual relations, the teacher learns to accurately measure his own actions with the goals and objectives that constitute the meaning of professional activity, and with the individual potential that each individual child has. The need to solve this problem stimulates the creative search of the teacher in developing his own pedagogical model (technology) of subject-subject interaction.
In the system of additional education for children, interaction according to the type of contractual community developed empirically and was limited by the activities of individual teachers. Mastering the relations of the contract, knowledge of its structure, procedural features, variety of tactics - the prospect of professional training for a teacher of additional children's education.
2.3 From the experience of a teacher of additional education for children
Formation and improvement of the pedagogical skills of the teacher.
Creativity can manifest itself at various stages of development of pedagogical activity. Of particular interest is the functional-activity approach to issues of professionalism and skill, developed by N.V. Kuzmina. Based on multifunctionality (gnostic, constructive, organizational, communicative functions), the researcher identifies and develops signs of professionalism in the main areas of teaching activity. N.V. Kuzmina considers the most important functions of a teacher to be the transformation of the object of education, the student, into a subject of self-education, self-education, and self-development. At the same time, the researcher sees professionalism in its implementation in the teacher’s ability to analyze the main components of his activities.
Separating the concepts of professionalism and skill, N.V. Kuzmina refers skill not to a separate (albeit perfect) skill, but to a certain set of skills that make the process of activity itself qualitatively unique and individualize it. The author calls pedagogical art, innovation, and devotion the highest manifestation of pedagogical creativity. According to another researcher, A.V. Barabanshchikov, pedagogical skill is a synthesis of developed psychological and pedagogical thinking, a system of pedagogical knowledge, skills, abilities and emotional-volitional means of expressiveness, which, in combination with the highly developed personality traits of a teacher, allow him to successfully solve educational problems. educational tasks. The structure of pedagogical mastery is complex, multifaceted and determined by the content of pedagogical activity and the nature of professional and creative tasks.
The central component of pedagogical skill, according to this approach, is considered to be developed psychological and pedagogical thinking, which determines creativity in teaching activities. The thinking of a master of pedagogical work is characterized by independence, flexibility and speed. It is based on developed pedagogical observation and creative imagination, which are the most important basis for foresight, without which the art of pedagogy is impossible. Thus, here too, creativity is recognized as the main thing in pedagogical skill. Most often, creativity is manifested in the ability, with maximum efficiency, each time in a new and reasonable way to apply various methods and forms of education and training, professional knowledge and personal qualities in the educational process. At the same time, it is expressed in the creation of pedagogical ideas, methods of teaching and educational activities, and in the ability to solve atypical problems. As a rule, skill is associated with the extensive experience of a worker who has mastered his profession to perfection.
So, for example, according to I.V. Strakhov, pedagogical skill is formed on the basis of experience, creative understanding of the means of educational work and is expressed in the application of the system effective methods solving professional problems, in the high quality of their implementation, in the unity of science and art, in the individualization of pedagogical influence and in the ability to communicate, observing the criteria of pedagogical tact, in high motivation of work. Understanding pedagogical skill as an important aspect of professional culture, some authors include in its content psychological and pedagogical erudition, developed professional abilities (professional vigilance, optimistic forecasting, organizational skills, mobility, adequacy of reactions, pedagogical intuition), mastery of pedagogical techniques (system of personal influence techniques teacher on students).
The main characteristics of master teachers are also considered to be the ability to present complex problems in an accessible form, to captivate everyone with their teaching, to direct vigorous activity towards a creative search for knowledge: the ability to observe, analyze the lives of students, the reasons for this or that behavior, facts and phenomena influencing their formation; the ability to transform theoretical and applied psychological and pedagogical knowledge, achieve advanced pedagogical experience in relation to the specific conditions of organizing the educational space, taking into account the characteristics of one’s own style of activity. The desire of researchers to include in pedagogical skills not only the general erudition of the teacher in the field of content and methods, not only mastery of ways to skillfully, accessiblely, and with the proper effect transfer the knowledge and experience of mankind, but also a subtle orientation in the mood of students should also be assessed positively. It includes the predictive nature of the organization of their activities, the creation of the necessary atmosphere of efficiency and mutual understanding, based on relations of participation and active mutual assistance. One cannot but agree with G.I. Shchukina that ignoring the problem of relationships by a teacher leads to negative consequences.
Pedagogical excellence is also defined as the search for new methods and forms of solving a countless number of pedagogical problems with a high degree of success. At the same time, the scientific level of the teacher himself, considered outside the organic unity and interpenetration of scientific and pedagogical aspects of activity, acquiring in some schools the status of the only and main criterion for assessing the activities of the teaching staff, cannot ensure the proper effectiveness of the educational process,
The pedagogical skill of a teacher organically includes all the components of the psychological structure of his activity in a “removed form” and contains his own scientific search: it is a product of a holistic
scientific pedagogical creativity. The skill of a teacher is a synthesis of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The level of pedagogical skill depends on the degree to which he has mastered the methods of pedagogical influence and the adequacy of the expectations assigned to him by students who interact with him.
V.L. Kan-Kalik very clearly outlined his approach to the essence of pedagogical creativity as a personal one, including in it the organic interaction of the creative process of the teacher and students: “The creative process of a teacher is considered as an activity aimed at constantly solving countless educational problems in changing circumstances during which the teacher develops and implements in communication optimal, organic for a given pedagogical individuality, non-standardized pedagogical solutions, mediated by the characteristics of the object - the subject of pedagogical influence."
The distinction between professionalism, skill and innovation that has emerged in pedagogy and psychology is undoubtedly of interest and requires further research in this direction. The classification proposed below can be considered as an attempt to clarify what is specific to each of the above levels of pedagogical creativity. At the same time, it becomes important that the requirement to transition to an intensive path of learning at school must be combined with the need for pedagogical creativity while preserving and multiplying valuable traditions, mastery of dialectical pedagogy, the ability to see the pedagogical process holistically, to know all the factors that determine its effectiveness in their interdependence, and make an informed choice of optimal training options for specific conditions.
A professional teacher is able to see a pedagogical problem, independently formulate it, analyze the current situation and find the most effective means of solution.
A master teacher can bring into the educational process everything new that has been accumulated in theory and practice, taking into account the specifics of specific pedagogical circumstances. Developed pedagogical self-awareness contributes to the acquisition of one’s own individual style of work.
An innovative teacher reaches the highest level of skill, decisively and radically changing the pedagogical reality. His credo is to shape the creative direction of the student. This allows us to guarantee the full development of each student’s creative abilities. An innovative teacher is always a strategist teacher who knows how to organize a fairly developed system of feedback and adaptation of both himself and evolutionary development team of students through productive verbal and non-verbal communication.
Description of teaching experience
From the experience of Nadezhda Mikhailovna Sergeeva as a teacher of additional education at the Palace of Children's (Youth) Creativity in the Omsk Region. Kolosovka.
"Cultivating good feelings"
Today, in conditions of tougher life, penetration of commercialization into the spiritual sphere, erosion of moral criteria, in raising a child it is important to rely on moral principles life. Preserving the humanity in our children, laying moral foundations that will make them more resistant to unwanted influences, teaching them the rules of communication and the ability to live among people - these are the tasks every teacher sets for himself.
It is possible to achieve positive results in raising a child only if the work is carried out from an early age, systematically and purposefully, using various forms, means and methods of educational influence and in cooperation with parents. After all, not every family atmosphere is conducive to the upbringing of a very important, all-determining human quality like kindness. A frequent fact of the behavior of modern children is indifference, and sometimes a callous and cruel attitude towards the world around them. Therefore, the good seed sown, which will later produce fertile shoots, will form the basis of a moral personality. After all a kind person cannot be envious, rude, boorish. He is always loving, generous, caring, decent, brave, selfless...
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In general, the feeling of kindness is the root of all noble qualities.
There is no need to convince of the importance of the problem posed: everyone understands that kindness has become the most scarce phenomenon in the world around us. But we must also remember that the concept of good is very capacious. How do we imagine a kind person - someone who loves to help others, who knows how to sympathize, empathize, and rejoice. IN the whole system Fairy tales play an important role in methods and means of instilling good feelings.
A fairy tale is a form of expression folk wisdom, which a child’s consciousness can touch. From them the child draws a lot of knowledge: the idea of time and space, the connection between man and nature, with the objective world. The fairy tale helps to understand such concepts as good and evil, friendship and betrayal, sincerity and flattery, etc.
A fairy tale is a kind of model of human relationships in society. The uniqueness of the solution to the problem of cultivating good feelings is that the fairy tale is presented to children in an unconventional way, that is, the teacher pays attention to morally significant moments, namely, what teaches children to compare and contrast (kind - evil, generous - greedy); forms the habit of proving (“for” or “against”); puts the child in the place of a positive or negative character (the ability to choose his own position); provides deeper empathy for the actions and actions of the characters (staging, theatricalization of a fairy tale).
In the process of cultivating good feelings, the teacher uses the following creative methods of working with a fairy tale:
collage from fairy tales;
twisting fairy tales;
a fairy tale, but in a new way;
fairy tales with a new ending;
in the footsteps of a fairy tale;
fairy tales about yourself;
colorful fairy tales.
Each lesson begins with an emotional mood, allowing the teacher, on the one hand, to see the emotional mood of the children, and on the other hand, showing sincere goodwill and responsiveness towards them, to orient them towards a friendly attitude towards others, thereby forming an emotionally positive basis for the lesson.
To maintain a high emotional state of children during classes, a variety of organizational and methodological techniques are used:
classes are conducted in an interesting, exciting, constantly changing form (traveling on a carpet-plane, searching for a missing fairy tale hero in his footsteps, drawing up a horoscope for fairy tale hero…);
various visual materials are used (illustrations for fairy tales, plot pictures, toys, puppet theater, sets geometric shapes ok, maps - diagrams, etc.);
many activities are based on a meeting between the main character of a fairy tale and the children, where children actively help the hero: solve riddles, find the right path, remember Magic word etc.;
During classes there is always music and songs.
Classes require high emotionality on the part of the teacher, since a dry, formal attitude to the material does little to promote the child’s development. moral qualities. Therefore, in the classroom, the teacher focuses on the personal identity of each child.
When organizing and conducting classes, the following principles are used:
development environment principle:
bright, accessible, interesting;
I play, create, relax.
the principle of harmony, knowledge and creativity.
principles of systematicity and consistency.
the principle of variability, dynamism, variety of activities and forms of work with children.
the principle of cooperation (subject - subject relations, the child is an active participant in the educational process).
the principle of constructiveness (the educational process is aimed at seeking the improvement and development of the child).
The most important principle of organizing and conducting classes is the relationship between the education of moral qualities, consciousness and behavior of children. To achieve this unity, various techniques and methods are used.
The main method and at the same time a means of instilling good feelings in children is play.
It activates the child’s feelings and attitude, his understanding of the world around him. In the game, children learn to communicate, interact with each other, learn to empathize and rejoice, learn in practice the meaning of simple concepts: good - evil, good - bad. Often the game serves as an exercise: overcoming obstacles in search of a fairy-tale hero, children practice helping each other, the other team; playing the role of residents of Teremok, they train in receiving guests... Using gaming technology in classes, children learn to manage their own behavior in various life situations and learn to find non-standard solutions.
The game helps to diversify the form of classes. The use of mobile and musical games, as well as other gaming techniques, allows us to provide the necessary change of activities for children of this age in all classes.
Since children’s good feelings are most actively formed and developed in activities, in relationships with each other, in classes, in addition to games, other types of activities are used:
drawing;
making crafts;
relay races;
competitive classes.
In this case, classes are performed individually, in groups or all together.
The method of creating a situation of choice is very often used in classes, when the child must independently and fairly quickly make a decision: to pass by or help, to take the side of one or another hero, explaining the motives for his choice. In these situations, the individuality of each child and his attitude to a given situation are clearly visible, which allows the teacher, if necessary, to correct the children’s behavior.
One of the most important methods of working with children of this age is the visual method. The lesson uses specific materials: literary material (fairy tales), videos, illustrations, photographs, and real animals and plants take part.
Using materials, the teacher organizes observation, examination, discussion, and conversations. At the same time, it is important to use the method of encouraging the child to empathize, thereby cultivating a sense of kindness, compassion, justice, and love for the Motherland.
The classes create a favorable psychological climate for the development of the child’s personality and the cultivation of good feelings.
The following methods allow teachers to track the process of instilling good feelings:
observation;
testing;
analysis of children's activity products.
Observation allows us to identify the inherent characteristics of each child’s actions, interests, and relationships with others. The free, comfortable environment created during classes contributes to the natural, relaxed behavior of children and the manifestation of their true feelings.
Observing the communication of children provides the teacher with rich material for studying the child, and the nature of the child’s communication with others determines what personal qualities are formed in him. Therefore, various forms of communication are organized in classes:
business (children gain knowledge: what, why and how to do);
cognitive (children receive new information about the subject and establish connections between them);
personal (the child’s need for relationship and empathy).
By conducting observations and analyzing the results, the teacher has the opportunity to provide a zone of proximal moral development for the entire group as a whole and each child individually.
The conversation gives the teacher interesting information about the child’s personality. What is important is not only the content of the answers, but also all the pictures of a person’s behavior - his facial expressions, gestures, intonations and emotional condition generally.
Testing is used to determine individual differences in children. It allows you to identify the child’s knowledge and skills, determine personal characteristics, and makes it possible to reveal intrapersonal conflict and excessive emotional tension. Tests include: organized games, children's drawings, tasks related to color choice. The teacher learns about the child’s relationship with the world around him, about the peculiarities of his perception and other aspects of the psyche by analyzing the products of children’s activities: crafts, applications, drawings.
Studying the results of children's collective and individual creativity enriches knowledge about the child, helps to identify his interests, abilities, and some character traits, while the teacher analyzes both the process of work itself and the content, composition, and style of children's work.
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A particularly important diagnostic indicator is color, which is used by the child not so much as a means of representation, but as a way of expressing his attitude towards others.
Studying a child’s personality in the classroom is an important, necessary means of instilling good feelings.
From all of the above, we can draw the following conclusion: the sooner a child begins to comprehend the alphabet of kindness in the family, in classes, in communication with others, the more successfully he will realize himself in all areas of activity and live in harmony with himself and the world around him.
Conclusion
Teaching is an art, a work no less creative than the work of a writer or composer, but more difficult and responsible. The teacher addresses the human soul not through music, like a composer, or with the help of paints, like an artist, but directly. He educates with his personality, his knowledge and love, his attitude towards the world.
However, a teacher, to a much higher degree than an artist, must influence his audience, contribute to the formation of the worldview of his students, give them a scientific picture of the world, awaken a sense of beauty, a sense of decency and justice, make them literate and make them believe in themselves, in their words . At the same time, unlike an actor, he is forced to work in feedback mode: he is constantly asked a variety of questions, including insidious ones, and all of them require comprehensive and convincing answers. A real teacher, a Teacher with a capital T, is a person who gives birth and shapes other personalities (ideally, together with his family). To do this, he needs not only attention and respect from his students, from the whole society.
A teacher is not only a profession, the essence of which is to convey knowledge, but also a high mission of creating personality, affirming man in man. In this regard, we can highlight a set of socially and professionally determined qualities of a teacher: high civic responsibility and social activity; love for children, the need and ability to give them your heart; spiritual culture, desire and ability to work together with others; readiness to create new values and make creative decisions; the need for constant self-education; physical and mental health, professional performance.
Professional and pedagogical orientation: ideological conviction, social activity, tendency to dominate, social optimism, collectivism, professional position and vocation for engineering and pedagogical activity.
Professional and pedagogical competence: socio-political awareness, psychological and pedagogical erudition, engineering and technical outlook, pedagogical technology, computer readiness, skills in working profession, general culture.
Professionally important personality qualities: organization, social responsibility, communication, predictive abilities, ability to exert volitional influence, emotional responsiveness, kindness, tact, reflection on one’s behavior, professional and pedagogical thinking, technical thinking, voluntary attention, pedagogical observation, self-criticism, demandingness , independence, creativity in the field of pedagogical and production-technological activities.
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Dontsov AM. Psychology of the collective. - M., 1984.
Zhuravlev V.I. Fundamentals of pedagogical conflictology. - M., 1995.
Zingert V., Lang L. Lead without conflict. - M., 1990.
Kazakova E.I. System-oriented approach to the development of educational systems: teaching materials. - St. Petersburg, 1997.
Simonov V.P. Pedagogical management. - M., 1997.
Evladova E.B. Additional education at school: problems and specifics // Additional education of children - a factor in the development of a creative personality. - St. Petersburg, 1998.
Evladova E.B. Additional education: the problem of interconnection // Vneshkolnik, 2000. - No. 3.
Evladova E.B. Comprehensive program of upbringing and additional education at school // Out-of-school student, 1999 - No. 3.
Evladova E.B. “Immersion” in culture // Management of the educational system of the school: problems and solutions. - M., 1999.
Podlasy I.P. Pedagogy. New course: In 2 books. The process of education. - M., 1999. - Book. 2.
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Petrovsky A.V., Kalinenko V.K., Kotova I.B. Personal development interaction. - Rostov-on-Don, 1993.
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Thomas A. Harris. I'm good, you're good. - M., 1993.
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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
ASTRAKHAN BRANCH
REPORT
about completing an internship by a correspondence student
in the direction of professional retraining
"State and municipal administration"
(Last name, first name, patronymic of the trainee)
working ______________________________ ______________________________ _____
(name of organization and position)
Place of internship ______________________________ ______________________________
(name of company)
Name of the internship program: pre-certification
Purpose of the internship: consolidation of theoretical knowledge and improvement of practical skills of a manager in departments of various administrative structures.
Internship supervisor:
From Af RANH and GS: ______________________________ _____________________________
From the organization ______________________________ ______________________________ __
Astrakhan - 2011
FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY AND CIVIL SERVICE under the PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION"
ASTRAKHAN BRANCH
DIARY
completing an internship
______________________________ ______________________________
(last name, first name, patronymic of the student)
working ______________________________ ______________________________ __
(name of organization and position)
Place of internship______________________________ ___________________________
(name of company)
______________________________ ______________________________ ________________
Purpose of the internship _______________ ______________________________ ______________
______________________________ ______________________________ _________________
Internship supervisors:
from AF FSBEI HPE RANEPA ______________________________ _________
From the organization ______________________________ ________
_______________ (______________________)
- Diary
| date | Work performed | Questions for consultants and practice managers |
| 17.10.2011 | ||
| 18.10.2011 | Conducting an administrative meeting following the results of the HSC. Preparation of reports to the Committee on Education and Science. | |
| 19.10.2011 | Inspection of private security facilities that will be used during the 2011 elections. Reception of parents on personal matters. | |
| 20.10.2011 | Studying incoming documentation. Preparation of orders for core activities. | |
| 21.10.2011 | Conducting an administrative meeting to prepare events for National Unity Day. | |
| 22.10.2011 | Work with documents on certification of teaching staff. Preparation of orders for sending certified employees to PC courses. | |
| 24.10.2011 | Conducting an administrative meeting on the organization of paid additional educational services in the 2011-2012 academic year. Preparation of draft documents. | |
| 25.10.2011 | Preparation of a new edition of the Charter (municipal budgetary educational institution). | |
| 26.10.2011 | Studying incoming documentation. Preparation of a new edition of the Charter. | |
| 27.10.2011 | Participation in the city meeting for the heads of educational institutions. Preparation of a new edition of the Charter. | |
| 28.10.2011 | Preparation of a new edition of the Charter. | |
| 29.10.2011 | Studying incoming documentation. Meeting of the conflict commission. Preparation of an order to impose a disciplinary sanction. | |
| 31.10.2011 | Preparation of orders on main activities. Reception of parents on personal matters. |
- Comments and suggestions for improving the organization’s work:
______________________________ ______________________________ ______
- Brief report about the internship:
______________________________ ______________________________ ______
______________________________ ______________________________ ______
______________________________ ______________________________ ______
"_____" _____________ 2011
- Conclusion of the practice manager from the organization:
______________________________ ______________________________ ______
______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ____________
Internship supervisor ____________________
(signature)
M.P.
Conclusion of the internship teacher-supervisor from the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education RANEPA ______________________________ __________________________
______________________________ ______________________________ ______
______________________________ ______________________________ ______
Teacher (internship supervisor) ______________
(signature)
Internship report.
- The type of organizational structure of the institution, the principles of its construction and the place of the corresponding unit in this structure.
The abbreviated name of the institution is MBOU of Astrakhan “Secondary School No. 52”.
Legal address: 414019, Astrakhan, st. Panfilova, 36.
The institution is a non-profit organization created to carry out educational activities and does not have the main goal of making a profit.
An institution, as a legal entity, has a Charter, separate property with the right of operational management, an independent balance sheet, a personal account, a stamp of the established form (indicating the full name of the institution and TIN), a stamp, forms with its name, and can acquire and carry out property in its own name. and personal non-property rights, bear responsibilities, be a plaintiff and defendant in court.
The institution carries out its educational activities on the basis of a license and enjoys benefits provided by law Russian Federation.
The institution undergoes state accreditation in the manner established by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”.
The rights of a legal entity of the Institution, in terms of conducting statutory financial and economic activities aimed at preparing the educational process, arise from the moment of its state registration.
The founder of the Institution is the municipal formation “City of Astrakhan”.
The functions and powers of the founder of the Institution are carried out by the Committee on Education and Science of the Astrakhan City Administration.
The founder forms and approves the municipal assignment for the Institution in accordance with the main activities of the Institution.
Financial support for the implementation of municipal tasks by the Institution is carried out in the form of subsidies from the corresponding budget of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation.
The institution carries out operations to spend budget funds in accordance with the approved plan of financial and economic activities.
The institution has the right, in addition to the established municipal task, and also in cases determined by federal laws, within the established municipal task, to perform work, provide services related to its main activities, for citizens and legal entities for a fee and at the same price when providing the same service conditions.
The owner of the Institution’s property is the municipal formation “City of Astrakhan”.
In accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, buildings, structures, equipment, as well as other necessary property are assigned to the Institution in order to ensure its statutory activities.
In the case of leasing, with the consent of the owner, of real estate and especially valuable movable property assigned to the Institution by the Founder or acquired by the Institution at the expense of funds allocated to it for the acquisition of such property, financial support for the maintenance of such property is not provided by the Founder.
The sources of formation of property and financial resources of the Institution are:
- property transferred to the Establishment by the owner (a body authorized by the owner) or the Founder;
subsidies from the municipal budget for the implementation of municipal tasks by the Institution;
funds allocated for specific purposes in accordance with target programs;
funds received for the provision of paid additional educational services;
voluntary donations from individuals and legal entities;
income received from the sale of products and services, as well as other types of permitted activities carried out independently;
other sources that do not contradict the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
In its activities, the Institution is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation, federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of education and local government bodies, Standard regulations on the educational institution, as well as the Charter and local acts of the Institution.
- Status position of the position for which the internship took place within the structure of the unit.
The Director of the Institution is accountable to the Founder. The term of his office is determined by the employment contract.
The Director manages the current activities of the Institution in accordance with the laws and other regulations of the Russian Federation, municipal legal acts of the municipal formation "City of Astrakhan", the Charter of the Institution, the employment contract, ensures the implementation of the tasks assigned to him and is responsible for the results of these activities to the Founder.
The director, without a power of attorney, acts on behalf of the Institution and represents its interests in state and local government bodies and in relations with legal entities and individuals.
- The main provisions of the job description, assessment of its compliance with the functions actually performed, the sufficiency of powers and the validity of the responsibility assigned to the performer.
- carries out general management of the Institution;
issues powers of attorney on behalf of the Institution;
opens personal accounts in the financial authority of the municipal formation "City of Astrakhan"in the manner prescribed by current legislation;
concludes contracts with individuals and legal entities;
disposes of the property and funds of the Institution in the manner and within the limits established by the current legislation and this charter, bears responsibility for the intended use of budget funds;
carries out selection, hiring and placement of personnel, dismissal from work, concludes employment contracts with employees, concludes a collective agreement if the decision to conclude it is made by the work collective;
approves the structure and staffing of the Institution;
establishes the form, system and amount of remuneration for employees of the Institution in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, municipal legal acts of the Municipal Municipality "City of Astrakhan" on remuneration for employees of municipal institutions;
issues orders, instructions and other local acts for the Institution, mandatory for compliance by all employees of the Institution;
makes decisions on incentives and disciplinary sanctions against employees of the Institution;
establishes additional payments and other payments within the limits of available funds in accordance with local regulations, taking into account the opinion of the representative body of employees of the Institution;
organizes certification of employees of the Institution;
approves internal labor regulations;
is responsible for organizational and technical support for the activities of the Institution;
ensures compliance with the rules and regulatory requirements of labor protection, fire safety, sanitary and hygienic and anti-epidemic regimes;
in agreement with the Founder, makes decisions on the formation and liquidation of branches;
organizes the educational process in accordance with the requirements of the legislation on education, this Charter and the agreement with parents (legal representatives);
bears responsibility to parents (legal representatives), the Founder, authorized state bodies, local government bodies for the results of his activities in accordance with his official duties;
bears responsibility in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation for violation of labor, civil, budget and other legislation of the Russian Federation;
suspends the execution of decisions of the general meeting of the labor collective and the Pedagogical Council, the Governing Council if they contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation;
exercises other powers in accordance with current legislation and municipal legal acts of the Municipal Municipality "City of Astrakhan".
- The planning system operating in the department, the procedure for setting tasks for a specific position.
The curriculum is formed on the basis of the educational educational program, taking into account the regional and school components, and a mandatory minimum of educational content.
The planning system includes the following types of plans:
- long-term work plan for the school for 3-5 years;
school educational work plan (annual);
graphic plan of organizational, methodological and extracurricular work;
schedule of intra-school control (for a quarter);
plans of public organizations, etc.
- Deputy Director for HR;
deputy directors for water management;
social teacher;
psychologist;
class teachers;
head of the library;
GPA teachers;
subject teachers.
Deputy directors primarily implement operational management of the educational process and carry out motivational, information-analytical, planning-prognostic and organizational-effective functions.
- The system of incentives and motivation for employees, its economic and non-economic components, assessment of their effectiveness.
The incentive part of the wage fund provides incentives for teaching staff for labor efficiency and professional achievements that affect the high quality of the institution’s work and educational services in the dynamically changing conditions of modernization of the education system.
Taking into account quality when determining the performance of teaching staff is carried out on the basis of uniform criteria, indicators and procedures developed in the MBOU "Secondary School No. 52":
- results of current monitoring of the level of knowledge and skills of students;
results of design, research, innovative work of the teacher;
presentations, scientific reports, portfolios;
software and methodological developments; results;
participation of students in district (city), regional and all-Russian events, effectiveness of participation, etc.
- successful and conscientious performance by the employee of his duties in the relevant period;
initiative, creativity and application of modern forms and methods of work organization in work;
performing assigned work related to ensuring the work process;
participation in particularly important work and activities.
- Forms and methods of control practiced in the department and the organization as a whole, assessment of the degree of their impact on labor results.
- input control(at the beginning of the academic year for the previous course);
preventive control(before the final, tests, before exams in final grades, checking readiness for school for the new school year);
current control(after studying the topic, control results educational institution for a quarter, half a year);
intermediate control(end of year certification in transfer classes);
final control(exams in final classes, school results for the year).
- personal control: control over the work of one teacher from all aspects of educational activities (carried out during certification); control over the work of one teacher (class teacher) on a certain topic (productivity of teaching, the methodological level of the teacher as a whole or any aspect of his work, for example, the level of requirements for students’ knowledge) or a specific student (gifted, “difficult”, etc. .);
class-generalizing control: control over the activities of teachers, class teachers, educators who work in one class (in one parallel), the level of knowledge, skills and abilities (cross-section), the work of various services in a given class, etc.;
subject-general control: control over the formation of a system of knowledge, abilities and skills among students in a specific subject, studying issues of the sequence of teaching, etc. (for example, teachers working in the same subject from grades 5 to 11 are supervised); Teachers who teach one subject on a specific topic are subject to control (identifying problems, providing assistance);
thematically generalizing control: control over the work of the teacher at each stage of education (for example, on the development of cognitive independence or the formation of the student’s personality as a whole);
overview control: control over certain issues of educational activity in general (the state of school documentation, the state of labor discipline, the state of educational and technical base, the state of classrooms, the provision of students with educational literature);
comprehensive general control: control over the state of issues in the complex in the parallel classes (level of knowledge and education of the parallel, the student, the quality of teaching in the parallel, the quality of the work of the class teachers in the parallel, etc.)
The most effective control methods for studying the state of educational activities are:
- observation, closely watching something, study, explore;
analysis, analysis with clarification of reasons, determination of development trends; a conversation, a business conversation on some topic with the participation of listeners, where they exchange thoughts;
studying documentation, careful study for the purpose of familiarization, finding out something;
questionnaire, method of research through questioning;
timing, measuring the time spent on repetitive operations;
oral or written knowledge test, test to determine the level of training.
The objects of intra-school control are the following types of educational activities:
- educational work;
methodological work;
extracurricular educational work;
experimental and research work.
- Principles for assessing the performance of employees, the main parameters by which the assessment is carried out.
- stock of factual knowledge on the subject;
ability to use acquired knowledge;
understanding the essence of processes and phenomena in nature and society;
degree of independence of students, ability to acquire knowledge;
their attitude to work, behavior at school and outside of school, activity in socially useful work, their aesthetic and physical culture.
- teacher’s work to improve their qualifications;
quality of lessons, extracurricular activities and educational activities;
the teacher’s ability to provide an individual approach to students in the process of learning and education;
working with parents and helping families raise children.
- The degree of participation of the executor of the corresponding position in the procedure for preparing, making and implementing relevant decisions. Methods used for preparing solutions.
First level- school director appointed by the Founder; heads of the school council, student committee, public associations. This level determines the strategic directions of school development.
Second level- deputy school directors, school psychologist, social teacher responsible for organizing socially useful work, senior counselors, assistant school director for administrative and economic affairs, as well as bodies and associations participating in self-government.
Third level
etc.................
The 8th grade geometry lesson on the topic “Solving problems on the topic of a circle” was the first on the schedule.
I outlined the objectives of the lesson:
1.Reinforce and summarize theoretical material on the topic "Circle"
2.Improve problem solving skills on the topic.
Lesson objectives:
educational : teach to apply acquired knowledge in practice when solving problems; consolidate skills in working with ready-made drawings; learn to defend your point of view.
educational : involve students in active activities when choosing a topic creative works; to form a culture of speech using mathematical terms; to form humane personality traits of students; improve communication skills.
developing : improve skills of analysis, generalization; the ability to speak and defend one’s point of view; develop creative abilities; develop communication skills of working in pairs; develop cognitive interest in the surrounding life.
Lesson organization:
type of lesson - lesson of generalization and systematization of knowledge.
The structure of the lesson included the following stages - organizational, goal setting, testing theoretical knowledge, applying it to solve practical problems, defending a creative task, mutual control (test), summing up the learning results, homework and reflection.
Lesson forms: problem-solving workshop, project defense, test.
As a teacher, I provide motivation for work in the lesson, relying on previously studied material on the topic “Area of Quadrilaterals.”
Compliance of the lesson with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard:
During the lesson, new skills are developed, such as:
Carry out your own studies and obtain the necessary information;
Work in pairs and make decisions;
Use new technologies.
Thus, an educational space was created in which children want to learn and develop, their educational activity and independence increase, and an environment for everyone’s success is created.
UUD are being formed;
Personal : students must evaluate the answers of their friends and explain the meaning of their assessments, and self-determinate in solving creative problems.Regulatory: The students themselves had to determine and formulate the purpose of the lesson, draw up an action plan for solving problematic problems, and correlate the results of their activities in the lesson in order to evaluate it.Cognitive: gain additional knowledge on the topic “Circle”, navigate your knowledge system and realize the need to gain new knowledge, process information to obtain the required result.
Communicative: learn to cooperate with the teacher and peers, ask additional questions to each other, with the goal of learning to express your thoughts, convey your position to others, mastering the technique of monologue speech.
During the lesson I used project technology.
The content of the lesson meets the requirements of the 8th grade geometry program.
The lesson discussed problems different levels: using oral work, creative nature and tasks of practical significance. And the creative task made it possible to connect the theory of the topic “Circle” with practice; this project showed that the use of knowledge on this topic is important for a person’s life in order to develop cognitive activity and independence. The test conducted at the end of the lesson allowed for mutual control to verify the acquired knowledge during the lesson. Also during the lesson, a connection was made between the material being studied and previously covered, and interdisciplinary connections with technology, drawing, and fine arts were examined.
Lesson methods:
Reproductive and research methods were used in the lesson. The share of reproductive activity in the lesson was 20%, search (research) activity was 80%.
The ratio of teacher activity to student activity is 20/80.
Students use methods such as observation, personal experience, information search, and comparison in the lesson.
Feedback was provided: student-teacher.
The combination of forms of work such as frontal, individual and pair work showed the knowledge of each student individually.
Differentiated learning was implemented. The lesson included tasks for students of different skill levels.
Use of handouts i.e. cards with formulas for the areas of geometric figures were used for emotional support and solving educational problems. Reflection at the end of the lesson formed the skills of self-control and self-esteem. Students evaluate the result of the lesson and determine the result of their activities.
Homework is differentiated and designed for both “strong” and “weak” students. The basis of the differentiated approach is the organization of independent work, which is exploratory in nature.
Second lesson on scheduleThere was a 7th grade geometry lesson on the topic “Solving problems on constructing triangles using three elements,” the children worked actively. Throughout the lesson, all students were involved in the work. This speaks of an activity-based approach to learning. Forms and methods of teaching are successfully selected for studying this topic. The use of group, individual and interactive forms of activity ensured cognitive activity in the lesson and maximum independence in student learning. Time was rationally distributed at all stages of the lesson. I adequately combined the goals of the lesson with various forms of teaching, taught how to work in groups, helped consultants, tried to realistically assess the progress of each student, individually encourage him, and support the successes achieved.
Geometry lesson 9th grade on the topic “Stereometry. Properties of a parallelepiped" In this lesson, the capabilities of a computer, a multimedia projector and a presentation I made were usefully used for quick verification homework, showing the presentations that students have prepared for their performances, and checking the test at the end of the lesson. When summing up the lesson, students had the opportunity to express their point of view about the lesson, make suggestions and wishes. Everyone made a conclusion for themselves: in order to successfully pass the State Examination, it is necessary to study in the system, which is very important for the future activities of students. The children liked the lesson, and this is the most important thing in our work.
In the 4th lesson, I attended the lesson of a colleague - mathematics teacher Irina Petrovna Grishina. It was a 10th grade algebra lesson on the topic “Exploring the graph of a function for monotonicity and extrema using the derivative.” What conclusions did I draw from the lesson:
To clarify the graph, it is important to use all stages of the function study.
The analytical method of finding extremum points is more advanced than the graphical one.
When constructing a graph by studying a function using the derivative, you need to use all analytically found information.
I got acquainted with the “Blitz Survey” student survey form; I found the tasks of this test interesting.
It was interesting to watch the children’s work; the motivation in the lesson was high.
D e P A R T A m e n T O b R A h O V A n And I G O R O d A M O With To V s
North-Eastern District Education Department
State BUDGET educational
establishment of the CITY OF MOSCOW
SECONDARY SCHOOL WITH IN-DEPTH
STUDYING FINE ARTS No. 000
INTERNSHIP REPORT
TEACHERS OF THE HIGHEST QUALIFICATION CATEGORY
TROKHINA NATALIA VENIAMINOVNA
MOSCOW 2013
The internship was carried out as part of a professional development program for teachers of art disciplines in schools and institutions of secondary vocational and additional education in Moscow in the specialty “Monumental and Decorative Art”.
Purpose of the internship:- expanding the knowledge of teachers of schools and institutions of secondary vocational and additional education in the field of monumental and decorative art and its role in the educational process; - familiarization with monumental painting, sculpture, art glass, lace making and the use of acquired knowledge in educational programs; - disclosure of technologies and determination of the minimum material base on the basis of which the teaching of various disciplines of monumental and decorative art can be carried out; - conducting a practical lesson on the manufacture of decorative products.
Internship location:- MGHPA im. Stroganov; - Ca Foscari University and the CSAR Center for the Study of Russian Culture in Venice.
Results of the internship The internship period was divided into three cycles. First cycle – introductory, intended to improve the quality of teaching and teachers’ interest in studying the history of monumental and decorative art. Lectures were given for 8 hours on the following topics: - “The tradition of reading Venetian glass and modernity”, teacher - candidate of art history, corresponding member Russian Academy Arts, Honored Artist of Russia, Professor; - “Venice in European and Russian culture”, teacher – candidate of art history, head of the department of art history, professor; - “Venetian silk fabrics and lace”, teacher – candidate of art history; - “Venetian painting”, teacher – candidate of art history. Following the results of each lecture, practical classes were conducted to consolidate the lecture material, aimed at developing the skills and abilities necessary for teaching the disciplines of monumental and decorative art in secondary schools and institutions of additional education. The master class “Technology for making decorative products and jewelry: simple equipment and techniques” introduced the basics of creating glass products and jewelry. The internship participants visited the university’s workshops, where techniques for working with glass were demonstrated. Independent work in an art glass workshop under the guidance of professor and laboratory assistant Ekaterina Semyonova allowed me to master the skills of making decorative glass jewelry. Computer presentation E. Semyonova made it possible to navigate the variety of techniques and methods of working with glass using the sintering technique and simplified the task of creating sketches of future products that needed to be made independently. The creative task was so captivating that we even conducted several experiments on sintering glass with various types of additives (soda, mica, silver and gold foil, copper wire and copper plates). Second cycle – the main one, took place from October 15 to October 21, 2013 at the Ca Foscari University and the Center for the Study of Russian Culture CSAR, workshops, museums and monuments of the Venetian region. Lectures and seminars were held under the guidance of Professor of the University of Ca Foscari Mateo Bartele, Professor of the CSAR Burini Center, Professors of the MGHPA named after. Stroganov and. In fact, I have already been to Venice, but only for one day and as a tourist. Despite my advanced age, I really love to study. And this is an opportunity to study the history of art not from pictures and the Internet, but specifically from the places where masterpieces were created. My favorite artist is Leonardo da Vinci. While visiting the art gallery of the Academy of Arts, I was lucky enough to see not only the masters of the Venetian school - Gentile Bellini and Vittorio Carpaccio, Tintoretto, Titian, Veronese, but also to see the works of Leonardo da Vinci. A visit to the Scuola of San Rocco left an indelible impression. The scale of Tintoretto's paintings is amazing. The rich decorative decoration of the walls, ceilings and floors is mesmerizing. The attitude of Italians towards their heritage is very surprising. On the ground floor of the scuola, huge canvases made in the style of modern abstractionism were suspended from the ceiling. The Cathedral of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari amazed me with its scale and beauty. During excursions we were often told about the loyalty of the Venetians to religion. And the local boys playing football, with the walls of the cathedral serving as the goal, plunged me into a state of shock. But not a single person who was in the square at that moment even made a remark to them. I took a few photos with the intention of teaching a class on “Our Heritage.” A highlight was a visit to the island of Murano. The workshop for the production of glass products shocked us with the scale of the products produced, not only in terms of their size, but also especially with their craftsmanship and uniqueness. But the Murano Glass Museum turned out to be quite modest. Thanks to the professor for the impromptu tour of the museum’s halls. In Russia, glass products are not in great demand, but thanks to new knowledge about production, I gained respect for the work of glass artists. And I began to look at many products in souvenir shops with different eyes. Unfortunately, traditional crafts are disappearing all over the world. Buranovsky lace is no exception. The island of Burano itself appeared before me like an illustration from a children's book - small colorful houses, cozy courtyards, windows with flowering plants. But lace making, which flourished for many centuries, is becoming a thing of the past. The lace making school was closed back in 1970. We saw the last students in the form of sweet old ladies weaving lace in the Museum of the History of Lace. As a teacher, I was especially interested in learning how the learning process goes at the Academy of Painting fine arts. Neomodernism did not bypass even such a reputable institution. The painting workshops shocked me. Students draw portraits from photographs; landscapes have nothing to do with realism. In order not to spread myself too thin, I will express only one opinion - I would not study there. I would especially like to thank the professor for the opportunity to visit the 15th century palace. At the moment, the palace belongs to the designer Francesco Moloni. Firstly, the building itself is unique - its restoration took more than 20 years, secondly, the interiors of the 16th-17th centuries are recreated in the rooms, thirdly, a collection of antique furniture from all parts of the world. And most importantly, the palace manager allowed us to touch everything, look at it, climb into secret corners, but we were not allowed to take photographs. Third cycle – final, assumed independent work on preparing for the colloquium and writing a report on the results of the internship. At the colloquium, it was necessary to demonstrate knowledge of the history and fundamentals of the technology for creating monumental sculpture, architectural decoration, monumental painting, the fundamentals of the technology for creating silk and precious fabrics, lace-making, glassware, and the ability to distinguish the most important styles and schools in the field of artistic crafts.
The effectiveness of the internship. Planning work for 2013-2014 academic year, I envisaged projects for students in grades 3 and 10. The projects were related to the history and art of Venice. Therefore, this internship could not have come at a better time. Firstly, despite the theoretical training, lectures and seminars, as well as the visual perception of architectural and artistic monuments, helped me become more familiar with the Venetian heritage, make changes in my creative and educational plans. Secondly, I was able to collect more visual material for projects and attend a master class by the artist Stefan on making and decorating Venetian masks. Thirdly, visiting the Academy of Painting and printmaking workshops inspired me to create a series of graphic works using the linocut technique. Fourthly, the work in the art glass workshop inspired the idea of holding a master class for students. Thus, the acquired knowledge and skills will be embodied in my activities as an educational and artistic paper project “How a Chinese cat saved the Venetian carnival” for 3rd grade students (26 people). The project involves the production of masks, costumes, and decorations. 2 - Project and research activity “Venetian Mask and Comedy Del Arte” for 10th grade students (2 people). 3- Visit to the art glass workshop of the Moscow State Art Academy named after. Stroganov by 7th grade students (27 people). 4 - Received personal experience work in the graphic technique of printmaking - linocut, will allow conducting a master class for parallel seventh grade technology lessons (approximately 60 people).
Taylor series expansion Approximate solution of the Cauchy problem for the ordinary
What is NOT taught at school What is not taught at school ask
Money Thinking Formula (A