Presentation "Religious wars and the strengthening of the absolute monarchy in France." Lesson summary: religious wars and the strengthening of the absolute monarchy in France Outline: religious wars, good king

Religious wars and strengthening absolute monarchy in France

Prepared by history and social studies teacher

Tsitskiev V.Kh.

Today in class:

- characterize the features of religious

life in France in the second half

XVI century;

• Let's find out how the enhancement happened

absolutism in France

- we will learn to work with

historical source

Plan:

1. One king, but two faiths.

2. First blood.

3. The path of trouble.

4. "Bloody Wedding"

5. "The King Who Saved France."

6. "Good King"

7. Cardinal Richelieu.

Basic concepts:

• Edict-this is the view law- namely, decree, published monarch or dad and introducing a significant legal norm.
• Huguenot - title with 16th century French Protestants (Calvinists).
• Mass-basic liturgical service in Catholic Church .

France in the 16th century:

Spreading

Calvinism

Split of France

Huguenots

(Southern France

Bourgeois, peasants)

Catholics

(kings of the Valois dynasty, North)

Activities of the Huguenots:

• 1) initially gathered secretly for meetings
• 2) then moved on to an active struggle against the pope and bishops.
• 3) received literature from Calvin, created their own printing houses and printed leaflets outlining Luther and Calvin

Beginning of the religious war:

Religious wars began in France in 1562 year, when the Duke of Lorraine Henry of Guise, passing by the town of Vasy, attacked the Huguenots going to religious services

Duke Henry of Guise

First blood.

A powerful and cunning intriguer. She ruled the country since her son, Charles IX, was a minor. Her intrigues and cunning were aimed at strengthening royal power and maintaining the unity of the country.

Catherine de' Medici

First blood.

Years of reign from 1560-1574. The problems facing France did not interest him.

Charles IX- king of france

The path of trouble.

Catholics:

Huguenots:

- created their own

fraternities

- were less cruel

• arranged

• ruined

numerous

processions

Catholic churches:

smashed statues

saints

and icons

- the priests were not spared

and monks

• killed the Huguenots

without considering it a sin.

• no women were spared

no children

"Bloody Wedding".

1572 - wedding of Henry of Navarre and sister Charles IX Margaritas

"Bloody Wedding".

He was the leader of the Huguenots along with King Henry of Navarre. As a result of the assassination attempt, he was wounded by a shot from around the corner, but survived. Then he was killed, the corpse was dragged through the streets, and then hanged.

Admiral Coligny

"The King Who Saved France"

Henry of Navarre

"Good King"

« Paris is worth a mass »

Henry IV - King of France

1598 – Edict of Nantes: permission to practice Protestantism

Henry IV –

good, glorious king

"Good King"

1) under him, France ended the war with Spain

2) reduced the direct tax on peasants

4) patronized the development of trade and manufacturing

5) under him many royal manufactories were opened

6) participated himself in the creation of merchant companies

7) the life of the people has improved

8) managed to overcome the devastation caused by the religious war

Cardinal Richelieu.

"My first goal was the greatness of the king, my second goal was the power of the state"

Homework:

Paragraph 14, answer the questions at the end of the paragraph. Repeat terms.

In 1598, the Edict of Nantes was issued in France, and until 1685 religious tolerance triumphed in the country. The edict proclaimed: “In order not to give any cause for unrest and strife among our subjects, we have allowed and allow those who profess the so-called reformed religion to live and inhabit all the cities and places of our kingdom ... without persecution, oppression and coercion...” The path to the Edict of Nantes was several decades long.

One king, but two faiths.

At the end of the 15th century, when the unification of France was completed, it became the largest state in Europe in terms of population. The country had a population of 15 million.

At the beginning of the 16th century. Protestantism began to spread in France. French translations of the Gospel appeared in the country, prayers began to be heard in churches. native language. Who sympathized with Protestantism?

In France there were representatives of the ancient nobility, dissatisfied with the strengthening of royal power, who recalled the times of their independence. The courtiers who served as nobles held the same views. Many nobles, impoverished as a result of the price revolution, following the example of Germany, would not be averse to taking over the wealth of the church.

The townspeople groaned under the weight of taxes, because France waged ruinous wars with Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and the Spanish king. And who paid the lion's share of taxes?

Many independent-minded citizens of Southern France, the first entrepreneurs, became Huguenots (as Calvinists were called in France). There were also Protestants among the peasants, dissatisfied with seigneurial and church taxes.

As a result, by the end of the first quarter of the 16th century. France found itself split into two hostile camps - Catholics and Protestants. The Catholics were supported by the French kings of the Valois dynasty, alarmed that a split in the church would threaten the unity of the state.

If the North and the royal house remained on the side of the Catholic Church, then Southern France became Protestant.

The Huguenots were active. They considered it their duty to convert everyone to the “true” faith. At first, the Huguenots simply gathered for secret meetings, sang religious hymns, and prayed. Then they moved on to an active struggle against the Pope and his bishops. Although the first Huguenot communities in the cities were small and fragmented, they took up the cause with zeal. They themselves created secret printing houses, where they printed leaflets outlining the teachings of Luther and Calvin, which were distributed throughout the country. In 1534, such leaflets were even discovered in the king’s private chambers in the Louvre. The Huguenots sent their priests - pastors - throughout the country.

This is how the Reformation entered France.

First blood.

At that time there was no strong royal power in France. The last representatives of the Valois dynasty succeeded each other on the throne, but there was not among them a person with a statesmanlike mind. A relative of the kings, the all-powerful Duke Francois of Guise, the leader of the Catholics, in March 1562, traveled with his retinue through the town of Vassy, ​​where at that time a divine service was being held among the local Huguenots. Hearing the singing of Protestant hymns, Giza's retinue tried to disperse the "heretics", but met resistance. Then the duke's retinue attacked civilians with weapons in their hands. More than 20 people were killed and about 100 wounded. In Paris, Guise was greeted as a hero. The incident in Vassy became the reason for the start of the religious wars, which lasted more than 30 years (1562-1598). In this struggle, the Huguenots received help from England and the Protestant princes of Germany, and Catholics from Spain.

If we compare legal status Catholics and Huguenots, then the latter were the powerless party. Since the 20s. XVI century they were subjected to severe persecution. Back in 1523, a Protestant preacher was burned for the first time. On the side of the Catholics were the king, Paris and the bulk of the country's population (many commoners did not trust the Huguenots, since there were many nobles among the latter).

From 1560 to 1574, France was ruled by a king from the Valois dynasty, Charles IX. The problems facing France did not interest him. During his years early childhood The country was ruled by the Queen Mother Catherine de Medici - a powerful, cunning intriguer. But her intrigues and tricks were most often aimed at strengthening royal power and preserving the unity of the country.

The path of trouble.

Religious wars pushed the country down the path of disaster. Catholics created their own brotherhoods, organized numerous processions, and killed the Huguenots. They spared neither women nor children. The property of the Huguenots was burned. All this was not considered a sin - after all, the Huguenots were heretics, therefore, they had to be destroyed.

The Huguenots were not so cruel. Usually in captured cities they destroyed Catholic churches: they destroyed statues of saints and icons. There was no mercy from them for priests and monks. Women and children were most often left untouched by the Huguenots.

During the religious wars, Protestants forced the royal authorities to make concessions. In 1570, peace was concluded in Saint-Germain and the king signed an edict of reconciliation. Protestant worship was allowed everywhere. The Huguenots received the right, along with Catholics, to hold government positions; they owned four fortresses, including the port of La Rochelle. But the peace did not last long.

"Bloody Wedding"

England, Spain, and Dutch Protestants intervened in the internecine wars in France. German soldiers, Italian and Swiss mercenaries.

The leaders of the Huguenots were Admiral Coligny and King Henry of Bourbon of Navarre. Charles IX, in order to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots, decided to marry his sister Margaret to Henry. The wedding took place on August 18, 1572. On this occasion, the leaders of the Huguenots with their retinues gathered in Paris, their number reached 20 thousand people. Catholic leaders did not want to allow the Huguenots to gain influence. They decided to take advantage of the fact that all the Protestant leaders had gathered in Paris and destroy them.

First, an attempt was made on Admiral Coligny. He was wounded by a shot from around the corner, but survived. Catherine de Medici was afraid of the revenge of the Huguenots and decided to strike, especially since the Parisian population was on her side. The weak-willed Charles IX was convinced of the need to destroy these “eternal rebels.”

Rice. Paris. Louvre

On the night before the feast of St. Bartholomew (August 24), the city militia of Paris began beating the Huguenots. The houses where the Huguenots were located were secretly marked with crosses. In the Abbey of Saint-Germain, the bell rang - it was a call for violence. Crowds of “good Catholics,” directed by Duke Henry of Guise, broke into the houses of the Huguenots. Many were caught in their beds, the poor people did not suspect anything. Houses were robbed and Huguenots were killed. Neither women nor babies were spared. Admiral Coligny was killed and his corpse was dragged through the streets and then hanged on the gallows. King Charles IX himself, standing at the palace window, shot at the unfortunate people from an arquebus.

The massacre lasted 3 days. There was no salvation anywhere. The carnage then spread to the provinces. In total, up to 30 thousand people were killed.

Henry Bourbon was saved only because he converted to the Catholic faith. After these events, Protestantism was banned in France.

In Madrid and Rome, the news of St. Bartholomew's Night was greeted with great joy and solemnly celebrated. Pope Gregory XIII ordered a medal to be made with his portrait on one side and with the image of an angel holding a cross in his hand and slaying the Huguenots on the other. The Spanish King Philip II congratulated Charles IX and Catherine de Medici, and forced his subjects to sing the Catholic hymn “Te Deum” (Latin: Te Deum Laudamus - We praise You, God) in churches.

The Edict of Saint-Germain was destroyed.

The wars continued. Now the residents of La Rochelle and other cities raised an uprising, and the Huguenot nobles joined them.

The religious wars were a huge disaster for France, fanaticism and intolerance led to the death of tens of thousands of French people. Their victims will be the last king of the Valois dynasty, Henry III, and the leader of the Catholics, the Duke of Guise.

"The King Who Saved France"

After the death of Charles IX, the French crown passed to the youngest of the brothers, Henry.

Henry III ruled the country for 15 years (1574-1589) and sought to achieve unity in the state. However, his indecision and weakness of character made this impossible. In the summer of 1589, the monk Jacques Clement mortally wounded the king. After being stabbed, Henry III lived for a few more hours and managed to bless Henry of Navarre to rule France, but at the same time noted that Paris would not accept the Huguenot.

Henry of Navarre, a cautious and cunning politician who became the French king Henry IV (1594-1610), also understood that the country would not accept a Protestant king. “Paris is worth a mass,” he said, having converted to the Catholic faith for the second time. On February 27, 1594, Henry was crowned at Chartres Cathedral, and on March 22, Paris opened its gates to the king.

Henry IV used all his strength, influence, and abilities to achieve a compromise between Catholics and Huguenots. He did not persecute Catholic nobles; on the contrary, he showered them with favors. To end religious wars and achieve the unity of the country, the king in 1598 issued the Edict of Nantes, a document regulating the political and religious rights of the Huguenots. And although the Catholic religion was declared the state religion, religious tolerance was proclaimed in the country.

Henry IV was the first king in modern times who placed the task of creating a strong united state above issues of religion.

"Good King"

Henry IV remained in the memory of the French as a “good”, “glorious” king. What did he do to deserve such a rating?

Under him, France ended the war with Spain, he reduced the direct tax (tag) from the peasants. The king understood that, having poor subjects, the country would not be able to create a strong army. He forbade arresting peasants for debts and taking away their livestock. Henry IV patronized the development of industry and trade. Under him, many royal manufactories were opened. Like Elizabeth of England, he participated in the creation of merchant companies. They said that the king promised the poor peasants that each of them would have chicken boiled in a pot for lunch on Sundays. This promise was not fulfilled, but the religious wars and wars with Spain ended, taxes decreased somewhat, and the people began to live better. Henry IV managed to overcome the devastation caused by the religious wars. So he remained in the memory of the people as a “good king.”

Rice. Paris at the beginning of the 17th century.

During the reign of Henry IV, more than twenty attempts were made on his life. Zealous Catholics and Jesuits did not calm down. In 1610, the king was killed by the dagger of the Catholic fanatic Francois Ravaillac. After his death, the fame of Henry IV increased even more, legends were made about him, and he was glorified by both Catholics and Huguenots. The king became the guarantor of internal peace.

"My first goal was the greatness of the king,
my second goal was the power of the state."

After the death of Henry IV, the nobility made an attempt to weaken royal power. The crown passed to the young son of Henry IV, Louis XIII, on whose behalf his mother Maria de Medici first ruled. Her will was not enough to resist the nobility, who demanded lucrative positions and pensions from her. The treasury was empty, the country was on the verge of disaster.

In such a situation, Cardinal Richelieu became the king's first minister in 1624. He embarked on the path of reforms, the essence of which he expressed as follows: “My first goal was the greatness of the king, my second goal was the power of the state.”

The first minister set the task of destroying the Huguenot state inside France. The royal army captured La Rochelle. The Huguenots were robbed of their fortresses, cities, and castles. But Richelieu did not touch upon religious freedom. The Edict of Nantes remained in force.

Richelieu severely punished aristocrats and removed officials if they showed self-will. He banned duels between nobles - blood must be shed for the king. Local power was transferred to officials - intendants. They were appointed by the government and were subordinate to it. To replenish the treasury, Richelieu encouraged the development of industry, trade, and shipping. Under him, France was drawn into the Thirty Years' War. French army becomes the strongest in Europe, as evidenced by its victories and the annexation of small territories in Alsace and Lorraine to France.

The Duke de Richelieu held the politics of France in his hands for 18 years (until 1642) and created political system absolutism, which existed for 150 years (until the Great French Revolution).

Richelieu continued Henry IV's course of strengthening and unifying the country; under him there was no religious persecution. He is credited with the words: “Both Huguenots and Catholics were equally French in my eyes.”

But, as often happens, in France they did not like the man who returned her power. And Richelieu was devoted to his country; before his death he said: “I had no other enemies except the enemies of the state.”

Rice. Cardinal Richelieu

Test yourself

1. Who and why sympathized with Protestantism in France? Who spoke for the Catholic Church?
2. How did the Huguenots act?
3. Name the reasons for the religious wars in France.
4. Think about what caused the events of St. Bartholomew's Night. Who is responsible for these actions?
5. Using the material from the paragraph and the document, tell us how Henry IV achieved reconciliation between Catholics and Huguenots. Determine the meaning of the Edict of Nantes.
6. Highlight and write down in your notebook the activities of Henry IV that ensured the success of his reign.

Think

1. Prove that the religious wars brought disaster to France and the French people.
2. Compare the activities of Elizabeth Tudor in England and Henry IV in France.
3. How do you understand the words of Cardinal Richelieu: “My first goal was the greatness of the king, my second goal was the power of the state”?
4. Assess the activities of Cardinal Richelieu. In what literary works is it described? If you read these works, remember how you assessed the actions of the cardinal. Has your assessment changed now?

Additional materials

Edict of Nantes (fragment)

Henry, by the grace of God, King of France and Navarre, greetings to all present and present to appear. By this eternal and irrevocable edict we have declared and commanded the following:

VI. In order not to give any cause for unrest and strife among our subjects, we have allowed and allow those who profess the so-called reformed religion to live and dwell in all the cities and places of our kingdom and the regions subject to us without persecution, oppression and coercion to do anything in the matter of religion, contrary to their conscience...

IX. We also permit all who adhere to the said religion to continue to practice it in all cities and places subject to us where it was introduced... notwithstanding all decrees and court decisions contrary to it...

XXII. We command that there be no difference in regard to the said religion in the admission of students to universities, colleges and schools, and of the sick and poor to hospitals and public charity institutions...

XXVII. ...We declare that all who profess or will profess the so-called reformed religion have the right to hold and exercise all public offices - royal, seigneurial or city - in our kingdom and the provinces subject to us ... and may be accepted and admitted to us without distinction...

Given at Nantes, in April 1598.

• Highlight the provisions that give Huguenots equal rights with Catholics.

Richelieu. Political testament (fragment)

When You, Your Majesty, decided to give me both access to Your councils and to place significant trust in the conduct of Your affairs, then I can certify that the Huguenots shared the state with Your Majesty, that the nobles behaved as if they were not your subjects Majesties, and the most powerful provincial governors behaved as if they were sovereigns in their positions... I can say that each measured his merit by his insolence...

I can also say that foreign alliances were neglected; private interests were preferred to state ones; in a word, Your Majesty's dignity was so humiliated and so different from what it should have been, through the fault of those who then had the main management of Your affairs, that it was almost impossible to recognize him...

I promised Your Majesty all my art and all the authority that You were pleased to give me. to crush the Huguenot party, break the arrogance of the nobles, bring all subjects to the fulfillment of their duties and raise your name among foreign nations to the level at which it should be...

All politicians agree that if the people were too prosperous, they could not be kept within the bounds of their duties. They are based on the fact that, having less knowledge than other classes of the state... the people would hardly remain faithful to order... if they were not to some extent restrained by need.

Reason does not allow them to be freed from any burdens, because, in such a case, losing the sign of their subordination, the people would forget about their fate and, being freed from taxes, would imagine that they are also free from obedience. He should be compared to a mule, which, having become accustomed to heaviness, deteriorates more from prolonged rest than from work...

I say that the nobility should be considered as one of the main nerves of the state, which can greatly contribute to its preservation and strengthening...

Although nobles deserve to be treated well when they do well, one must be strict with them if they neglect what their birth obliges them to do. I say without any hesitation that those who, falling behind the valor of their ancestors, shrink from serving the crown with sword and life... deserve to be deprived of the benefits of their birth and forced to bear part of the burden of the people.

Due to the fact that it should be an honor for them more valuable than life, they should be punished by deprivation of the former rather than the latter.

• Assess the significance of Richelieu’s activities for France in the seventeenth century.

Let's sum it up

In the XV-XVI centuries. Great things were made geographical discoveries, Europeans entered the World Ocean. Old ideas about the world were replaced by more reliable knowledge. The assumptions of scientists and travelers about the sphericity of the Earth were confirmed. Great geographical discoveries strengthened man's faith in his own abilities, opened up new opportunities and prospects for him; they broke the isolation of two worlds and brought two societies closer together - the emerging industrial and the traditional.

Trade routes changed their direction, and the “Atlantic” era of the European economy began. Business activity has picked up.

Great geographical discoveries laid the foundation for the creation of the first colonial empires.

Absolutist states are emerging that have national borders, one dominant religion (the religion of the monarch), and one indigenous nationality. Absolutism within the borders of states was able to restrain destructive wars of “all against all.”

The emergence of nation states coincides with the development of capitalism. Revival in the 16th-17th centuries. V European countries internal trade, the creation of international trading companies, banks and exchanges, the growth of cities - all this testified to success in the development of a market economy.

The entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the economy. The emergence of a capitalist economy based on private property, free market relations and the use of hired labor. The traditional economic structure is gradually being destroyed, and manufacturing is developing along with handicraft production.

The entrepreneurial spirit is also transforming society. The number and wealth of capitalist entrepreneurs is increasing. A significant part of the urban population works for hire - they are hired workers.

In the countryside, although more slowly, big changes are also taking place: the peasants for the most part have become personally free, and among them there is a process of property stratification. Along with the nobility, farming in the old fashioned way, with traditional methods, new nobles have already appeared, connected with the market, using the labor of farm laborers - these are rural entrepreneurs.

The 16th-17th centuries are a time when knowledge about man, nature and society grows very quickly, compared to the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, a great turn towards man took place, interest in earthly life grew, and a desire arose to show the uniqueness and uniqueness of each person. The teaching of humanists affirmed the recognition in man of the unity of the bodily and spiritual principles, a joyful perception of life, taught an active attitude towards the world instead of passive contemplation. A critical attitude to reality and curiosity contributed to the birth of a new science. On this basis, new ideas about the Universe are formed, new philosophical methods for studying nature are born - a combination of theory (reason) and practice (experience).

Began in the 16th century. The Reformation ended the unity of the Catholic Church. “Only faith makes a person righteous,” say the founders of the Reformation. They believe that the only source of faith is the Holy Scripture and each believer can interpret it for himself. Supporters of the Reformation oppose the supremacy of the Pope. Calvin's doctrine of Divine predestination gives rise to a new morality that promotes success in work. Europe split into two camps - Catholic and Protestant.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. In European countries, in the depths of traditional society, the features of modern society are emerging.

Questions and assignments for Chapter I

1. What are the main results of the New Age in the 16th-17th centuries?
2. Think about why exactly at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. Great geographical discoveries became possible.
3. What new features in the economic life of society allow us to speak about the emergence of a capitalist economy?
4. Why do you think the figures of the new culture are called humanists, and the time when the new culture arose and developed is called the Renaissance?
5. What phenomenon in the life of society was called “Reformation”? How did the Reformation affect the spiritual, political and economic life of society?
6. Discuss with your classmates: can the early modern era be considered the time of the decomposition of traditional society and the emergence of modern society? Support your point of view with facts.

Creative works and projects

Group creative project"Fashionable Europe (XVI-XVII centuries)". Using additional literature and Internet resources, collect information about how people of different social groups dressed and looked in European countries. Provide your models with descriptions and complete the project.

Information project “Titans of the Renaissance”. Using additional literature and Internet resources, collect information about outstanding figures of the Renaissance, their life paths, the characteristics of their work, and your favorite works. Hold a conference in class where you present the results of your activities.

Research project "Reformation - a revolution in the sphere of consciousness." Scientists believe that a revolution is a fundamental change in the life of society or in certain areas of society. Analyze the ideas of prominent figures of the Reformation. Systematize information about the changes that took place in the life of the church and in society under the influence of the Reformation. Conclude why scientists call the Reformation a revolution.

The material was developed by A.V. Antonenkova, a history teacher at the Budinskaya secondary school in the Tver region.

Slide 2

Today in class:

Let us characterize the features of religious life in France in the second half of the 16th century;

Let's find out how absolutism strengthened in France

We will learn to work with a historical source

Slide 3

Test yourself:

• B B B B B
• V N N N N
• B B B B B
• V N N N N
• B B B B B