Motives of human activity.

Unified State Exam 2018 Social Studies Task 20

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“Motive _______ (A) is what motivates it, for the sake of which it is carried out. The stimulant is usually a specific ________ (B), which is satisfied in the course and with the help of the activity. This is a certain form of communication between living organisms and the outside world, necessary for the existence of _______ (B), a social group, and society as a whole.

_______(D) needs are caused by the biological nature of man. These are the needs of people for everything that is necessary for their existence, development and reproduction. _______(D) needs are related to the fact that a person belongs to society, occupies a certain place in it, participates in work activities and communication with other people. _______(E) needs are associated with a person’s knowledge of the world around him, his place in it and the meaning of his existence. Each of the needs groups corresponds a certain type activities."

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

The form below shows the letters representing the missing words. Choose the correct word next to each letter.

Demo Unified State Exam option 2017, 2018 – task No. 20.

“The motive _________ (A) is what motivates it, for the sake of which it is carried out. The stimulus is usually a specific _________(B), which is satisfied in the course and with the help of the activity. This is a certain form of communication between living organisms and the outside world, necessary for the existence of _________(B), a social group, and society as a whole.
_________(D) needs are caused by the biological nature of man. These are the needs of people for everything that is necessary for their existence, development and reproduction. _________(D) needs are related to the fact that a person belongs to society, occupies a certain place in it, participates in work activities and communication with other people. _________(E) needs are associated with a person’s knowledge of the world around him, his place in it and the meaning of his existence. Each of the needs groups corresponds to a specific type of activity.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) need
2) activity
3) nature
4) social
5) natural
6) genuine (reasonable)
7) individuality
8) individual
9) ideal (spiritual)

A	B	IN	G	D	E

Unified State Examination in social studies task 20 Insert terms and concepts according to the context Preparation for the Unified State Examination in social studies Options for the Unified State Examination in social studies Video lessons Analysis of the Unified State Examination in social studies Useful tips, proven methods, tips and technologies

Solution:

Answer: 218549

Early version of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2017 – task No. 20.

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.
Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is _________(A). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: _________ (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people _________ (B), learns and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition during assimilation and reproduction social experience at the same time it is a process of _________(D).
Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social connections, a person’s relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized by _________(D) to develop, expand the scope
its activities and is open to all influences of social life, to all experience. This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, and bears _________ (E) for his choice.”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once.
Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:
1) activity
2) intellectual
3) duty
4) everyday
5) responsibility
6) socialization
7) personality
8) desire
9) communication

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

A	B	IN	G	D	E

Human activity has the following Main characteristics: 1) motive; 2) goal; 3) subject; 4) structure; 5) funds.

Motive An activity is what motivates a person to perform it. The motive is usually specific need, which is satisfied in the course and with the help of this activity. The subject's activity is always associated with some need. Being an expression of the subject's need for something, the need causes his search activity, in which the plasticity of activity, the connection of activity with the properties of objects that exist independently of it, are manifested. This, in turn, presupposes the determination of human activity by the external world and the objectification of needs, turning it into a specific motive for activity. Subsequently, the subject’s activity is no longer directed by the object itself, but by its image. Thus, the perceived need becomes motive for behavior.

As a goal activity is an ideal representation of its (activity) future result, which determines the nature and methods of human action. The result of an activity can be a real physical object, man-made, certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the course of activity, creative result.

The goal is not introduced into individual activity from the outside, but is formed by the individual himself.

This process inevitably includes the experience accumulated by humanity, which a given individual assimilates in the process of training and education. Usually, in the process of activity, a person has not one, but a whole system of goals subordinate to each other.

The concepts of motive and purpose play an important place in the psychological analysis of activity. Unmotivated activity, as well as unfocused activity, simply cannot exist. Motive and goal form a kind of vector of activity that determines its direction, as well as the amount of effort developed by the subject during its implementation. This vector organizes the entire system of mental processes and states that are formed and unfold in the course of activity.

It is important to emphasize that based on the same motive, different goals. If a motive encourages activity, then the goal “constructs” a specific activity, determining its characteristics and dynamics. Motive refers to the need that motivates activity, goal refers to the object at which the activity is directed and which must be transformed into a product during its implementation.

Subject of activity is called what is directly dealt with. So, for example, the subject cognitive activity is all kinds of information, the subject of labor activity is the created material product.

The means of carrying out activities for a person are those tools that he uses when performing certain actions or operations.

Activity- This is an actively transformative form of human interaction with the world.

Human activity has the following Main characteristics: motive, purpose, subject, and structure.

Motive activity is called what motivates it, for the sake of which it is carried out. The motive is usually a specific need that is satisfied in the course and with the help of this activity. The motives of human activity can be very different: organic, functional, material, social, spiritual. Organic motives are aimed at satisfying the natural needs of the body (in humans, at creating conditions that are most conducive to this). Such motives are associated with growth, self-preservation and development of the organism. This is the production of food, housing, clothing, etc. Functional motives are satisfied through various cultural forms of activity, such as games and sports. Material motives encourage a person to engage in activities aimed at creating household items, various things and tools, directly in the form of products that serve natural needs. Social motives give rise to various types of activities aimed at taking a certain place in society, gaining recognition and respect from those around them. Spiritual motives underlie those activities that are associated with human self-improvement. The type of activity is usually determined by its dominant motive (dominant because all human activity is polymotivated, that is, motivated by several different motives).

As goals activity is its product. It can represent a real physical object created by a person, certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the course of activity, a creative result (thought, idea, theory, work of art).

The purpose of an activity is not equivalent to its motive, although sometimes the motive and purpose of an activity may coincide with each other. Different activities that have the same goal (end result) can be stimulated and supported by different motives. On the contrary, at the heart of a number of activities with different ultimate goals the same motives may lie. For example, reading a book for a person can act as a means of satisfying material (demonstrate knowledge and get a well-paid job for this), social (show off knowledge in a circle significant people, achieve their favor), spiritual (broaden your horizons, rise to a higher level of moral development) needs. Such different types activities such as purchasing fashionable, prestigious things, reading literature, taking care of appearance, developing the ability to behave, can ultimately pursue the same goal: to achieve someone’s favor at all costs.

Subject activity is called what it directly deals with. So, for example, the subject of cognitive activity is all kinds of information, the subject educational activities– knowledge, skills and abilities, the subject of work activity is the created material product.

Every activity has a certain structure. It usually identifies actions and operations as the main components of activity.

Action refers to a part of an activity that has a completely independent, human-conscious goal. For example, an action included in the structure of cognitive activity can be called receiving a book, reading it; actions included in labor activity can be considered familiarization with the task, searching for the necessary tools and materials, developing a project, technology for manufacturing the item, etc.; Actions associated with creativity are the formulation of a plan and its phased implementation in the product of creative work.

Operation name the method of carrying out an action. How much in various ways performing an action, so many different operations can be distinguished. The nature of the operation depends on the conditions for performing the action, on the skills and abilities a person has, on the available tools and means of carrying out the action. Different people, for example, remember information and write differently. This means that they carry out the action of writing text or memorizing material using various operations. A person’s preferred operations characterize his individual style of activity.

The motivation of activity during its development does not remain unchanged. So, for example, over time, other motives for work or creative activity may appear, and the previous ones fade into the background. Sometimes an action that was previously included in an activity can stand out from it and acquire an independent status, turning into an activity with its own motive. In this case, we note the fact of the birth of a new activity.

With age, as a person develops, the motivation for his activities changes. If a person changes as a person, then the motives of his activities are transformed. The progressive development of man is characterized by the movement of motives towards their increasing spiritualization (from organic to material, from material to social, from social to creative, from creative to moral).

Every human activity has external and internal components. Internal include anatomical and physiological structures and processes involved in the control of activities by the central nervous system, as well as psychological processes and states included in the regulation of activity. External components include various movements associated with the practical implementation of activities.

The ratio of internal and external components of activity is not constant. As activities develop and transform, a systematic transition of external components into internal ones takes place. He is accompanied by them interiorization and automation. If any difficulties arise in activity, during its restoration associated with disturbances of internal components, a reverse transition occurs - exteriorization: reduced, automated components of activity unfold, appear externally, internal ones again become external, consciously controlled.

Main activities.

Communication- the first type of activity that arises in the process of individual development of a person, followed by play, learning and work. All these types of activities are developmental in nature, i.e. When a child is included and actively participates in them, his intellectual and personal development occurs. Communication is considered as a type of activity aimed at the exchange of information between communicating people. It also pursues the goals of establishing mutual understanding, good personal and business relationships, providing mutual assistance and the educational influence of people on each other. Communication can be direct, mediated, verbal or non-verbal. In direct communication, people are in direct contact with each other, know and see each other, directly exchange verbal or nonverbal information, without using any auxiliary means. With mediated communication there are no direct contacts between people. They exchange information either through other people, or through means of recording and reproducing information (books, newspapers, radio, television, telephone, fax, etc.).

A game - This is a type of activity that does not result in the production of any material or ideal product (with the exception of business and design games of adults and children). Games are often of an entertainment nature and serve the purpose of relaxation. Sometimes games serve as a means of symbolic release of tensions that have arisen under the influence of the actual needs of a person, which he is unable to weaken in any other way.

Teaching acts as a type of activity, the purpose of which is to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities by a person. Teaching can be organized and carried out in special educational institutions. It can be unorganized and occur along the way, in other activities as a by-product, additional result. In adults, learning can take on the character of self-education. The peculiarities of educational activity are that it directly serves as a means of psychological development of the individual.

A special place in the system of human activity is occupied by work. It was thanks to labor that man built modern society, created objects of material and spiritual culture, transformed the conditions of his life in such a way that he opened up prospects for further, almost unlimited development. Labor is primarily associated with the creation and improvement of tools

Development of activities.

When they talk about the development of human activity, they mean the following aspects:

1. Phylogenetic development of the human activity system.

2. Inclusion of a person in various types of activities in the process of his individual development (ontogenesis).

3. Changes occurring within individual activities as they develop.

4. Differentiation of activities, in the process of which others are born from some activities due to the isolation and transformation of individual actions into independent types of activity.

In the process of development of activity, its internal transformations occur. Firstly, the activity is enriched with new subject content. Its object and, accordingly, the means of satisfying the needs associated with it become new objects of material and spiritual culture. Secondly, activities have new means of implementation that speed up their progress and improve results. For example, learning a new language expands the possibilities for recording and reproducing information; familiarity with higher mathematics improves the ability to perform quantitative calculations. Thirdly, in the process of development of activity, automation of individual operations and other components of activity occurs, they turn into skills and abilities. Finally, fourthly, as a result of the development of activity, new types of activity can be separated from it, isolated and further independently developed. This mechanism for the development of activity was described by A.N. Leontiev and was called shifting the motive to the goal. The action of this mechanism seems to be as follows. A certain fragment of activity - an action - may initially have a goal recognized by the individual, which in turn acts as a means of achieving another goal that serves to satisfy a need. A given action and its corresponding goal are attractive to the individual insofar as they serve the process of satisfying a need, and only for this reason. In the future, the goal of this action may acquire independent value and become a need or motive. In this case, they say that in the course of the development of activity, a shift of motive to goal occurred and a new activity was born.

Personality

Correlation of the concepts individual, personality, individuality.

Individual– This concept expresses a person’s gender identity. Coming into the world as an individual, a person gradually acquires a special social quality and becomes a personality.

Individuality– combination psychological characteristics a person, constituting his originality, his difference from other people.

Personality as a systemic social quality acquired by an individual in objective activity and communication, characterizes the level and quality of representation of social relations in the individual. Personality is a systemic quality, because a personality can only be characterized by seeing it in the system of interpersonal relationships in joint collective activities.

Personality structure.

Elements psychological structure personality are its psychological properties and characteristics, usually called “personality traits.” The lowest level of personality is the biologically determined substructure, which includes age, gender properties of the psyche, innate properties such as the nervous system and temperament. The following substructure includes individual characteristics of mental processes person, i.e. individual manifestations of memory, perception, sensations, thinking, abilities, depending both on innate factors and on training, development, and improvement of these qualities. Further, the level of personality is also its individual social experience, which includes the knowledge, skills, abilities and habits acquired by a person. This substructure is formed primarily during the learning process and is of a social nature. Highest level personality is hers focus, including a set of stable motives that orient the activity of an individual .

Socialization of personality.

Socialization personality is a process; formation of personality in certain social conditions, the process of a person’s assimilation of social experience, during which a person transforms social experience into his own values and orientations, selectively introduces into his system of behavior those norms and patterns of behavior that are accepted in society or a group. Norms of behavior, moral standards, and beliefs of a person are determined by those norms that are accepted in a given society.

The following are distinguished: stages socialization:

Primary socialization, or the stage of adaptation (from birth to adolescence), the child assimilates social experience uncritically, adapts, adjusts, and imitates.

Individualization stage(there is a desire to distinguish oneself from others, a critical attitude towards social norms of behavior). IN adolescence The stage of individualization, self-determination “the world and I” is characterized as intermediate socialization, since everything is still unstable in the worldview and character of the teenager. Adolescence (18-25 years) is characterized as stable conceptual socialization, when stable personality traits are developed.

Integration stage(there is a desire to find one’s place in society, to “fit in” with society). Integration proceeds successfully if a person’s characteristics are accepted by the group, by society.

Labor stage socialization covers the entire period of a person’s maturity, the entire period of his working activity, when a person not only assimilates social experience, but also reproduces it due to the person’s active influence on the environment through his activities.

Post-labor stage socialization considers old age as an age that makes a significant contribution to the reproduction of social experience, to the process of transmitting it to new generations.

Also distinguished various areas manifestations of personality:

1) interindividual– the sphere of its existence is connections between individuals, interpersonal relationships.

2) intra-individual– personality is a property inherent in the subject himself, the personal is immersed in the internal space of the individual’s existence.

3) meta-individual- Each individual influences others. The characteristics of an individual can be looked for in others. Personality is personalized in other people.

Human activity has the following Main characteristics: 1) motive; 2) goal; 3) subject; 4) structure; 5) funds.

As a goal activity is an ideal representation of its (activity) future result, which determines the nature and methods of human action. The result of an activity can be a real physical object created by a person, certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired during the activity, or a creative result.

The goal is not introduced into individual activity from the outside, but is formed by the individual himself.

Subject of activity is called what is directly dealt with. So, for example, the subject of cognitive activity is all kinds of information, the subject of labor activity is the created material product.

The means of carrying out activities for a person are those tools that he uses when performing certain actions or operations.