Voskresensky Leonid Alexandrovich. Voskresensky Leonid Aleksandrovich - Biography

Leonid Aleksandrovich Voskresensky – Deputy Chief Designer for testing the launch vehicle in flight conditions at OKB-1 of the State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Defense Technology, Kaliningrad, Moscow Region.

Born on July 1 (14), 1913 in the city of Pavlovsky Posad, Bogorodsky district, Moscow province (now the regional center of the Moscow region). Russian. Since 1922 he lived in Moscow.

Since 1929, he worked as an electrician at the Moscow plant "Red Torch", in 1933-1936 - as an engineer at the Moscow Institute of Instrument Making (now the State Research Institute of Instrument Making). At the same time, in 1932–1936, he studied in absentia at the Moscow Energy Institute, completing 3 courses.

In 1936–1937 he served as a Red Army soldier in the 106th Special Engineer Battalion.

Since 1937, he worked as an engineer and head of a control and measuring station at the State Research Institute of Nitrogen. Worked on nitrogen-based incendiaries and explosives.

In 1943, he was transferred to the position of head of the laboratory at NII-3, where he was involved in the development of a unified automation system and its elements for aircraft liquid-propellant rocket engines.

In 1944–1947 – head of the electrical engineering laboratory of NII-1. Since 1945, as part of a special interdepartmental commission, he was on a long business trip to Germany, where he participated in the study of V-2 missiles, and from March 1946, at the Nordhausen organized rocket institute, he was the head of the testing department.

In April 1947, he was transferred to NII-88, where he was involved in testing rocket and space technology developed at OKB-1 under the leadership of S.P. Korolev. He worked as head of a control and measuring station (April 1947 - October 1951) and head of the design and testing department (October 1951 - February 1954). He led the flight test station at the Kapustin Yar training ground during the launches of R-1, R-2 and R-5 combat missiles.

From February 1954 to April 1963, he worked as deputy chief designer of OKB-1 for flight testing of rockets and space objects. OKB-1 was located in the city of Kaliningrad (now Korolev), Moscow region, now it is RSC Energia named after S.P. Korolev. Under the leadership of L.A. Voskresensky, methodological and technical foundations for testing, requirements for testing equipment and measuring systems were created. He supervised the launches of all types of missiles developed during this period at OKB-1 from the Kapustin Yar test site and the Baikonur Cosmodrome, including the first intercontinental combat missiles R-5M (1955), R-7 (1957), R-7A (1959) and R-9A (1961), as well as the Vostok (1959) and Molniya (1960) launch vehicles.

For services to the creation and launch in the Soviet Union of the world's first artificial Earth satellite by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR ("closed") of December 21, 1957 Voskresensky Leonid Alexandrovich awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

Since 1960, he combined work at OKB-1 with teaching activities at the Moscow Aviation Institute. In 1961, on his initiative, the department “Measuring and testing systems of aircraft” was organized at the Moscow Aviation Institute, which L.A. Voskresensky headed until his death.

After switching to teaching at the Moscow Aviation Institute for health reasons, from October 1963 he continued to collaborate with OKB-1 as a consultant in the position of acting scientific director of testing departments.

Doctor technical sciences(1958), professor (1963).

Awarded 3 Orders of Lenin (04/20/1956; 12/21/1957; 06/17/1961), the Order of the Red Star (09/16/1945), the medal “For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War” Patriotic War 1941-1945."

In 1970, the Voskresensky crater was named after him. back side Moons.

From the book “Rockets and People” by B.E. Chertok.

Working with S.P. Korolev, L.A. Voskresensky was always in the most critical areas of testing new technology samples, showed extraordinary abilities as a scientist, designer and tester, repeatedly, efficiently and on time, carried out complex experimental and technical tests of all types of products .

On behalf of S.P. Korolev, L.A. Voskresensky interacted with V.I. Voznyuk’s commission on the selection of a test site for the launch of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs): combat products 8K71, 8K74 and 8K75, as well as space launch vehicles 8K72 and 8K78.

Undoubtedly, L.A. Voskresensky’s strong trait was his initiative in making bold decisions in extreme situations. Extreme situations Voskresensky experienced a lot during missile testing. Here are just a few examples.

1953 At the Kapustin Yar State Center, two launches of the R-2 rocket, codenamed “Geranium” and “Generator”, are being carried out with an experiment carried out by the Ministry of Defense - spraying radioactive liquid, enclosed in special containers in the head parts, over a given territory.

When preparing the first rocket, the launch team notices a muddy liquid flowing through the body from the “head” side and tries to leave the dangerous place. The shooter (L. Voskresensky) climbs onto the installer, smears the liquid with his finger and artistically, in front of everyone... tests the finger with his tongue. Having descended from the installer, he loudly addresses the starters: “Guys! Let's work! It’s nasty, but harmless.” He was sure that this experiment only simulated the process of spraying “radioactive rain”, and he was not mistaken. True, in the evening, after the launch, “to neutralize the body and eliminate the consequences of the experience,” I did drink a shot of alcohol.

Kapustin Yar again. The R-2 combat rocket is on the launch pad, the warhead is charged for the first time with a ton of TNT. Leonid Aleksandrovich, as the shooter, commands: “Ignition! Preliminary! Home! Climb!" The rocket, having taken off from the launch pad, suddenly falls a few seconds later. The fire at the start is a gigantic burst of flame. Korolev runs out of the bunker, grabbing a fire extinguisher along the way... “Sergei! Back!" - Voskresensky shouts, catches up with him and drags him back.

Arriving fire trucks extinguished the fire. Fortunately, the warhead did not explode - according to the standard scheme, it was blocked and actuated by an electrical command to turn off the engine, and in this case emergency situation did not have. As for the accident, L.A. Voskresensky, while inspecting the crash site of the rocket, discovered a tank for sodium permanganate with an open fitting (it was not closed with a stopper), which serves to decompose hydrogen peroxide in the gas generator. The steam-gas mixture spins the turbopump unit to supply fuel components to the combustion chamber. With the tank open, the engine just managed to reach the operating mode and stopped.

Military tester of the GCP and NIIP-5 V. Grafovsky recalls: “There was an incident at Kapustin Yar before the launch of the R-5 rocket. We were often let down by one of the oxygen filling units - a make-up device with a valve. Almost every time just before launch, when it was necessary to undock the tanker and move into shelter, this valve would jam, it would not close tightly, and liquid oxygen would pour onto the launch table. The iron began to crack. The situation is unpleasant. L.A. Voskresensky shouts: “Why are you standing there? Let's hammer!" They shoved a hammer at him and he started hitting the valve. It closed. Everyone ran for cover, and the rocket took off...”

April 9, 1961. Baikonur Cosmodrome. First launch of the R-9. At the end of high-speed refueling, the automatic launch was stopped at the command of the shooter to inspect the rocket. Through the periscope, L.A. Voskresensky noticed a small oxygen leak at the junction of the removable and fixed parts of the launch pad. I decided to inspect the nature of the leak on the spot, and took B.A. Dorofeev and A.I. Ostashev with me. It was determined that the leak was very small. Voskresensky makes an extraordinary decision: he took the beret off his head, applied it to the leak site and... peed on it, offering to do the same to those accompanying him. The rags froze and the leak stopped...

On his first business trips to Baikonur (site 2), L.A. Voskresensky lived in a double compartment of a sleeping car. After the construction of four houses (three rooms in each), S.P. Korolev ordered as follows: house No. 1 - for Marshal M.I. Nedelin (reserve), No. 2 - for S.P. Korolev, V.P. Mishin and B E.Chertok in the room, No. 3 - V.P. Barmin, V.I. Kuznetsov and L.A. Voskresensky, No. 4 - N.A. Pilyugin, V.P. Glushko and M.S. Ryazansky. With this distribution, Korolev equated his deputies – Mishin, Chertok and Voskresensky – with the same privileges as the chief designers.

Being a man of the “old school”, Korolev obliged him to report to him at any time of the day about observations identified during tests of rockets and space objects at Baikonur. In the interests of normal rest for the Chief Designer L.A. Voskresensky managed to break this order. All reports began to be held only in the morning, but not at night. It is noteworthy that among his loved ones S.P. Korolev affectionately called him “my Lenya.”

Against the background of such excellent relationships, there were sharp differences in the views of S. Korolev and L. Voskresensky on the development of block “A” of the first stage of the N-1 heavy super rocket (product 11A52) for man’s conquest of the Moon. Voskresensky insisted on the construction of a powerful stand for fire tests of the entire package in full and proposed to burn the “A” block assembly at this stand before the start of flight tests of the N-1. However, he did not receive support from either Korolev or Mishin. After the accident during the first launch of N-1, after the death of Voskresensky and Korolev, the patriarch of Russian cosmonautics B.E. Chertok spoke like this: “L. Voskresensky was right in insisting on the construction and testing of block “A” on the stand.”

At the end of 1960, on the initiative of L.A. Voskresensky, a new direction was formed at MAI for the training of test engineers for the rocket and space industry: a special department 308 was created, which he continuously headed until last day life.

L.A. Voskresensky loved life and all the beautiful things that make it up. He drove the car himself, and in his spare time he could play cards and play tennis. In this sport he was qualified as a judge of the republican category. I was fond of alpine skiing, which requires not only good physical fitness, but also courage, dexterity, and decisive action. Loved music. The last time I attended a concert in the Tchaikovsky Hall was on December 14, 1965, just a day before his death. Friends and colleagues not only respected him as a talented technical specialist, but also loved him for his humanity, love of life, friendliness and cordiality.

L.A. Voskresensky passed away on December 15, 1965, at the 53rd year of his life, in the prime of his creative powers. The cause of death was a stroke... Less than a month later, his close friend S.P. Korolev passed away. The chief designer managed to say goodbye to the chief tester and take care of his family.

In April 1967, when the first manned Soyuz spacecraft was being prepared at Baikonur, M.S. Ryazansky said: “I guess who we are all missing - Sergei and Leonid.” The first launch without Korolev and Voskresensky - and the first death of a cosmonaut in the new spacecraft...

Biography

Soviet architect, artist, graphic engraver. State Prize Laureate (1972). Honored Architect of the RSFSR (1978).

In 1941, V.L. Voskresensky graduated from the Moscow Architectural Institute (MARCHI).

He worked in the workshop-school of academician I.V. Zholtovsky. He was involved in the reconstruction of the State Hippodrome on Begovaya Street in Moscow (1951–1955, together with I.V. Zholtovsky, P.I. Skokan), designed the cinemas "Pobeda" (1952), "Glory" (1955), "Burevestnik" (1957) ).

He was a member of the engraving studio circle at the Mosproekt Institute, organized by the Moscow branch of the Union of Soviet Architects (1953) with the aim of improving the qualifications of architects in the field of graphic art and the use of engraving in architectural practice. Participated in exhibitions of the circle. In 1954, he presented a perspective of the main facade of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions building (engraving on plexiglass) to the exhibition.

He worked at the Mosproekt Institute, later the head of workshop No. 13 of Mosproekt (1961–1981). "Mosproekt" - Department for the design of housing, civil and communal construction. Founded in 1933 under the name Mosproekt on the basis of the Architectural and design workshops of the Mossovet. Since 1961 – modern name. The main task of Mosproekt -1 is to provide housing, civil and communal construction in Moscow with design estimates, comprehensive placement of all types of construction in eight planning zones of the city in accordance with the General Plan for the Development of Moscow.

One of the authors of the Intourist Hotel (1968–1970), the House of Culture of the Vladimir Ilyich Plant (1970), and the modern laboratory and clinical building of the Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery. Which was built in 1971 by a group of architects and engineers (architects - T. N. Drozdova, L. I. Kiriltseva; engineers - V. A. Maksimenko, V. V. Khandzhi, A. O. Yatsenko) led by Vsevolod Leonidovich , for which this group was awarded the State Prize of the RSFSR in the field of architecture in 1972.

During the construction of the institute building, some architectural and construction innovations were implemented for the first time in the USSR. Although the workshop of Vsevolod Voskresensky designed completely new buildings along the route of Bolshaya Serpukhovskaya and Bolshaya Tula streets, the building of the institute had to be inserted between the preserved old buildings. The 17-story parallelepiped, set back from the street front, is adjoined by a low, limestone-clad building that houses the lobby, administrative offices and a 760-seat hall, the bowl of which is sunk into the ground. In accordance with one of Le Corbusier's principles, the clinical building is raised on pillars, between which you can walk into the green courtyard of the hospital.

Vsevolod Voskresensky is also the author of the projects for the buildings of the USSR Mint (1974) on Danilovskaya Square and the Ministry of Higher, Secondary and special education on Lyusinovskaya Street (1978). He led a group of architects involved in the planning and development of Zyuzino, Volkhonka-ZIL, Biryulyovo Zapadnoye, Chertanovo, Lenin and Dobryninskaya squares and other urban development projects in the capital. Participated in the design of the monument to N.K. Krupskaya on Sretensky Boulevard (1976, sculptors E.F. and A.M. Belashov).

As mentioned above, V.L. Voskresensky was one of the authors of the project of the famous Intourist Hotel on Gorky Street (1965–1970; co-authors: Yu.N. Sheverdyaev and A. Boltinov), demolished in 2002. This is how the architect Felix Novikov remembers it: “Its main author, Vsevolod Voskresensky - in my opinion, the brightest personality in the galaxy of students of the workshop - the Zholtovsky school - was completely absorbed in his brainchild. At that time of general enthusiasm for modernism, he built the “golden” staircase like a dream, taking a fancy to every fragment of the interior, passionately “pushing” the bright monumental work of Polishchuk and Shchetinina. And when the Moscow party leader Grishin opposed high-rise construction in the city center, he found a way to speed up the achievement of his cherished dream. I met a senior colleague walking along Gorky Street in a state of slight intoxication. He said: “I was upstairs now. I supplied the workers with a box of vodka so that they could finish assembling the frame as soon as possible.”

Together with V.D. Babad, L.V. Smirnova and V.Sh. Baramidze designed a multi-entrance residential building built on Bolshaya Tulskaya (1970–1980). Today, Muscovites most often call this house “ship” or “Titanic.” And all because in the 1980s, a huge building that appeared on an area that was sparsely developed at that time really resembled a large cruise ship sailing against the blue sky. The second name of the architectural miracle is “House of Atomic Scientists”. It was built by order of the USSR Ministry of Medium Engineering, which was involved in the nuclear industry.

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People of Bogorodsky region

Source:www. sovkos.ru

(1913 - 1965)

“Know more about the rocket than even the designers!”

This was taught to his students by a professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, organizer and first head of the MAI aircraft testing department, who was also the first representative of the profession of test engineer in the field of rocketry, which arose in our country in the post-war years.
Voskresensky was born in Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow region, in the family of a rural priest, and was raised in the family of his older brother in Moscow. Already at the age of 16 he began his career as an electrician at the Red Torch plant, combining work with school studies, and from 1932 - at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. After his fourth year at the institute, he was drafted into the army, where he was seriously engaged in improving weapons, and, having already been demobilized, pro. should work in this area. Just before the war, one of the models he developed was put into service, and State Committee The Defense Department entrusts Voskresensky with organizing its production at the country's enterprises. In 1942, Leonid Aleksandrovich was appointed head of the electrical engineering laboratory of the institute and developed new models of missile weapons, and was awarded the Order of the Red Star for his participation in this work.
After the war, he was included in the first launches of powerful ballistic missiles. Here his talent as a born tester, his amazing intuition, endurance and courage were appreciated by S.P. Korolev. Even then, Sergei Pavlovich puts him in his place at the periscope in the test bunker, trusting “his Lena” more than himself. Absolutely taking into account his opinion during launches, Korolev was at the same time extremely demanding of his deputy for testing in the process of preparatory work, where Voskresensky was responsible for the development of test equipment, measurement systems, programs and test methods.

Source:www. news- kosmonavtiki. ru

The history of the creation of rockets and spaceships is the story of the lives of remarkable people, whose creations in the field of rocket and space systems are unparalleled. One of them is Leonid Aleksandrovich Voskresensky, a talented research engineer and tester of domestic rocket and space technology, Deputy Chief Designer of OKB-1 S.P. Korolev, Hero of Socialist Labor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, holder of two Orders of Lenin and Order of the Red Star.

Leonid Aleksandrovich was born on July 14, 1913 in the family of a Pavlovo Posad priest (his father and mother, being “servants of the religious cult,” were persecuted after 1917). Until he was nine years old, he lived with his parents, and then in Moscow, dependent on his older brother Georgy, an engineer at the Manometer plant. This little trick opened the way to the future for Leonid: “the son lives separately from his father and is excommunicated from religious influence.”

In April 1929, Leonid began his career as an electrician at the Red Torch plant in Moscow. Without interrupting his work, he completed three courses of study at the Moscow Energy Institute (1932–36). Then - service as a private in the 106th special engineer battalion of the Red Army (1936–37), work at the State Research Institute of Nitrogen MHP USSR (1937–43, engineer), Research Institute-3 MAP USSR (1943–44, head of laboratory) and Research Institute- 1 MAP (1944–47, head of the laboratory), improving knowledge, gaining experience...

In September 1944, fragments of a new secret weapon, the V-2 rocket, were found at the captured German artillery range in Dębica. The “fragments” were delivered to Moscow to NII-1, where L.A. Voskresensky was working at that time. For further study of rocket weapons directly in Germany, an interdepartmental commission for special purposes was formed, which included S.P. Korolev, L.A. Voskresensky, V.P. Mishin, B.E. Chertok, N.A. Pilyugin, A. M.Isaev, V.I.Kuznetsov, M.S.Ryazansky, V.P.Glushko and others.

From the memoirs of V.P. Mishin: “On August 8, 1945, we were summoned one by one to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and were briefly informed: “You have been included in the Interdepartmental Commission, consider yourself drafted into the army. Tomorrow you are flying to Berlin... They will explain to you what to do on the spot... On August 9, 1945, early in the morning at the Central Aerodrome in Moscow, people in unworn uniforms, which had just been received from the warehouse, were baggyly hanging on them, lined up at the landing ramp of the LI-2 plane. Among them was L.A. Voskresensky, a non-partisan, promoted with the stroke of a pen from an ordinary soldier to lieutenant colonel...”

The first meeting between S. Korolev and L. Voskresensky took place in Germany, who, after the formation of the Nordhausen Institute in March 1946 (under the leadership of Lieutenant General L.M. Gaidukov), became the head of the Vystrel group and the head of the testing department.

Having received the necessary information on the rocket from various sources, carried out horizontal tests of ten V-2s (A4-N series), prepared ten sets of components and parts for assembling A4-T series rockets at the NII-88 pilot plant, Soviet specialists, including .h. L. Voskresensky, at the beginning of 1947 they returned to their homeland. On the basis of the V-2, it was necessary to create a domestic industry for the production, assembly, testing and launching of rockets.

In April 1947, Voskresensky was transferred from NII-1 to NII-88 - he forever became a tester of the RKT created by S.P. Korolev’s team. In the structure of OKB-1, the Main Design and Test Department No. 19, which was headed by Leonid Aleksandrovich from October 1951 to February 1954, functioned for 15 years (1951–1966), until its disbandment in 1966 during the reorganization of OKB-1 at TsKBEM.

From February 1954 to April 29, 1963, L.A. Voskresensky worked as Deputy Chief Designer of OKB-1 for flight testing of rockets and space objects (he was relieved of his position at his personal request for health reasons), and from October 29, 1963. to December 16, 1965 – scientific director of the OKB-1 test “bush”.

Working with S. Korolev, L. Voskresensky was always in the most critical areas of testing samples of new technology, showed extraordinary abilities as a scientist, designer and tester, and repeatedly, efficiently and on time, carried out complex experimental and technical tests of all types of products.

From an appeal to the Minister of IOM of the USSR S.A. Afanasyev, signed by S.P. Korolev on January 3, 1966 “L.A. Voskresensky, being an outstanding engineer and a capable organizer, managed to rally a large creative team of testers around himself. Under his leadership, methodological and technical foundations for testing were created, as well as requirements for testing equipment and measuring systems - the main means that determine the required quality of tests. He personally owns over 80 scientific and technical works. A whole galaxy of highly qualified test engineers were brought up on these works.”

On behalf of S. Korolev, L. Voskresensky interacted with the commission of Vasily Ivanovich Voznyuk on the selection of a test site for launching intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).

From 1957 to April 1963 Leonid Aleksandrovich as deputy. The chief designer for flight tests performed the role of a shooter during the development and launches of missiles developed by S. Korolev OKB-1: combat products 8K71, 8K74 and 8K75, as well as space launch vehicles 8K72 and 8K78.

B.E. Chertok recalled the everyday life of L. Voskresensky at the training ground: “Leonid Aleksandrovich had the talent of coloring the difficult hours at the start. He made jokes, joked - and always to the point. It was like a spicy seasoning for bland food.”

E.B. Brodsky, who replaced L.A. Voskresensky as head of the testing department, described his former immediate supervisor as follows: “Being a purposeful person, he enthusiastically delved into the development of new things down to the smallest detail. Therefore, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev entrusted such a complex and responsible area of ​​work to him, appointing him as his deputy for RKT testing.”

Undoubtedly, L. Voskresensky’s strong feature was his initiative in making bold decisions in extreme situations.

A.I. Ostashev, who worked under the direct supervision of Leonid Aleksandrovich from 1947 to 1965, said:

“The entire glorious chronicle of OKB-1 on space exploration was born with the active direct participation of L.A. Voskresensky, the main ideologist and head of test work.

He was distinguished by his sharp mind, unique speed and accuracy of reaction in emergency situations, subtle humor, great love of life, the ability to behave with dignity in any society. It is interesting that he was the only one among all the OKB-1 employees who communicated with S.P. Korolev on a first-name basis.

L. Voskresensky experienced a lot of extreme situations during missile testing. Here are just a few examples.

1953 At the Kapustin Yar State Center, two launches of the R-2 rocket, codenamed “Geranium” and “Generator”, are carried out with an experiment carried out by the Ministry of Defense - spraying radioactive liquid, enclosed in special containers in the head parts, over a given territory.

When preparing the first rocket, the launch team notices a muddy liquid flowing through the body from the “head” side and tries to leave the dangerous place. The shooter (L. Voskresensky) climbs onto the installer, smears the liquid with his finger and artistically, in front of everyone... tests the finger with his tongue. Having descended from the installer, he loudly addresses the starters: “Guys! Let's work! It’s nasty, but harmless.” He was sure that this experiment only simulated the process of spraying “radioactive rain”, and he was not mistaken. True, in the evening, after the launch, “to neutralize the body and eliminate the consequences of the experience,” I did drink a shot of alcohol.

Kapustin Yar again. The R-2 combat rocket is on the launch pad, the warhead is charged for the first time with a ton of TNT. Leonid Aleksandrovich, as the shooter, commands: “Ignition! Preliminary! Home! Climb!" The rocket, having taken off from the launch pad, suddenly falls a few seconds later. The fire at the start is a gigantic burst of flame. Korolev runs out of the bunker, grabbing a fire extinguisher along the way... “Sergei! Back! - Voskresensky shouts, catches up with him and drags him back.

Arriving fire trucks extinguished the fire. Fortunately, the warhead did not explode - according to the standard scheme, it was blocked and actuated by an electrical command to turn off the engine, but it was not present in this emergency situation. As for the accident, Leonid Aleksandrovich, while inspecting the crash site of the rocket, discovered a tank for sodium permanganate with an open fitting (it was not closed with a stopper), which serves to decompose hydrogen peroxide in the gas generator. The steam-gas mixture spins the turbopump unit to supply fuel components to the combustion chamber. With the tank open, the engine just managed to reach the operating mode and stopped.

After this incident, Voskresensky joked: “To prevent Sergei from running around at the launch with a fire extinguisher, you need to remove the launch from the bunker 20 kilometers, and control the launch of nuclear-charged missiles via a radio link.”

Military tester of the GCP and NIIP-5 V. Grafovsky recalls: “There was an incident at Kapustin Yar before the launch of the R-5 rocket. We were often let down by one of the oxygen filling units - a make-up device with a valve. Almost every time just before launch, when it was necessary to undock the tanker and move into shelter, this valve would jam, it would not close tightly, and liquid oxygen would pour onto the launch table. The iron began to crack. The situation is unpleasant. Leonid Aleksandrovich shouts: “Why are you standing there? Let's hammer!" They shoved a hammer at him and he started hitting the valve. It closed. Everyone ran for cover, and the rocket took off...”

April 9, 1961 Baikonur Cosmodrome. First launch of the R-9. At the end of high-speed refueling, the automatic launch was stopped at the command of the shooter to inspect the rocket. Through the periscope, L.A. Voskresensky noticed a small oxygen leak at the junction of the removable and fixed parts of the launch pad. I decided to inspect the nature of the leak on the spot, and took Boris Arkadyevich Dorofeev and Arkady Ilyich Ostashev with me. It was determined that the leak was very small. Voskresensky makes an extraordinary decision: he took the beret off his head, applied it to the leak site and... peed on it, offering to do the same to those accompanying him. The rags froze and the leak stopped...

On his first business trips to Baikonur (site 2), Leonid Aleksandrovich lived in a double compartment of a sleeping car. After the construction of four houses (three rooms in each), S.P. Korolev ordered as follows: house No. 1 - for Marshal M.I. Nedelin (reserve), No. 2 - for S.P. Korolev, V.P. Mishin and B E.Chertok in the room, No. 3 - V.P. Barmin, V.I. Kuznetsov and L.A. Voskresensky, No. 4 - N.A. Pilyugin, V.P. Glushko and M.S. Ryazansky. With this distribution, Korolev equated his deputies – Mishin, Chertok and Voskresensky – with the same privileges as the chief designers.

Being a man of the “old school,” Korolev obligated people to report to him at any time of the day about observations identified during tests of rockets and space objects at Baikonur. In the interests of normal rest for the Chief Designer, Leonid Aleksandrovich managed to break this order. All reports began to be held only in the morning, but not at night. It is noteworthy that among his loved ones S.P. Korolev affectionately called him “my Lenya.”

Against the background of such excellent relationships, there were sharp differences in the views of S. Korolev and L. Voskresensky on the development of block “A” of the first stage of the N-1 heavy superrocket (product 11A52) for man’s conquest of the Moon. Leonid Aleksandrovich insisted on the construction of a powerful stand for fire testing of the entire package in full and proposed to burn the assembled block “A” at this stand before the start of flight tests of the N-1. However, he did not receive support from either Korolev or Mishin. After the accident during the first launch of the N-1, after the death of Voskresensky and Korolev, the patriarch of Russian cosmonautics, Boris Evseevich Chertok, spoke as follows: “L. Voskresensky was right in insisting on the construction and testing of block “A” on the stand.”

At the end of 1960 - beginning of 1961. On the initiative of L.A. Voskresensky, a new direction was formed at MAI for the training of test engineers for the rocket and space industry: a special department 308 was created, which he continuously headed until the last day of his life.

Leonid Alexandrovich loved life and all the beautiful things that make it up. He drove the car himself, and in his spare time he could play cards and play tennis. In this sport he was qualified as a judge of the republican category. I was fond of alpine skiing, which requires not only good physical fitness, but also courage, dexterity, and decisive action. Loved music. The last time I attended a concert in the Tchaikovsky Hall was on December 14, 1965, just a day before his death. Friends and colleagues not only respected him as a talented technical specialist, but also loved him for his humanity, love of life, friendliness and cordiality.

Voskresensky passed away on December 16, 1965, at the age of 53, in the prime of his creative powers. The cause of death was a stroke... Less than a month later, his close friend, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, passed away. The chief designer managed to say goodbye to the chief tester and take care of his family.

In April 1967, when we were preparing the first manned Soyuz spacecraft at Baikonur, M.S. Ryazansky said: “I guess who we are all missing - Sergei and Leonid.” The first launch without Korolev and Voskresensky - and the first death of a cosmonaut in the new spacecraft...

Leonid Aleksandrovich Voskresensky(1913-1965) - Soviet rocketry test scientist, one of S.P. Korolev’s closest associates, professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences.

Biography

Born on June 14, 1913 in the city of Pavlovsky Posad in Russian Empire in the family of priest Alexander Georgievich Voskresensky; mother - Ekaterina Veniaminovna, nee Sokolova. After 1917, believing parents were subjected to persecution [what?] and from the age of nine, Leonid Voskresensky lived in the family of his older brother Georgy, an engineer at the Manometer plant.

From 1929 to 1936 he worked as an electrician, then as a brigade engineer at the Scientific and Technical Institute of the All-Union Association of Precision Industry (NTI VOTI) and studied by correspondence at the Moscow Energy Institute. After the 4th year, in 1936 he was drafted into the army.

In 1937-1943. worked as a senior engineer at the State Research Institute of Nitrogen of the People's Commissariat of Chemical Industry, then until 1947 - head of the electrical laboratory at Research Institute-3 and Research Institute-1. At this time, in 1945, he was sent to Germany, as part of a large group of specialists, which included S. P. Korolev, V. P. Glushko, V. P. Mishin, B. E. Chertok, N. A Pilyugin and others - to identify and remove factory and laboratory equipment and samples of German A-4 missiles. From March 1946, at the Nordhausen rocket institute, he was the head of the Vystrel group and the head of the testing department.

In April 1947, L. A. Voskresensky was appointed head of the control and measuring station at NII-88. From October 1951 to February 1954, he headed the design and testing department No. 19 (flight test station at the Kapustin Yar test site) of OKB-1.

In 1954-1963, L. A. Voskresensky was deputy chief designer of OKB-1 (chief designer - S. P. Korolev). He participated in the unique development and testing of domestic rocket artillery and rocket and space technology, supervised the launches of all types of missiles developed during this period at OKB-1, including the first intercontinental combat missiles 8K71(R-7), 8K74 (R-7A) and 8K75 (R-9, R-9A), capable of carrying a nuclear charge, as well as space launch vehicles 8K72 (Vostok) and 8K78 (Molniya).

On April 12, 1961, during the launch of the world's first cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin from the Baikonur Cosmodrome to spaceship“Vostok” L. A. Voskresensky was the backup of the “shooting” - lieutenant colonel missile forces A. S. Kirillova. He conducted observations at the second periscope in the control bunker, but did not issue commands.

Missiles based on the R-7 have been developed to such an extent high level reliability, which continues to serve to this day - on July 15, 2012, the Soyuz TMA-05M spacecraft launched to the ISS, the Vostok rocket was decommissioned after more than 30 years (the last launch was on August 29, 1991 with an Indian satellite on board), and The Molniya rocket served for almost 50 years (the last launch was from spacecraft The SPRN took place on September 30, 2010).

In April 1963, due to health reasons, he switched to teaching at the Moscow Aviation Institute, but until the end of his days he continued to collaborate with OKB-1 as a consultant, officially in the position of “acting scientific director of testing departments.”

In 1959 he was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences, in 1964 he was awarded the academic title of professor.

From 1961 to 1965 professor, head of department No. 308 of the Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI), initiator of the organization in 1961 of this department, which received the name “Department of Measuring and Testing Systems of Aircraft” when it was created, and trained several generations of test engineers of rocket and aviation technology.

Leonid Aleksandrovich Voskresensky died on December 16, 1965. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery (plot 6, row 27).

Family

Father - Alexander Georgievich Voskresensky (1875-1950), from 1898 a priest of the St. Nicholas Church in the city of Pavlovsky Posad, and from 1923 of the Moscow Church of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kozhevniki, from 1930 to 1950. Archpriest of the Moscow Church of St. John the Warrior. Mother - Ekaterina Veniaminovna Sokolova (1880-1956).

Born on July 14, 1913 in the city Pavlovsky Posad, Moscow province
in the family of a priest.

His father and mother being "ministers of religious worship", after 1917 they were persecuted.

Until he was nine years old he lived with his parents , and then in Moscow - dependent on his older brotherGeorge, plant engineer"Manometer". This little trick opened Leonid way to the future:
« the son lives separately from his father and is excommunicated from religious influence».

In April 1929 Leonid started his labor activityelectrician at the Moscow plant"Red Torch".
Without separation from production he completed three courses at Moscow Energy Institute(1932–1936 ).
Then - service private in 106th Special Engineer Battalion of the Red Army(in 1936–1937 ),
work in position engineer in State Research Institute of Nitrogen of the People's Commissariat Chemical industry USSR(in 1937–1943), NII-3 of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry of the USSR(in 1943–1944, Head of laboratory) and NII-1 NKAP
(in 1944–1947, Head of laboratory), improvement of knowledge,
gaining experience...

IN September 1944 on captured German artillery range were found in Dębica wreckage of a new secret weapon – rockets "V-2" .
The “fragments” were delivered to Moscow in NII-1where he worked at that time L.A. Voskresensky .
For further study of rocket weaponsdirectly to Germany was formedinterdepartmental special commission, which includedS.P. Korolev , L.A. Voskresensky , V.P. Mishin , B.E. Chertok , ON THE. Pilyugin , A.M. Isaev , IN AND. Kuznetsov , M.S. Ryazansky , V.P. Glushko and etc .

V.P. Mishin remembered:

In Germany the first meeting took placeS.P. Queen And L.A. Voskresensky ,
who after education in March 1946 Institute "Nordhausen"
(under the leadership of Lieutenant GeneralL.M. Gaidukova ) became the group leader"Shot" and Head of Testing Department.

Having received necessary information By rocket from various sources, having carried out horizontal tests of ten "V-2" (series A4-H), having prepared ten sets of knots and details for rocket assembly A4-T series on pilot plant NII-88 , Soviet specialists,
incl. And Voskresensky , at the beginning of 1947 they returned to their homeland.
On the base "V-2" had to be created domestic industry for the production, assembly, testing and launch of missiles.

In April 1947 Voskresensky transferred from NII-1 to NII-88 - he forever becomesrocket and space technology testercreated by the teamS.P. Queen .

In structure OKB-1 Head design and testing department № 19 , which since October 1951
until February 1954 he headed Leonid Alexandrovich , functioned 15 years
(from 1951 to 1966 ), until its disbandment in 1966 during the reorganization OKB-1
V TsKBEM.

From February 1954 to April 29, 1963 L.A. Voskresensky have worked Deputy Chief Designer OKB-1 according to flight missile testing And space objects(was relieved of duty at his personal request, for health reasons), and with October 29, 1963 By December 16, 1965– scientific director of the test "bush" OKB-1 .

Working with Korolev , Voskresensky all the time was in the most critical areas of testing new equipment samples, showed extraordinary abilities of a scientist, designer and tester, repeatedly, efficiently and in deadlines spent complex experimental and technical tests of all types of products.

In 1958 L.A. Voskresensky defended Doctoral dissertation.

IN late 1960 – early 1961 on the initiative Leonid Alexandrovich
V MAI was a new direction has been formed on preparation test engineers for the rocket and space industry: special department 308 was created , which he constantlyled until the last day of his life.

Leonid Alexandrovich loved life and everything is beautiful what makes it up.
I drove the car myself, free minutecould play cards, play tennis .
In this sport he had qualifications judges of the republican category .
Was fond of skiing , which require not only good physical fitness,
but also courage, dexterity, decisive action. Loved music . Last time I was at a concert in Hall named after P.I. Tchaikovsky December 14, 1965 , just a day before his death.

Friends and colleagues not only did they respect him talented technical specialist,
but they also loved for their humanity, love of life, friendliness and cordiality.
Nagrady:
Behind “preparation and successful launch of the First
in the World of Artificial Earth Satellitein 1957
Leonid Alexandrovich Voskresenskywas awarded the title Hero of Socialist Laborwith the presentation of the order Lenin
and Gold Medal"Hammer and sickle" .

He is a Cavalier two Orders of Lenin and the Order of the Red Star.