Spelling roots mak mok. How to spell "poppy - mok - moch"

Spelling of roots –mak-, -mok-. -mok- – “to be soaked in liquid” Example: to get wet, gets wet, blotter -mak- – “to be immersed in liquid and taken out” Example: to dip a brush.

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Spelling of roots

“Spelling in the roots of words” - Based on the meaning and rhyme, restore the missing words. I. Give a description of the proposals under No. 1, under No. 2. What task should be completed? Determine which part of the word the spelling is in. Rules for spelling vowels and consonants in the root. A. Spellings at the root (generalization). Formulate the topic of the lesson.

“Words with the same root” - Very strong. A miner is a worker in the mining industry. Mountain miner mountain mountainous hill. Wasp. Aspen aspen. Similar words. Boletus. Lesson objective: For every owl's advice, the smart little heads clap their eyes in response. Learn to find words with the same root, highlight the root. Algorithm. The burner is burning.

“Roots of Lag-Lodge” - Grow - grow a plant - thickets grow - grown. RAST - GROW - ROSS PLANT - GROWED - GROWED Exceptions: sprout, branch, Rostov. Let's summarize: VETERAN, showcase, TERRITORY, MILLION, HELLO, VINEGRETE, PROFESSION, daisy, shepherd. We observe: what does writing depend on? Tell us about the spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of a word.

“Unstressed vowels of the root” - I. Enchanted letters. Creative name. Tower “Insert unstressed vowels.” Drawing “Tree of cognate words.” Me: Composing a fairy tale “Stressing a vowel can make a letter clear.” Russian language Literary reading The world Participants are 3rd grade students. A. Fundamental question. Independent work task groups.

“Root Spellings” - Alternating vowels. Remember the rule “I – S after C”. Doubtful and some unpronounceable How are consonants checked? O-E-Yo after sibilants in all parts of speech. What 4 groups are alternating vowels in the root divided into? Lesson objectives. Root or not? Yes. No. Answer the questions

There are roots in which writing letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

1. Roots with letters a and o.

gar - mountains In place of the unstressed vowel the letter o is written, although under the stress - a, for example: burn, scorch, scorch, burn out, tanned, fire victim, combustible; But: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions (gar without accent): residue, dross, scorch, cinder(along with the cinder option).

zar-zor. In place of an unstressed vowel, a is written: dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin(bird), lightning; under stress - a and o, cf.: glow, radiant, radiant and dawn(plural of the word dawn), dawn, dawn, dawn, dawn(military signal, usually in the expression to beat or play dawn).

kas - kos. This root is written a if the root is followed by a; in other cases it is written about: cf. touch, touch, touch, touching, touching, but touch, touch, contact, inviolable(the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).

clan - clone. In place of an unstressed vowel, o is written, for example: bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down; under stress - o and a: cf. bow, incline, bow down, inclined, adamant And bow, bow, bow.

speck - crop. The letter o is written without emphasis in words meaning “to cover with drops, splashes”: sprinkle, sprinkling(from sprinkle), sprinkle, sprinkled, sprinkle; the letter a - in words with the meaning “to cover with small specks, dots”: marked, marked(from drip meaning “to cover with specks, to apply specks”), inclusion. Under stress - only a: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck.

lag - log - lie . In place of an unstressed vowel, a is written before g, and before z - o, for example: state, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, But: lay down, lay out, set aside, lay down, offer, attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, put aside. The emphasis is always on: tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In the word polog, where the root is -log- in modern language no longer stands out; o is written without an accent before g.

pop - mok - moch . In place of the unstressed vowel, the letter a is written before k in words meaning “dip, immerse in liquid”: dip, dip, dip; letter o - in words meaning “get wet”: get wet, get wet, get wet, get wet(in the rain), in words derived from wet (e.g., wet, phlegm, phlegm, woodlice) (under stress - in words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet etc.), and in words with the meaning “to dry with something that absorbs moisture”: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h there is always the letter o, for example: wet, soak, wet, soaked(cf. under emphasis: wets, soaked; about verbs in -ivat type wet, soak see § 34, note 2).

pay - sing (in the verb pay and words with the same root). A is written without accent: solder, solder, unsolder, soldering iron etc. Under stress - a and o: cf. sealed, soldered, soldered, soldered and soldered, soldered.

swim - swim. A is written without accent: floating, fin, floater, floater(grass; beetle; water opossum), plover (beetle), phalarope (bird), float, floatable, afloat, floating; but: swimmer and swimmer with the letter o. Under stress - only a: swim, timber rafting.

Note. In a word quicksand(ground) letter is written s, as in other words derived from the verb float - float: float, float, blur and so on.

equal - equal The letter a is written in words related in meaning to the adjective equal “identical”, for example: equate (someone with someone), equal (something or with someone. ), equate, equalize, compare, comparison, equalize(in something), equalize (score), straighten, level out(for example, lines - “make equal in length”), equalize, equation, leveling, equal, equal, equal, balance, equinox, equal, equal.

The letter o is written in words related in meaning to the adjective “smooth, straight, without unevenness”, for example: level (bed, road surface), level out, level out, level out, level out(make it even, smooth, straight).

However, in words equally, same age related in meaning to equal, the letter o is written; in the word plain, related in meaning to equal, there is the letter a. In words with an unclear relationship, the following is written: the letter a - in the verb to equal (in a line, during construction) and words derived from it equalize, equalize, level out(in service); the letter o - in combination the hour is not equal, in the word level.

different - different In numerous compound words with the first part diverse (various, versatile, discordant etc.) the letter a is written without stress, in the word separately - the letter o. Under the accent - a ( different, difference, vary) and about ( discord, discord, scattered).

ros(t) - ras(t) - rasch. In place of an unstressed vowel is written: a) before s (without subsequent t) - the letter o: grew, grew, grew, grown, thicket, overgrowth, algae, undergrowth; the exception is the industry and its derivatives ( sectoral, intersectoral, multi-sectoral); b) before st - the letter a, for example: grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, grow, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, growth, outgrowth, outgrowth, sprout, teenage(along with the teenage option); c) before u always a, for example: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion.

Under stress before s (with and without subsequent t) - only o, for example: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants.

skak - skok - skok - skoch. If the root ends in k, then the letter a is written in place of the unstressed vowel, for example: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, skipping rope, galloping, galloping, galloping, although the emphasis is o, for example: jump, jump, bounce, jump, jump(for verbs in -ivat like jump, see § 34, note 2).

If the root ends in h, then the letter a is written in the forms of the verb to jump and verbs derived from it (for example: I'm galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping), as well as in the elephant there is a jump (the forms of the same verbs are tested - for example, gallop, let's gallop, and derivatives jump, gallop); letter o - in prefixed verbs with -skochit (for example: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart (check - forms of the same verbs, except to jump out: jump up, jump off and so on.).

Wed: I'll skip (one hundred versts), skip it(verb forms gallop, gallop) And I'll pass, I'll pass(verb forms slip through, slip through); I'll jump, I'll jump(verb forms jump up, jump up approach at a gallop") and I'll jump, I'll jump(verb forms jump, jump"to quickly move closer to someone or to rise sharply").

creation - creature. In words create, creation, creator, created, create etc. the letter o is written without accent; under stress - not only about ( creative, creativity), but also a ( creature, created). In the word utensil, where the root -tvar- is no longer distinguished in modern language, a is written without emphasis.

2. Roots with letters i and e.

shine(k,t) - shine - shine. In place of the unstressed vowel, the letters i and e are written: i - before st with the subsequent stressed a, for example: shine, shines, brilliant, brilliance, resplendent, sparkle; e - in other cases, for example: shine, shine, brilliant, shining, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, reflection, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, shine. Under stress - e and e: shine, glitter, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter.

vis - weight. In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written in the verb hang (hang, hang) and its derivatives ( hang down, hang down etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with the common part -hang: hang, hang, droop etc. (cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in words hang out, signboard, suspended, hinged, suspended(cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang).

lip-lep. In the words stick, stick, etc., the letter and is written in an unstressed position (cf. under stress: sticky, stick), and in words sculpt, stick, stick etc. - letter e (cf. under stress: sculpts, sticks, sculpting).

sid - se(d). In place of the unstressed vowel the following is written: the letter i - before the soft consonant d - in the verb sit (sit, sit) and its derivatives ( sit, sit up, sitter, get-togethers and so on.); the letter e - before the hard d: rider, saddle (in the latter in the plural forms - e: saddles), saddle, seat, sciatic, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also - before soft d - in derivatives from the word saddle ( saddle, saddle, saddle, saddle). Under stress - and and e, for example: sitting, imprisonment, diligent; sit down, sit down, village, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit and prefixes - also a (in writing i): I'll sit down, sit down, sit down.

Note 1. About writing vowels And And e in verbal roots with a fluent vowel, see § 36.

Note 2. In verbs with a common part -take(eg. borrow, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to perfective verbs in -yay (take, accept, raise, understand, appease etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel a letter And; the same in the verb take out(cf. owl view take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress And in forms like take away, lift, remove(these are forms of verbs in -no), rarely - in derivative words: photo, in an embrace.

Note 3. Letter And in place of an unstressed vowel it is also written at the root of verbs conjure And curse. In the corresponding perfective verbs and other words with the same root, the letter is written (both in unstressed position and under stress) l: curse, curse, curse, damn, curse, curse and so on.

The Russian language is rich in spelling patterns, every child knows this. Since childhood, in Russian language lessons, we have been learning numerous rules that we can’t count, but all in order to know the correct spelling of words. It’s impossible to count all the spellings of the Russian language, there are so many of them that even philologists sometimes confuse and forget them. This article will help you understand the basic rules of spelling.

Children begin to learn this rule, as a rule, in first grade or kindergarten. The rule helps you find out which letter is written at the root of a word. For example, in the word “och_rovaniye” you can write both the letter “o” and the letter “a”. To find out which letter is written in a word, you need to choose a word with the same root. The right word will be “chara”, because here the emphasis falls on the letter “a”. This means that “charm” is also written with the letter “a” at the root.

It is worth considering that spelling patterns in Russian can overlap. For example, another, no less important rule would be the spelling “cha, sha.” Words starting with “cha, sha” are always written with the letter “a”. For example, thicket, chara, charm, cup, etc.

Unchecked vowels at the root of a word are the least favorite rule of schoolchildren in primary school. After all, when writing words with such a spelling, no rules will help. Spellings of the Russian language with an uncheckable vowel are fundamentally not checked; the spelling of such words must be remembered. Vowels cannot be checked in words such as: birch, raspberry, vinaigrette, alley, factory, people, banana, chocolate, diamond, etc. The spelling of such words must be remembered once and for all so as not to make mistakes.

It is very important to study the rule of unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word, because this spelling is often found in writing. Most often, unpronounceable consonants are radically checked. For example: dangerous - dangerous, heart - heart, sun - sun, giant - giant, happy - happiness, silent - rumor, etc.

In fact, people often make mistakes in prefixes ending in z- and s-, even if they know Russian well. Spellings of prefixes are common, so you just need to remember what the spelling of the prefix depends on. The prefixes for z- and s- are: voz-/res-, through-/through-, vz-/vs-, voz-/res-, from-/is-, once-/ras-, without-/bes- and roses-/ros-.

In order to understand which letter is being written, you need to look at the next one. If the consonant letter following the prefix is unvoiced (k, p, t, sh, shch, f, x, ch, s, c), then the prefix is written with the letter “s”, this rule is provided for in the Russian language. Spelling patterns indicate that if the subsequent sound is voiced, then a prefix ending in “z” is written. Examples with “s”: flare up, painting, discolor, endless, etc. Examples with “z”: excessive, joyless, product, look, etc.

Alternating vowels in roots is an important rule that will accompany the student from 5th to 11th grade. The spelling for alternating vowels in roots is found in almost all exams, such as the OGE (GIA) and the Unified State Exam.

Spelling patterns for the Russian language provide for the existence of four alternation groups, each of which must be considered in detail:

Roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the subsequent suffix:

At the root of the word the letter “and” is written if the suffix -a- follows: freeze (but freeze), burn (but burn), shine (but shine), etc.

The root of the word is written “a” if the suffix is -a-: touch (but touch), offer (but offer), etc.

Roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the stress in the word:

If the emphasis in a word falls on the letter “a”, then the root is also written “a”: tan, bow, glow, dawn, etc.

If the stress in a word does not fall on the root, then it is written “o”: creation, bow, sunbathe, dawn, etc.

The spelling of a vowel in the root of a word depends on the letter behind that vowel:

The letter “a” is written before “st” and “sch”: plant, grown, etc. The letter “o” is written in all other cases. Exceptions: sprout, teenage, growth, moneylender, Rostov, etc.

“A” is written before “k”, and “o” is written before “h”: jump, jump, etc. Exceptions: jump, gallop, etc.

In the first case, it is written “a” if the meaning of the word has the meaning of immersion in water: to dip, dip, etc. It is written “o” with the meaning of liquid: wet, to get wet, wet, etc.

In the second case, “a” is written when the meaning is synonymous with the word “same”: equal, equal, etc. “O” is written when the meaning is synonymous with the word “straight”: even, align, etc.

The Russian language is rich in various rules. Spellings occur here and there. This is exactly the case with the letters “i”, “s” after the consonant “c”, schoolchildren very often get confused in their spelling. In fact, in order to correctly write words with such a spelling, you need to remember in which cases they write “and” and in which “s”:

“and” is written at the root of words: number, quote, circus, cylinder, etc.
“and” is written in words starting with “tion”: nation, lecture, conference, information, privatization, etc.
“s” is written in the endings and suffixes of words: (no) queen, (shawl) Lisitsyn, (no) stepdaughter, etc.
“s” is written in exception words: gypsy, chicken, chick-chick, chick, tiptoe, etc.

The spelling of prefixes makes the Russian language quite complicated. Spellings for this part of the word are contained very often and in large quantities. However, the rule for the pre- and prefixes is quite easy to remember.

It has the meaning of the prefix re-: stop, block, successor, etc.
Gives the word the highest degree of quality: precious, kind, extol, excel, exceed, etc.

Proximity matters: seaside, homestead, court, station, etc.
It has the meaning of addition and approximation: fasten, bring, etc.
Indicates the incompleteness of the action: close, lie down, begin, subside, etc.
Indicates the completeness of the action: cut, muffle, etc.

As you know, all spellings of the Russian language have been studied for many years. In order to be literate and educated, you need to memorize these spelling rules and do practical tasks. Schools go over every spelling rule carefully.

Unstressed vowels in the roots of words can be different:

Their writing follows different patterns. Read the rules, look at the examples.

To complete the task correctly, you need to be able to determine which of these three cases the examples in your version of the CMM belong to.

The task requires knowledge of how words are written. To answer correctly, you need to be able to accurately identify the spelling. This action is similar to going through passport control at the border: the border guard looked at you, looked at the photo in your passport, and the way is clear. Before you are 5 words and the wording of the task. First understand what to look for.

If the task is on tested vowels, this is one thing, if on alternating vowels, then another.

In an unstressed position, the same vowel is written at the root of the word as under stress.

Why do we write the letter O, but not A in the words: goats and, ate goats? Because - who? z s!

Choose the same word, but in a different form: goat? , goat - who? PS(plural) or a related word, that is, a word with the same root: goat? , goat - who? zii, ko? zlik.

words with different meanings: frequency - pure, purity - often
words with alternating vowels in the root: sunbathe - tan, dawn - dawn
other types of verbs: be late - be late, assimilate - assimilate

This is the stupidest of all rules, because it is not a rule at all! Why? Because there is no action that would help decide which letter to write. The only thing you can do is find the right word in the dictionary. All textbooks advise this. But a dictionary may not be at hand. This means that such words need to be memorized. The more such words you know, the better. Gradually, you will develop intuition, and words with unchecked vowels will not create difficulties. So, despite the apparent stupidity, this rule is very useful!

If you cannot classify a word among words with alternating vowels in the roots and find test words (by changing the form of the word or looking for words with the same root), then you have a word with an untestable vowel.

After successful completion For the Unified State Exam, you can return to tip No. 1. It won't harm your life.

The alternation of vowels in the roots of Russian words is a systemic phenomenon. There are many roots with alternating vowels, but in school practice they study a mandatory list. It includes 20 roots, which are presented below. You need to remember them and firmly know the entire list. This will help you avoid many annoying mistakes.
Sometimes they ask me in letters: “Why don’t you give the root -log-? After all, in fact, alternation is not - lag-//-lozh-, A -lag-//-log-//-false-?»
It's simple. I propose the option that is presented in most school textbooks. The unified exam is being prepared by FIPI, which promises that differences in programs will not affect the exam result. So far this setting has been followed. A - log- don’t let it bother you: it only comes with an accent! Forgery, pledge, pretext and others. And in the tasks you will only have words with unstressed roots. Therefore, I believe that we should not distract you with this and other similar cases.

For those who want to learn not a short school list of 20 roots, but full list of all roots with alternating vowels, I recommend the most authoritative source: “Complete Academic Directory” edited by V. Lopatin.

If in a word with roots: -ber- // -bir- , -per- // -pir- , -zheg- // -zhig- , -mer- // -mir- , -ter- // -tir- , -der- // -dir- , -even- // -cheat- , - shine- // - shine- , -steel- // - style-

there is a suffix a , write at the root And: take away , shine ,
there is no suffix a, write e: takes it, shines.

there is a suffix a , write at the root A: touch, touch,
no suffix A, write O: touch, touch

“to pass liquid, to absorb liquid,” then write o: you got wet in the rain ,
“immerse in liquid”, write a: poppy .

“even, smooth”, write o: you smooth the road , to level the holes ,
"equality", write A: have equal rights, equal outsider.

no accent, write O: mountains and? T , clone and? wasted , creation and? t ,
under stress, write as you hear: for ha? R , cla? n yat , yours? quality , twa? ry .

Exception: at? soot

without emphasis, write a: dawn? , dawn? tsy
under stress, write as you hear: zo? ri.

without emphasis, write a: float? To,
write under stress as you hear: pla? wow, pla? swimming, swimming? V.

Exception: tall? k, Rostov? y, usurious? k, you? height, teenager? vyy(along with the literary norm subro? stock) and their derivatives: sprout, usurer and etc.

Words are also written with the letter o Rostov, Rostov-on-Don, Rostov the Great, Rostov, Rostislav.

jump and verb forms jump and its derivatives: I’ll gallop, I’ll gallop, I’ll skip, I’ll skip, I’ll skip, I’ll skip, etc.

derivatives of verbs jump and verbs based on - jump off( t):
1) gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop
2) jump, jump, jump, jump, jump off
Examples:

List of roots
which
Necessarily
need to know
to each:

To search for the desired word, click Ctrl+F. Also check out this great service that will allow you to check a word for errors.

It is difficult to find a test word for an unstressed root because it has fallen out of active use.

It is difficult to find a test word for an unstressed root because the meanings of the roots currently differ in meaning.

In this case, you have to rely on your reading and linguistic intuition. If you doubt them, refer to List 1.

The vowel in a word can be checked with different stressed roots.

Pay attention to the meaning of the root (it is easy to recognize from the context). Choose a test word that is close in meaning. If you find it difficult to do this, refer to list 2.

For the same unstressed root, it is sometimes possible to select two test words of the same root with different stressed vowels.

Most likely, you are faced with the phenomenon of full agreement and disagreement. Do not check roots with full vowel combinations –olo- and –oro- and cognates with partial vowel combinations –la- and –ra-.

Please pay Special attention on the insidious root –sid- / -sed-. Remember the spelling of words with this root:

The unstressed vowel O in the roots of perfective verbs cannot be checked by imperfective forms. - yat, - yat:
look... third - see(verb considers is not a test word).

It's hard to remember exception words. Sometimes it is not possible to remember which vowel to write in a given exception word.

Think of exceptions as dictionary words. Remember them separately from the rules. To make it easier to remember, refer to List 3. Insert letters instead of ellipses.

It is possible to mistakenly attribute the spelling “Unstressed vowel in the root, verified by stress” to a word with an alternating root and vice versa.

rostock - an unstressed vowel at the root is verified by the word podros.

Distinguish between roots that are tested by stress and roots that have vowel alternation.

Rostok - we have before us an exception to the spelling “Alternation of vowels in the root -rast- (-rasch-) \ -ros-.”

Difficulties arise when interpreting the meanings of words with the roots –equal- and –equal-.

Does trimming your hair mean making it the same? Straight?

Indeed, the rule cannot be directly applied to all cases with roots –equal- and –equal-. Remember the spelling of the words: level, level.

For a word with a dubious consonant, it is sometimes difficult to find a test word.

If you cannot find a test word, refer to list 4.

You are unsure of spelling a word with a possible unpronounceable consonant.

In some words with the same root, either a double consonant or a single consonant is written in the root (tone, but three-tone).

Foreign roots in some Russian words lose the double consonant. Please note the following cases:

Also, do not confuse two similar roots: -ball- (at the ball, ball gown) and –ball- (five-point storm, the highest score).

In some borrowed words, after a consonant or vowel, instead of the letter E, the letter E is written. How to distinguish such words?

After consonants and after the vowel I, the letter E is usually written in such words.

The exception is the word project, the spelling of which must be remembered.

competition, torment - litigation (other - Russian root – traction-, -heavy-, -tyaz-);

defuse the situation - defuse the gun - defuse the beds;

close the ranks - seal the river - tighten the schedule - pay the bill;

shine a lamp - dedicate life to society - dedicate to a secret;

keep the house clean - frequency of fluctuations - ambition;

to evoke melancholy - to curl hair - to wind wire onto a reel;

to blind with light - to blind from clay - the eyes stick together;

the crow made a nest - put a stain on the dress - took it down the stairs;

Gold-embossed binding - tight on funds;

1) Cases in which it is difficult to find a test word for a given word.

feeling - in other words language in this word the consonant [v] sounded clearly.

2) Cases in which the check may lead to an error.

skillful - skillful (do not confuse with the words art, artificial).

In most cases, unstressed vowels are checked by stress:

You should not check unstressed vowels in perfective verbs with imperfective verbs - to yat / -yat(in them the stressed vowel changes):

In roots with alternating vowels, the unstressed vowel is checked not by stress, but by special rules. These roots can be grouped into four groups.

1. Alternating roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the stress:

Tv..rit; start..start; zag..rel; for nothing; z..mother; float..wok; remember; press..small

In these roots, different vowels can be sounded and written under stress (for example, dawn, zar?revo; inclined, bow, etc.).

In the unstressed position, the following variants of roots are written in them:

2. Roots in which the spelling of a vowel depends on the subsequent consonant: -SKAK- / -SKOCH-, -RAST- (-RASH-) / -ROS-, -LAG- / -LOZH-

Posk..cal; upscale; sk..chock; grow..sti; vyr..sli; lay..walk; gender..live.

3. Roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the presence of the suffix -a-

3.1. Roots -ber / bir-a; ter / tyr-a; per/pir-a; der/dir-a; stel/steel-a; glitter / shine-a; even/cheat-a; zheg/zhig-a; measures/world-a.

Here the spelling of the vowel depends on the suffix -a- after the root.

If the root is followed by the suffix -a-, the root is written I.

If the root is followed by the suffix -a-, the root is written A.

Prik about the dream - after the root there is no suffix -a-.

4. Roots close in meaning, in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the meaning

If the meaning of the root is associated with the concepts even, smooth, straight,

Vyr o heed (the road) - make it more straight, smooth (the root matches the meaning -ROVN-).

Compare segments - compare them (the root matches the value -RAVN-).

If the meaning of the root is associated with the concept of letting liquid through, becoming wet, then we write -mok- (-moch-).

If the meaning of the root is associated with the concept of lowering into liquid, then we write -mac-.

Tested consonants are divided into two types: dubious and unpronounceable.

The problem occurs at the end of the word ( pilaf(f)) and before some consonants ( piece of wood).

You need to check by placing dubious consonants in position before vowels ( pilaf, wood).

The problem arises in the position of consonants ( giant).

You need to check by placing possible unpronounceable consonants in a position before vowels or at the end of a word ( giants or giant).

Words whose spelling is not regulated spelling rule, are called dictionary.

Dictionary words are also written according to the spelling norm. This norm was established not according to one rule or another, but specifically for a given word. It is reflected in the spelling dictionary.

The school course requires knowledge of a certain minimum vocabulary words, which are included in the school spelling dictionary. In addition, the required minimum vocabulary words that should be memorized are located at the end of each school textbook on the Russian language.

Spelling of roots is included in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language for grade 11 (task 8).

Algorithm for checking the spelling of roots

Check if the root is alternating. If it is, check according to the rule.

If the root is not alternating, try to find a test word. If a test word is found, the letter is tested.

If the test word was not found, the letter is untestable.

Spelling of alternating roots

The spelling of alternating roots can depend on many factors: stress, the presence of a suffix, the meaning of the word, etc.

Alternating vowels O and A in the root

Alternating vowels E and I in the root

The alternation of vowels E and I in roots depends on the presence of the suffix -A- after the root: if there is a suffix, then I is written, otherwise E is written.

If after the root there is a suffix -A-, then the root contains I

Not to be confused with the word put up, the vowel of which is verifiable (peace).

Spelling of checked vowels/consonants in the root

If a vowel or consonant is a verifiable letter in the root, then there is a word with the same root in which the vowel is under stress and the consonant is before the vowel.

Cx. matic – check word circuit => schematic

B. fight – test word vivacity => cheer up

Account happy – test word happiness => happy

Hru. cue – test word fragile => fragile

Proru. ь – test word cut through => ice hole

Danger. ny – test word dangerous => dangerous

Spelling of unchecked vowels/consonants in the root

Unverifiable vowels and root consonants should be checked in a dictionary and memorized the correct spelling.

An unstressed vowel in the root, verified by the stress of the word. Unstressed vowels

How to write correctly: cold or cold, ship or ship, will grow or will grow? These questions arise for most people who have long graduated educational institution, and those who are still in the process of learning. As a rule, such confusion is due to the fact that the vowel letter at the root of the named words is not stressed.

Unstressed vowels are a surefire way to write letters incorrectly. But if you study all the necessary rules, you can easily create a literate text.

What is the difficulty?

There are quite a few expressions in the Russian language, the writing of which raises various questions regarding their “correctness”. Thus, all words that have an unstressed vowel at their root can be divided into 3 groups:

unstressed vowel in the root, verified by word stress;
words that have alternating vowels in their roots;
words that have an unverified unstressed vowel at the root.

To write a letter correctly, you should know exactly how to write an unstressed vowel at the root. There is not one rule for such words, but several (separate for each case). Let's look at them in more detail.

Unstressed vowel in the root, verified by word stress

How to correctly write a word that has an unstressed vowel at its root? Let's answer this question right now. It is necessary to select a test word with the same root, where the emphasis will fall on the same letter. After such a check, in the unstressed syllable of the root, you can safely put the same vowel that is in the stressed syllable.

Example words

To make it more clear how unstressed vowels are checked in practice, here are a few examples:

How to spell the word "uh" correctly. "to die." First you need to choose test words. They can be “move” or “leave”. As you may have noticed, in these words the emphasis falls on “o”. That is why there should be no doubt about how an unstressed syllable is written (“UhOdit”).
How to write the word “argum” correctly. ntate"? It is also necessary to choose a test word for it. For example, "argument". The emphasis in it falls on “e”. Therefore, it would be correct to “argument.”

Features of the rule

An unstressed vowel in the root, verified by the stress of the word, is the simplest rule in spelling. However, difficulties may arise during such verification. After all, it is very important to choose the right test words, otherwise you can easily make a mistake.

So, let's look at the words “dedicated.” tion" and "enlightenment. ". The test word for “dedication” is “holiness,” so it should be spelled with an “I.” The test word for “prosv. tion" is "light". In this regard, it must be written with the letter “e”.

Having considered these examples, we can safely conclude that the test words used should be of the same root (that is, as close as possible in meaning).

What difficulties may arise?

Despite the fact that the rule “Unstressed vowel in the root, checked by word stress” is quite simple, difficulties can still arise when using it. What are they connected to? The fact is that when writing some words, it becomes difficult to find suitable test words for them.

Let's look at a few of them:

conquer - submissive;
exemplary - exemplary;
comprehend - comprehend;
apology - innocent;
shepherd - shepherd or shepherd;
inexhaustible - to run out;
absorb - pharynx;
pile up - bulky;
expose - naked;
line - line.

Note

The vowels “a” and “o” in the roots of perfective verbs should in no case be checked with imperfective verbs.

Swallow - pharynx. The word “swallow” cannot be used.
To be late is too late. The word “late” cannot be used.
Flood - it will flood. The word “flood” cannot be used.
Double - two. You cannot use the word “bifurcate”.

Using this rule in practice and paying attention to its features, you will be able to correctly compose any text or letter.

Words that have alternating vowels in their roots

The Russian language has a huge number of roots in which the vowels alternate. Thus, in some words these roots are written with one vowel, and in others - with another. It should be especially noted that such expressions can quite easily be mistaken for those that need to be checked using a stressed syllable. In this regard, the list of such roots must be remembered. In this case, the choice of one vowel or another may depend on the presence of a suffix in words -A-, from the meaning of the root, as well as from the stress or letter following it. Let us give an example of several such roots:

Words with an unverified unstressed vowel at the root

In some cases, the spelling of unstressed vowels is fundamentally not amenable to any of the rules presented. In such situations, teachers and professors simply require you to remember them. However, there are so many of them that learning these words is problematic. In this regard, it is recommended to write them down on a separate piece of paper and use it when you have difficulties writing a letter correctly.

Let's present an incomplete list of words whose spelling you need to know by heart:

avant-garde, adventure, agronomist, almanac, orange, appeal;
balloon, crimson, conversational, den, unprecedented;
vaccine, magnificent, option, vacancy, great, lobby, vinaigrette, virtuoso, veteran, admiration, stained glass;
genius, herbarium, high school student, hypothesis, hypnosis, hot, horizon;
diagnosis, director, dear, document, travel;
railway, wish;
interest, tomorrow;
dependent, ignore, informational, interest, incident, information;
calendar, careerist, sway, comment, sociable, companion;
cherish, azure, linguistic, lilac;
tangerine, metaphor, mechanics, miniature, milk;
obsession, reluctantly, adverb;
preoccupied, bewitch, original, stunned;
panorama, landscape, foam rubber, president, privilege, thunder;
real, mode, review, solve;
sympathy, dog, fight, stereotype, scholarship;
hasty, solemn, traditional;
compact, honor, destroy;
philharmonic society, philosophy, phraseology;
character, characteristic;
ceremony;
Human;
masterpiece;
exposure, element, experiment, label.

Knowledge is such a precious thing that there is no shame in acquiring it from any source. Abu al-Faraj

Thursday, September 6, 2012

Table "Alternating vowels in the root of a word"

11 comments:

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Thank you so much! Helped a lot)))

I searched, but didn’t find a connection with the admin or moderator of the page, so I’ll write in the reviews. The table is good, however, it can be improved. Write in front of the table how to identify words with alternating vowels in their roots. I searched for a rule for a long time and had difficulty finding something that clearly explained it. In the roots -gor- -gar-, the word exception is not written - vygarki, the stress falls on the 1st syllable, but is written in the second -gar-.

Depending on the accent, we missed -clone-clan-, but thank you for helping.

svetlana2312.blogspot.com

Unstressed vowel sounds in roots. Vowel sounds are stressed and unstressed

In the Russian language, all sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. There are only six vowels - “a”, “o”, “u”, “i”, “e”, “s”. They are pronounced only with the participation of the voice, without the participation of noise. Can form syllables. There are shock and unstressed ones. Vowel sounds - stressed and unstressed — have their own characteristics and specific roles in the speech process. In addition, many norms for designating vowels in writing with letters depend on the presence or absence of stress.

The vowels “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “e” are not separate sounds. They represent the designation of two sounds. For example: ya - ya, yu - yu, etc. They are also endowed with additional functions - they indicate the softness of the consonant sound in writing.

Stressed vowel sounds

A stressed vowel sound is a vowel sound that is pronounced when pronounced by the voice. That is, the one on which the emphasis falls. This sound is always pronounced more clearly. Compared to the unstressed one, it is in a stronger position and plays a meaningful role. As a rule, writing letters that convey stressed vowels does not cause difficulties.

For example, in the words small (stress on the first syllable), peaceful (stress on the first syllable), distant (stress on the second syllable), the spelling of stressed syllables will not cause doubts in anyone. The principle “as it is heard is how it is written” applies here, and sounds are heard clearly.

Stressed vowel sounds are designed to perform the function of meaning differentiation. For comparison: mole, mal, soap, mule - words that we distinguish by ear due to the fact that different vowels are written in them.

Unstressed vowel sounds - what are they?

Unstressed vowels are vowels that are not emphasized by the voice. They are pronounced with much less force and not nearly as energetic as drums. They are in a weak position, and writing the letters that convey them often causes difficulties. The principle “as we hear, so we write” will not work in this case, since what is heard may not be what actually is.

An unstressed vowel sound is often in an altered state (state of reduction). And the degree of transformation may depend on the distance of the stressed vowel. The further you go, the stronger the reduction. For example, in the word “kolobok” the stress is on the last sound “o” - in the third syllable. The closest “o” (in the second syllable) is heard even more or less clearly, and the distant one (from the first syllable) is practically lost during pronunciation. Its duration in this case is minimal.

Relatively stable in this regard are the unstressed vowel sounds “i”, “s”, “u”. The degree of their transformation is almost not affected by the distance from the shock (mumiyo, Pinocchio, world). The only exception can be “and” at the beginning of a word after a hard consonant, which ends the previous word of the phrase. In such cases, “and” turns into “s”. This situation is clearly visible, for example, in the phrase “smoke over the hut.”

Unstressed vowel sounds in roots. Spelling

As noted above, conveying unstressed vowel sounds in writing often poses difficulties. It can be especially problematic to understand which letter should indicate the unstressed vowel sound at the root of a particular word.

The spelling of such roots is allocated to a special section of grammar and is studied in detail in philology. The choice of the correct letter depends on various factors: the characteristics of its proximity to other letters, the presence or absence of a stressed syllable nearby, test words, their origin, etc.

Unchecked vowels in roots

The most difficult case from a spelling point of view is unstressed vowel sounds in untestable words. When it is impossible to choose an option with an impact root.

The correct options in such situations can only be remembered or always carry a dictionary with you in which you can look up the spelling.

Words that fall under this section include, for example: meridian, vinaigrette, concrete, corvalol, cheesecake and others. Many of them are of foreign origin.

Checked vowels in word roots

The letters denoting unstressed vowel sounds in roots can, in most cases, be determined by choosing a word with the same root, where the stress falls on the root.

For example, by changing the word “grass” to “grass”, it is easy to understand which letter should be written in the unstressed root. More options: mountain - mountain, water - water, rain - rain, and so on and so forth. There are a great many examples in the Russian language.

Note: In the case when the root of the word contains a letter denoting the stressed syllable “yo” (“е”), in the unstressed version it will change to “e”. For example: dead - dead, maples - maple, unbuttoned - unbuttoned.

Spelling roots in words of different origins

Unstressed vowel sounds in the main morphemes of words can have different letter expressions depending on the origin of the particular word.

So, for example, native Russian words are often distinguished by the full-vowel spelling of the combinations -oro-, -olo-: young, fence, shell. And their Old Church Slavonic variants have a shortened version of the letter combination and the transformation of “o” into “a”: baby, fence, cloud.

Alternation of unstressed “a” and “o” in roots

Letters denoting unstressed vowel sounds can alternate in the roots of related words. One of the alternation options is “a” and “o”. Different roots have their own spelling rules:

For example, regardless of which letter is written under stress, in the unstressed position we almost always have the roots of “mountains”, “clone”, “creation”, “zar” and “melt”: lit up, bow down, create, illuminated, melt. But there are exceptions: burnt marks, burnt marks, utensils, zarevat, swimmer, swimmer, quicksand, etc.
The morphemes “rast”, “rasch” and “ros” depend on the consonant closing the root. The letter "a" is preceded by "st" or "u", while the "s" is usually preceded by "o". The following do not fit into this rule: Rostislav, Rostov, usurer, sprout, outgrowth and variants derived from them (Rostov, usury, etc.), as well as the word industry.
In the morphemes “skoch” and “skak” there is usually an “o” before the letter “ch”, and an “a” before the “k”. For example: jumper, jump rope, upstart, jump up. The only exceptions are the words gallop, gallop, gallop and jump.
Unstressed vowel sounds in words with the roots “lag” and “lozh” are represented in writing by letters, according to the following rule: “a” is used before “g”, and “o” is used before “zh”. For example: add, believe, decompose, addition, position, put aside. The exception is the canopy.
The presence or absence of the suffix “a” is determined by such roots as “kas” and “kos”. If the suffix is present immediately after the root, then it will be “kas”, and if not, then it will be “kos”. For example: touching, touching, touching, touching.
The spelling of roots with unstressed vowels sometimes depends on their meaning. So, in the case of “mok” (“moch”) and “poppy”, the first option “works” if we are talking about soaking in liquid (blotting cloth, wet), and the second - in the case when we mean immersion in liquid (dipping , dip).
The morphemes “equal” and “equal” also “equal” to the meaning of the word. If sameness is meant, then it is written “a” (equal, equation), and if straightness and smoothness are written, then “o” (to align, level). Exceptions: peer, plain, level, equally.

How “i” and “e” alternate

The letters of the unstressed vowel sounds “i” and “e” can also alternate in the roots of words.

Morphemes “bir” and “ber”, “zhig” and “zheg”, “steel” and “steel”, “blist” and “brist”, “world” and “mer”, “tir” and “ter”, “ dir" and "der", "pir" and "per", "chit" and "chet" are directly dependent on the presence of the suffix "a". If it is adjacent to the root, it is written “and”, and if it is absent - “e”. Examples: begging - will take; cauterization – burned out; spreads - lay; brilliant - brilliant; freeze - freeze; rub off - rub off; tear off - tear off; unlock - unlock; read – deduction. Exceptions: couple, combination, combine.

O - E after sibilants and C in suffixes and endings of nouns and adjectives

Consoles on. z - . With

Pre- and pre-

Vowels Y and I after prefixes

after prefixes ending in a consonant

Cases and case endings nouns

Features of the declension of nouns in -iya, -iy, -ie

Indeclinable nouns ending in -mya

If when declension of a noun

Suffixes -ichk-, -echk-

Suffixes -chik-, -schik-

NOT with nouns

ignoramus
tall tales
When forming a word with the opposite meaning:

NOT with adjectives

Not used without NOT:

Suffixes -onk-, -enk-

If the adjective has a short form:

-Н-, -НН- in adjective suffixes

IN short adjectives-Н-, -НН- are written in accordance with the full form

Connecting vowels O, E in compound words

Spelling compound nouns

Continuous writing

from complex nouns:
pedestrian
locomotive
from combinations of words:
railway ( Railway)
Old Russian (ancient Russian)
in combination with an adverb:
highly educated
fleeting
quality with extras shade:
sweet and sour
bitter-salty
shades of color:
blue-black
milky white
pale pink
homogeneous adj. (= and, but, not only):
English-Russian
electronic computing
the first part ends in -iko:
physical and mathematical

By meaning and grammatical features

Declension of cardinal numbers

Declension of compound cardinal numerals

For compound numerals denoting whole numbers, all the words from which they are composed are declined.

Declension of fractional numbers

3 - numerator: cardinal number
—
5 - denominator: ordinal number

When declension of fractional numerals, both parts change: the numerator is declined as a whole number, and the denominator as a plural adjective.

Declension of collective numerals both-both

Declension of numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred

b at the end and in the middle of numerals

Remember:

No b is written in the middle
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen

Pronouns

Personal
Refundable
Interrogative
Relative
Negative
Possessives
Index fingers
Certain
Undefined

Spelling of indefinite pronouns

NOT-, NOR- in negative pronouns

Conjugation of verbs

The conjugation of verbs is determined by the indefinite form.

Present tense verb conjugation

Features of the conjugation of some verbs:

From the verb to win 1st person singular. no numbers are formed.
1st and 2nd person units. and many more hours present vr. is not used from the verb to be.
Variably conjugated verbs want, run, dream:
wants, wants - according to I reference ..;
want, want, want - according to Ref. II;
you run, run, run, run - according to Ref. II;
run - along I reference;
glimmers - according to I reference;
brezhut - II reference.

Use of b in verb forms

The letter b is written:

Vowels in unstressed suffixes of verbs -ova- (-eva-), -ыва- (-iva-)

Participle as a special form of verb

Which? which? which? which?

denotes an attribute of an object
changes by gender, number, case, consistent with the defined noun
transitivity and intransitivity of action
perfect and imperfect form
present and past tense

Active and passive participles

Active present participles

Active past participles

Passive present participles

Passive past participles

Book, written by a famous writer , out of print.
Written by a famous writer the book is out of print.

Without NOT not used:

dependent words

-Н-, -НН- in suffixes of participles and verbal adjectives

If there are no prefixes (except non-), the suffix -ova- (-eva-) will explain. words::

Vowels before -N-, -NN- in participles and verbal adjectives

The participle as a special form of the verb

Perfect and imperfect appearance.
Transitivity and intransitivity of action.
Controls dependent words.
Does not change (does not decline, does not conjugate).
It is not coordinated, it is not controlled.
It can be a circumstance in a sentence.

Singing the song to the end , the wounded began to sing it first.
Pigeon, seeing the children , flew up.
He wrote something tilting his head .

Imperfect participles

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Spelling vowels at the end of adverbs

b at the end of adverbs
After the hissing adverbs at the end it is written ь:
away, gallop, unbearably, backhand.
Exceptions: already married, unbearable.

-N-, -NN- in adverbs starting with -O (-E)

NOT and NOR in adverbs

Spelling adverbs with a hyphen

Adverbs with the prefix po-on -om, -emu, -ski, -ki, -i

Exceptions:

Adverbs with the prefix vo- (v-), formed from ordinal numbers
Adverbs with suffixes -to, -either, -something, prefix some-
Adverbs formed by repetition of words (same root or synonymous)

Continuous writing of adverbs

Prefix + adverb
Prefixes na-, v- + collective numeral

two, three

Prefix + pronoun, full. attached (not starting with a vowel)
Prefix + short adjective
Prefix + noun, where a definition cannot be inserted between the prefix and the noun

Separate writing of adverbs

The noun has retained some case forms

Between nouns and a preposition can be used to insert a definition
Preposition B + noun, adjective, beginning with a vowel
Prepositions B, NA + noun in a sentence. case.
The noun is used figuratively

Functional parts of speech

Pretext
- Non-derivative prepositions
- Derivative prepositions
  - adverbial prepositions
  - denominal prepositions
  - verbal prepositions
  - Particle
  - They don't change.
  - They do not have independent lexical meaning.
  - They are not members of the proposal.

PART II.
(Materials for repeating spelling)

Alternating vowels in word roots

In accordance with the traditional classification of spellings, in this section we will consider the spelling of the following roots:

There are roots in the Russian language in which the spelling of a vowel cannot be checked by stress position. This is due to various reasons. Let's name some of them.

Let's try to determine which vowel phoneme is at the root of the word dawn. Let's choose a test word: someone will name dawn, and someone will remember zareve. The stress in words with the same root is that O, That A. Therefore, it is impossible to check the vowel in this root. We observe the same phenomenon in the roots -clone-//-clan- (bow, bow) -creation-//-creature- (creature , creation), -jump-//-jump- //-jump- //-jump- (jump, jump, jump).

In a number of roots, the spelling of the vowel depends on the suffix -A-. This is connected with tradition, with the history of the language. Take a closer look at this series of words: collect - collect, wipe - wipe, die - die, touch - touch, arrange - arrange. It is impossible not to notice that in modern Russian the suffix -A- is an indicator of the imperfect form of the verb, and alternation accompanies the transition of the verb to another form. By the way, you can recall other similar alternations, which were already mentioned in the previous section: be late - be late, flutter - flutter. Linguists have found that in the Old Russian language it was alternation that was fundamentally an indicator of verbal aspect. But the verbal system has undergone serious changes, and, in particular, alternations of the vowel in the root of verbs have lost their formative function. In modern Russian, these alternations are historical.

Fundamentally -gor-//-gar- under stress is only A, and the unstressed sound is indicated by the letter O. Why? As etymological dictionaries report, in the Old Russian and Old Church Slavonic languages, before the fall of the reduced ones, it was pronounced g[o]rght, But g[a]r. Since in that era vowels in an unstressed position were not reduced, there were no problems with the spelling of vowels. And, although in modern Russian the spelling O turns out to be fundamentally unmotivated, according to tradition we continue to write it.

Task 9. Think about whether roots in words can I'll collect, lock up, burn out and similar ones are written according to the phonemic principle.

Roots with alternating vowels can be divided into four groups depending on the conditions for choosing the vowel letter. All of them are reflected in the table.

The spelling of the vowel depends on
final consonants of the root	suffix -A-	accents		semantics (values) of the root
-grow-//-grow- // -grown- -jump- // -jump- ! If the infinitive of the verb is a root -with how-, That in the form of 1 l. units hours present and bud. vr. and in pov. incl. is written A: jump - jump, jump	-ber-//-bir-a- -per-//-pir/a- -der-//-dir/a- -ter-//-tir/a- -mer-//-peace/a- -zheg-//-zhig/a- -chet-//-cheat/a- -steel-//-steel/a- -brilliant-//-brilliant/a- -kos-//-kas/a-	Without accent it is written: -mountain- -creation- -clone- -float- -zar-		-mok-//-mac- Mok- – ‘to become saturated with moisture’ -poppy-– ‘dip into liquid’ -exactly- – ‘even, straight, smooth’ -equals- – ‘equal, identical’
-lozh-//-lag/a-
Exceptions
Rostov Rostislav sprout moneylender teenage (Variable placement of stress. Test word - teenager) industry And also all the same root words: branch, sprout, growth, outgrowth, outgrowth, etc. leap spasmodic canopy	couple combine And also all cognate words : combination compatibility associative combine		dross burnt slag (These words are derived from the word burning) utensil swimmer(s) swimmer(s)		peer equally level plain

Task 10. Word couple is included in the exceptions in many reference books and spelling textbooks, although this is incorrect. Think about why.

Task 11. Using linguistic dictionaries, explain the meaning of exception words soot, scorch, fumes and characterize them in terms of their scope of use.

Task 12. Read a fragment of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov “Borodin’s Field”:

The drums struck the dawn,
The foggy East has turned white,
And an unexpected blow from enemies
It landed on the battery.

Use linguistic dictionaries to determine whether the first line contains a spelling and rhythmic error. (See N.A. Eskova’s dictionary Brief dictionary difficulties of the Russian language: Grammatical forms; Accent; About 12 thousand modern words. Russian language 6th edition, rev. M.: Astrel, Asg, 2008)

Task 14. -lag-//-lozh-, -rast-//-rasch-//-grew-, -skak-//-skoch-, as well as exception words. Rewrite the phrases by inserting the missing letters. Mark the roots with alternating patterns. Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.

1. Ra With lie free time, adjective, theory e tic_positions, have hopes, offer tea, parse the sentence, lit. e ratio pr And lie, terms of success, lie G cue half_g.

2. P O useful plants, rich vegetation, tree grown, grown in a greenhouse, grow in captivity, slow NN oh connection, up to the peephole in the door, right And planted to a tree, grows in the middle zone, in the city of R_stov e, adolescence, young age, green growth, important sector, retailer, overgrown with grass, sector on the left Ouch Research Institute

3. Ride a horse, jump out from around a corner, a decisive jump, jump up from a place, an arrogant upstart, jump out of surprise NN awn, Donskoy horse, racehorse, deftly dismount from the saddle, slip past unnoticed NN y, skip_everyone, galloping flight, galloping, speed_skating, jumping out of A rut, I'll come instantly, ck_read g A with a lop, skip on one leg along the path, don’t miss the turn, I’ll run up to you in the evening, bounce up even higher, just like that, bounce on a chair, bounce along the river bank, stop the horse at a gallop.

Task 15. Learn the rule for writing roots -mountains-//-gar-, -tvor-//-tvar, -clone-//-clan-, -zor-//-zar-, -pilaf-//-swim-, as well as exception words.

1. Ш O sunbathed, sunbathed, tanned young man, sunbathed h data, reached to O ster, pr And g_r, g_rhvostka, g_rel, vomits of my passions, hot sleep chk and, locomotive bastard.

2. Evening in vain, gazing at the rays of the sun, bright spectacles, blazing in the forest, gazing at the rays And villization, insight of a lonely mind, playing for nothing.

3. Bent down to the ground, bow to hertz O gyne, bow_to the elder, bow_adj A travellers, etc. e swear to g e roism, etc. And put_head;

4. Great TV _ thinking, performing miracles, etc. e bring life to life, open the gate, good luck With tv_ritel, different tv_r;

5. Experienced swimmer, swim island, swim to the middle of the river, easy swim, zag O mature swimmers, swimmer beetle, swimmer, swimmer, excellent swimmer;

6. Insoluble compounds And hesitation, evasion of obligation NN osty, kuho NN This creature, internal combustion engine, lit up with a smile, the smell of waste, bowed over the river, ra With act in the fog, stay afloat, rage while sunbathing by the river, deviate from the course, overwhelmed with happiness, etc. And tv_rit to A litka, uv And give pl_vtsov.

Task 16. Learn 10 roots, the spelling of which depends on the suffix -A- according to the model -ber-//-bir/a-, and exception words. Rewrite the phrases by inserting the missing letters. Select the roots in an alternating manner. Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.

Get ready for the exam, shine in the sun, freeze with surprise, freeze with delight, ra ss smoldering around, erasing what is written, inflaming passions, being rubbed with a towel, locking up a heart, burning out a drawing, an incendiary projectile, a brilliant journalist, shining in the world, locking a barn, laying out a tablecloth, a rare occurrence, running away without looking back, deducting from a salary, tax deduction, tidying up a room , unlock the lock, collect ur O Please, choose a dissertation topic, selective Komi ss Iya, sleep with my mind, my choice.

Task 17. Remember the meaning of the roots -poppy- And -mock-. Rewrite the phrases by inserting the missing letters. Select the roots in an alternating manner. Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.

Washed from head to toe, dip the feather in the ink b, ruined my reputation And yu, toss hair, prom_porridge, s A footwear is wet, waterproof A lol, softened by tears, but kk wet_it thoroughly, blotting paper, dipped the brush in water, washed it to the skin, soaked it in a hot bath, wet_it and with ъ ate, rinse with a napkin.

Task 18. Using a word-formation dictionary, determine which word motivates the word prom_porridge, what is its word-formation meaning?

In a number of words with roots -exactly- And -equals- the meaning of the root is quite easy to establish, and writing such words does not cause much difficulty. For example: equalize in weight, equalize, equalize rights, level the asphalt, level the sand. A spelling problem arises where the meanings of words cannot be reduced to semes (elements of meaning) ‘even’ or ‘equal’ or where spellings that contradict the rule have been fixed. At school, words such as: plain, level, equally. How to explain the spelling of a vowel in the command “ Be equal!” or in a phrase align with the forest? After all, a native Russian speaker will most likely explain the meaning of these words through the semes ‘stand up straight’, ‘along a straight line’.

Orthographic difficulty in choosing roots -exactly- And -equals- explained by the facts of the history of the Russian language. These roots are related: they have a common “ancestor” - a Slavic root, from which words with -exactly-, and in the Old Church Slavonic language - words with the root -equals-. Initially, both of these roots had one meaning, which combined the meanings ‘equal, identical’ and ‘even, straight’. In the textbook A.I. Kaydalova and I.K. Kalinina “Modern Russian Orthography”, the authors note that back in the 19th century. word smooth could be used in both meanings, and the following examples are given:

She lived at the expense of Marfa Timofeevna, but on an equal footing with her.(I. Turgenev “The Noble Nest”)

The estate was divided into three even parts.(A. Herzen)

During the development of language, semantic differentiation occurs: one meaning is assigned to each of the roots. However, some words have traditional spellings despite changes in semantics, and some words have developed new meanings.

The situation is also complicated by the already familiar alternation o//a in verb roots. For example, imperfect forms of verbs level And level spelling and phonetically coincide in form compare.

Task 19. Read excerpts from the IAS. Write down the meanings of words with roots in your notebook -exactly And -equal-, which, in your opinion, cannot be reduced to the semes ‘even’ or ‘equal’.

EQUAL, -I"yu, -I"eat; nesov., pereh.

1. (owl. compare). To make equal, identical in some way. attitude; equalize Not touched by anything, not embarrassed, humble or murmuring by her brothers - She equalizes everyone with her scythe [death]. (Tyutchev). There are two forces - two fatal forces. Climate equals everyone. So all Vietnamese, one might say, dress the same: pants made of plain fabric and a white light shirt. (Soloukhin. Postcards from Vietnam).

2. with someone or something. Consider equal, equate to someone or something. [Donna Anna:] I don't want to justify João; He was criminal, but he was not vicious. His deeds cannot be compared with others, and they cannot be measured by a common measure. (A. Tolstoy, Don Juan). Innovation, when we think about Pushkin’s emancipation of poetic speech, cannot be compared with “technological” experiments in the laboratory of poetry. (Reshetov. In his sublunary world).

EQUAL, -I'm, -I'm; unsatisfied.

To be equal, the same in some way. respect. Cedar rose higher than deciduous trees, and only poplar could still equal it.(Emelyanova. In the Ussuri taiga) We have seven classes, and the last one<…>equal to the seventh grade of a gymnasium. (Kaverin. In front of the mirror) || with whom.

– Our young lady is so white, such a dandy! How can I compare with her! (Pushkin. Peasant young lady) [Larisa:] Who do you look up to! Is such blindness possible! Sergey Sergeich... this is the ideal man. (A. Ostrovsky. Dowryless) || what. To be equivalent, equivalent to something. The daughters had long ago sent Arina Vasilyevna, but she did not dare to come, because Stepan Mikhailych’s words “not to wake anyone up” amounted to a ban on coming. (S. Aksakov. Family chronicle) [Paratov:] Your request for me is equal to an order. (A. Ostrovsky. Dowryless)

2. (owl. catch up). When approaching, to be on an equal footing, next to someone. – Who are they shooting at? Who's shooting? - Rostov asked, matching the Russian and Austrian soldiers running in mixed crowds across his road.(L. Tolstoy. War and Peace) [Samghin] walked quickly <…> . - Who are you running from? – Dronov asked, leveling up with him. (M. Gorky. Life of Klim Samgin)

3. Become (in formation) on the same line with the flanker. The orchestra began to play, and from the courtyard, through the wide-open gates, people began to move in rows.<…>They walked one after another, trying to match the flank as they went. (Bakhmetyev. Martin's crime) || led be equal! (be equal!). Used as military, sports, etc. command – align row(s). – Be equal! - Plum commanded. (Kuprin Duel)

4. trans.; by whom and to whom. Follow someone example. – You are a social worker, you are strength. You must set an example of strength: after all, everyone looks up to you.(Gladkov. Masha from Zapolya). The front troops were widely recruited by young people who had not yet participated in the war. These youth looked up to their older comrades. (Bragin. Vatutin)

5. what. To be equal to smb. size, represent some kind of size. Two times two equals four. The length of the island is 900 versts; its greatest width is 125, and its smallest 25 versts. (Chekhov. Sakhalin island). The power of its [ship's] mechanisms was equal to the power of a large power plant. (V. Kozhevnikov. Last flight)

6. Strad. to equal.

EQUAL" "YOU, -I"yu, -I"eat; nesov., pereh. (nesov. align).

1. (nons. also level). Make it even and smooth. Workers in aprons on the scaffolding laid bricks, poured masonry from the gangs and leveled them with lami. (L. Tolstoy. Anna Karenina). In the distance<…>Silin's and Remnev's tractors were constantly chattering; They were using rollers to level a large, two-kilometer-long area where they were supposed to weld pipes. (Azhaev. Far from Moscow).

2. Place in row(s) in a straight line. Even out the line.

6. Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Under. ed. V.V. Lopatina. M., 2006.

7. Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. M., 1999.

8. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. M., 1981–1984. (IAC)

9. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. M.: Russk. language; Polygraph resources, 1999. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: http://feb-web.ru/feb/mas/mas-abc/default.asp

10. Tikhonov A.N. Morphemic-spelling dictionary. M., 2002.

11. Tikhonov A.N. Word-formation dictionary of the Russian language: in 2 volumes. M., 1985.

12. Uspensky B.A. History of the Russian literary language (XI–XVII centuries). M., 2002.

13. Vasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes. St. Petersburg, 1996.

14. Chernykh P.Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language: in 2 volumes. M., 2006.

15. Shansky N.M., Bobrova T.A. School etymological dictionary Russian language: origin of words. M., 2001.

E.V. ARUTYUNOVA,
Moscow