Currently, education in China is one of the priorities. It is hard to believe that in the middle of the 20th century there were more than 80 percent of illiterate people in the country.

Stages of education

The education system in China has three levels. Pre-school education, as in our country, is presented here in the form of kindergartens. They can be visited by kids from the age of three. Preschool education in China lasts for three years.

The second option is for six years of primary school followed by three years of junior high school.

Subsequent education in China is for teenagers. After a three-year education, they will be able to enter a university, then to graduate school.

Vocational schools

Such education in China is presented in two varieties:

• for teenagers who graduated from junior high school, it is designed for 4 (or 3) years;
• for high school graduates aged 22, a two-year option is offered.

graduate School

Higher education in China (undergraduate) lasts 4-5 years. To become a professional doctor, you need to study for at least 7-8 years. Postgraduate studies in China prepare:

• masters (2-3-year option);
• Doctors of Sciences (3 years).

Masters should not be older than 40 years, and doctors - 45 years.

Preschool education

The pre-school education system in China includes private and public kindergartens. Here, kids from three to six years old are preparing for school, mastering the school curriculum. In one preschool institution there are about 270 kids, in each group there are 25-26 people. About five percent of the kids spend here not only the day, but also the night, the rest after 18-00 go home with their parents. Each group has two qualified teachers and one assistant.

Secondary education

The basis of school education in China is designed for nine years, it is paid. Its purpose is to educate the working man, as well as to prepare him for the subsequent higher education. In elementary school, children study for six years Chinese literacy receive basic knowledge about society, nature. Particular attention is paid to patriotic education, as well as physical education.

From the third grade, in addition to Chinese, mathematics, physical education, music, ethics, children learn a foreign language. The peculiarities of education in China are that from the fourth grade, children work for two weeks in workshops and on a farm, once a week they are engaged in social activities.

On weekdays, children have 6-7 lessons. In China, discipline is strict, so students are not allowed to miss more than 12 classes without a good reason. Each class has its own study room.

After graduating from the seventh grade, the guys take exams in China. It is on the results that they show that the subsequent fate of schoolchildren depends. In China, there is also the Unified State Examination, according to its results, the best students receive a “lucky ticket” to a higher educational institution. Final exams are held in May.

What else characterizes modern education? China has introduced certain rules for obtaining a certificate. To become a happy owner of a treasured document, you must pass exams in mathematics, physics, political science, history, chemistry, computer science, and languages.

Orientation of vocational schools

What can you say about this education in China? Let us briefly note that vocational schools in this country are designed to train specialists in agriculture, legal sciences, and medicine. In addition, there are certain educational establishments technical orientation, engaged in the training of workers for the steel, pharmaceutical, fuel, textile industries. Among the prestigious areas in China, vocational agricultural education is distinguished. The course is designed for only three years.

Children who come to China from other countries are provided with the opportunity to receive education in special boarding schools of a private type. After completing the course of study, the graduate receives an official diploma of secondary education.

Such a document most often has a double sample. One is in Chinese and the other is in English. Boarding houses accept children from the age of nine. Such educational institutions make this country open to children from any state, including Russia.

The only Russian school in this country can only be found in Yining. It represents the initial version of education, does not have its own hostel. In this regard, only children who live in Yining can study in it. Lessons in this educational institution are conducted in Russian and Chinese. The program includes music, language literacy, physical education, and mathematics.

vacation time

Chinese children have two types of holidays. Summer holidays last from mid-July to the end of August. Winter holidays are designed for a period from January to mid-February.

Unlike our country, throughout the holidays, children do a variety of homework. Not all students are sent by their parents abroad for two weeks for internships in various academic disciplines.

Features of higher education

There are many academies and state institutions currently operating in the Celestial Empire. Some higher education institutions have huge campuses. After graduation from the academy, almost all graduates get a job by distribution.

If desired, foreign citizens can also obtain a Chinese diploma of higher education. To do this, it is necessary to translate all documents on education into Chinese and notarize them. Some of the higher educational institutions of the Celestial Empire do not require notarization of documents, they are content with the signature on the materials of the vice-rector for international work, as well as their certification with the official seal.

The process of recognition of equivalent foreign diplomas of higher education (nostrification of Chinese and Russian documents) is carried out automatically. This is facilitated by an agreement that was signed in 1995. According to the document, citizens who have received education in one country have the right to receive a job in their specialty in another state where the agreement is in force.

If an agreement is not signed with the country in which the specialist received a diploma, you will have to legalize your documents. For this, special extraterritorial representations of state issuance have been created in China, in addition, such a procedure can be carried out at the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Students from Russia can receive education in the Celestial Empire in 12 main specialties. In this eastern country, about five hundred universities are at the service of Russians, which have the right to accept foreign students for training.

Students from Russia can study:

• warfare;
• agronomy;
• engineering;
• natural Sciences;
• history;
• management;
• pedagogy;
• medicine;
• philosophy;
• jurisprudence;
• economy;
• mathematics.

Chinese legal education is especially popular with foreign students. Teaching is carried out in English and Chinese. These higher education institutions have their own language training centers, which are designed for foreign students. To train in such a center, it is enough to have a minimum level of proficiency in Chinese.

For two years of intensive education, foreign students sufficiently master the national language of the Celestial Empire, receive admission to study the chosen disciplines related to the specialty they like.

If a student demonstrates an excellent level of preparation in all subjects, he is eligible for an additional specialty. In this case, his diploma indicates points for each specialty.

Conclusion

Currently, China has a well-thought-out, tiered education system. After completing a course of study at a higher educational institution, young graduates have the opportunity to undergo additional postgraduate studies. It has two levels.

At the first stage, you can get a master's degree, having completed a bachelor's education.

Only those students who have successfully completed a master's course are admitted to doctoral studies in China. Postgraduate education is offered both on a paid and free (grant) basis. In order for an international student to qualify for graduate school, they must be proficient in Chinese at Level 4 of the Special Qualifying Examination. The program includes a variety of specialized lectures, passing exams, preparing a dissertation, and seminars. In China, there is a mandatory check of the defended dissertation for plagiarism. The percentage of uniqueness must not be less than 85, otherwise protection will be disabled.

In order for a student to count on receiving a free education in China, he needs to win in one of the grant programs.

Introduction

The Education system has firmly entered our lives, because in order to achieve certain successes and goals, a self-respecting person must have higher education.

The education system in each country has developed differently. Particularly rapid development in the field of education has recently occurred in Asian countries.

Western Europe has already been embraced by the "eastern" boom - young people are learning Chinese, Japanese, Mongolian, studying the culture and traditions of these countries. Moreover, the large Asian country China is our neighbor, and its influence in the world is growing every year. So the study of oriental languages ​​is becoming more and more relevant, and this is not only a tribute to fashion, but also a chance to get a good job. There are more than 2,000 universities, colleges and vocational high schools in China with about 9 million students. More than 5.5 million students study in bachelor's programs, and about 300 thousand students study in master's and doctoral programs. More than 450 universities in the country have the right to accept foreign students ("laowailu xuesheng") for study.

Features of China's higher education system

The higher education system in China includes universities, colleges and vocational high schools. Most of the universities and colleges operate under the control of the Ministry of Education of the country - an independent organization whose main task is to organize and conduct the first evaluation cycle based on the guidelines, regulations and evaluation criteria of the Ministry of Education and other educational institutions. At present, more than 20 such agencies have been established at the provincial (regional) level.

Based on the results of the analysis of the higher education system of the PRC, we can conclude that this is a carefully controlled and actively supported by the state strategic industry that has received dynamic development in the last decades of reforms in the republic. Although there are universities managed by the authorities of the provinces and cities.

It is interesting to note that in China, universities are merged through the so-called "merger". So Peking University was merged with the medical (Beijing medical Academy). The merger of universities made it possible to carry out profound changes in the education system, optimize and rationally arrange pedagogical resources, improve the quality of teaching and the level of the educational process.

The country's universities provide three levels of higher education:

The first stage involves 4-5 years of study and ends with the award of a bachelor's degree.

The second - is designed for 2-3 years of study and ends with the assignment of a master's degree (Magister).

The third stage involves 3 years of study and ends with the award of a doctorate degree. Its receipt requires the passing of exams in the main subjects. training course and carrying out an independent research project.

Entering a university is a real holiday for a high school graduate: competitions for individual universities reach 200-300 people per place. Gifted children and young people in China, as a rule, enjoy various benefits - government scholarships, subsidies from enterprises, organizations, etc. are at their service. Paid education prevails, but applicants enter "paid places" on a general basis. Sometimes the company where the student worked pays for the training. However, the most gifted students still have the opportunity to get higher education for free.

Interestingly, depending on the results obtained at the unified final school exam (something like our Unified State Examination, which is held in the PRC simultaneously throughout the country in May), an applicant can apply for admission to the entrance exams only to the university that, according to the category in the hierarchy of universities corresponds to the points scored, i.e. "highest category" or "provincial level category", "city level", etc.

The academic year at universities in China is divided into 2 semesters - autumn and spring. Autumn begins in September, spring - in March. Summer holidays July and August, winter - during the Chinese New Year (end of January - February). Registration of candidates for academic year runs from February to June.

China's higher education system already today boasts international prestige. Chinese graduates work in leading scientific institutions in North America, Europe, Japan, Australia and other countries. Every year, about 20,000 Chinese university graduates continue their postgraduate and doctoral studies abroad. Many Chinese students work in Silicon Valley, Wall Street, teach at world-class universities. The Chinese government has signed mutual recognition agreements with 64 countries and regions, including Russia, England, Germany, Italy and others.

For many decades in the development of the higher education system of the PRC, its main feature has been manifested - a serious predominance of natural-technical and applied disciplines in university programs, about 60% (for example, in the USA this figure is 14%, in Japan - 26%). Thus, if we compare China with developed countries, then the humanities make up a relatively small part of the student body, with the possible exception of sociologists. This fact can be explained mainly by the needs of the economy.

The difference can also be called the fact that almost all universities in the country train specialists in agriculture(about 10% of students). It is no coincidence that the whole world is talking about the success of Chinese agricultural science.

The high level of education in the leading universities of China is also recognized by the international community. Thus, on September 8, 2010, the research structure of international higher education QS published a new ranking of the world's leading universities, where Hong Kong University, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Chinese Language University and Peking University were in the top 50. Tsinghua University ranked 54th, Taiwan University ranked 94th. Hong Kong University for the first time outstripped Tokyo and took first place among higher education institutions in Asia.

china education assessment graduate school

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The work is devoted to the analysis of the education system in China, the stages of education are considered: from preschool to higher education. China is the leader in the world in terms of population and the country has its own unique education system. The study showed that there is a free nine-year school education in the country, education in the senior level of the school and in higher educational institutions is paid. The main goal of general education schools in the PRC is to form working personnel with a vocational and technical bias and prepare them for entering the country's universities. Admission to universities is carried out according to the results of the unified state exam. The main goal of general education schools in the PRC is to form workers with a vocational and technical bias and prepare them for entering the country's universities. The Chinese education system makes high demands on students: high passing scores in universities and paid education.

education system

levels of study

university and vocational education

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development trend post-industrial society is the increase in the number of people with higher education. However, the labor market in many countries speaks of their oversupply and shortage of workers. How is this problem solved in China? In this regard, it is relevant to study the education system in China. The purpose of the study is to analyze the structure of education in the People's Republic of China, to find out how it meets the needs of the time.

A theoretical analysis of pedagogical, historical literature was carried out in terms of the problem under study, work experience at Henan University was drawn, interviews with Chinese students studying at the Chuvash state university, and students of ChGU im. I.N. Ulyanov, who completed exchange training in China.

Many countries supported the Bologna process, the transition to multi-level education, the system of bachelor's and master's degrees. China has not been left out. However, its system has a number of features that are different from other countries. The process of obtaining knowledge in China is based on planned development public education. The education system in China, at first glance, seems complicated, but in fact, each transition from one level of education to another helps to better understand the student's abilities and direct him in the right direction for further education (figure).

Scheme of education in the PRC

The educational system includes: preschool education, elementary school, incomplete and complete secondary schools, university, doctoral studies.

The first stage is a kindergarten, it can be attended by children from 3 years old. Preschool There are two types: public and private. It is important to note that attending kindergarten is part of the educational process. Without his visit, children are not accepted to school, since it is here that they begin to study pinins, without which it is impossible to master Chinese writing.

Having reached the age of 6, children enter primary school or junior high school, where they study for 6 years. In elementary school, much attention is paid to the development of the child's creative potential. Children spend a lot of time on physical education classes, learn to play musical instruments, improve their knowledge of English and Russian. Lessons start at 7:00 am. Every morning, all students, together with teachers, do physical exercises. Then, from 8.00 to 12.00, natural and mathematical disciplines are studied. From 12.00 to 13.00 there is a lunch break, during which children can sleep at school, and in the afternoon there are three more lessons in the disciplines of the humanities cycle. Then the children do their homework and only by 16.00 can they go home. After graduating from elementary school, students move on to a full secondary school or a vocational high school, where they study for 4 years. Already at this stage, children, their parents must decide whether they will focus on entering a university or obtaining a working profession.

Secondary education is divided into two stages, each stage consists of three years of study. Six years of primary education and three years of lower secondary education are compulsory and free of charge. In 1986, the 9-year compulsory education law was passed in China. In areas where universal lower secondary education is generally implemented, all students who complete primary school can enroll in a secondary school in their community.

For admission to upper secondary school, students take competitive entrance examinations. Children who successfully passed the entrance exams study at the highest level. A feature of Chinese education is that this stage is paid. But if the student could not pass the exams, then no payment will save him. Thus, China's educational policy imposes strict requirements both on the knowledge of schoolchildren and weeds out those who in the future will not be able to pay for their education. The second stage of secondary education also consists of three years of study. Part of it is a two-year school, where students are divided into professional and specialized classes. Graduates of vocational secondary schools can enter secondary vocational schools, where, as a rule, training lasts three years. Researcher O.A. Mashkina points out that the two threads solve different problems. Comprehensive schools prepare students for university entrance, while vocational schools provide graduates with the knowledge that will allow them to find a job after graduation. In total, children study for 12 years in a secondary complete general education school, and over all these years they have several times passed the most severe selection in the form of transfer qualifying exams. At each stage, students are screened out according to their interests and abilities to study various disciplines. Students in all educational institutions in China are very disciplined. The school has a strict requirement for passes, if a student misses 12 lessons without a good reason, then he is expelled from high school. At the end of the seventh grade, students must pass the final comprehensive testing, and those who successfully pass them are waiting for a higher school (not yet a university), which is a preparatory stage for entering the university. To obtain a certificate of school education, each graduate must pass exams: mathematics, Chinese, physics, a foreign language, history, political science, biology and computer science. To enter a university, each student must pass a special exam according to the established rule. The unified state exam has been in force since 1978. Those children who did not pass the unified state exam are deprived of the opportunity to further study at universities, they are waiting for a vocational school, where they receive working profession.

The main goal of general education schools in the PRC is to form workers with a vocational and technical bias and prepare them for entering the country's universities.

The vocational profile is subdivided into: technical and professional (agricultural). In special-technical schools (like colleges in the Russian Federation), students receive knowledge in various professions for 4 years. Mainly in demand are such specialties as an engineer in the fuel and energy, foundry, pharmaceutical and light industries. Vocational schools train service and agricultural workers for three years.

Only the best school graduates are recommended to the university. Applicants take four to seven entrance exams. Universities themselves appoint the number of exams and develop their programs. The biggest competition is in technical universities, the competitive selection in them is tough. From 150 to 300 applicants apply for one place. Those who are lucky enough to enter the long-awaited university cannot afford to relax and study poorly. As a result of the university management reform in 2007, there were 1908 universities in the country. state universities, of which 443 are complex and multidisciplinary universities, 672 are natural science and technical universities, the rest are monospecialized universities.

Studying in all educational institutions begins in September and consists of two semesters. Accordingly, holidays are in February for one month and one month in summer. Classes at the university begin at 8.00 and continue until 18.30 with a break from 12.00 to 14.00. From half past seven to nine in the evening, various electives are held, which are mandatory for everyone.

School absenteeism is taken seriously. The number of three passes without a valid reason becomes a reason for a second year of study. A student can attend classes, but he is not allowed to take exams. He has to re-study in the same semester with other students, re-listen to disciplines, and only then will he be admitted to the session. If the student was expelled from the university, he loses the right to be restored or study at another university. Such a student can only acquire a working profession and go to work.

In order to get a higher professional education in China, you need to take special preparatory courses with a training period of 2 years, after which the graduates of the course, having passed the exams, are sent to the university. All universities have a two-level system for preparing bachelors and masters. The most talented are recommended by universities for doctoral studies, where they write a dissertation for 2-3 years and receive a doctoral degree.

Studying at universities in China is paid, it ranges from about 700 to 6000 dollars a year, depending on the prestige of the university. Payment is made in RMB. Depending on the specialty, it can vary from 5,000 to 10,000 yuan. This is a lot of money for the average citizen of the country, and therefore many parents take out a loan from banks in order to pay for the education of their children. But there is an important detail, if a university graduate goes to the countryside to work in his specialty, then the loan is written off for him. If a graduate is engaged in entrepreneurship and opens his own business, then he has to pay the loan to the bank in full. You can also get a subsidy. It may partially cover tuition. In 1993, according to the "Program for the Reform and Development of Education", the system of full state support for students was abolished. Chinese students have a saying "a smart student is a rich student". It is the students who excel in their studies who receive scholarships and thus cover their expenses.

Chinese students are distinguished by their composure, discipline and diligence. They understand that only studying at a university can give them knowledge, prestige and a future well-paid job. The state does everything for students: all classrooms are equipped with modern equipment, libraries have electronic versions of books, student libraries are open until 22.00 pm. Dormitories for students are located on campuses and are close to the place of study.

All faculties are required to study foreign languages. The age scale of education in China is oriented from 3 to 45 years. Each university has its own publishing house. Articles of teachers and students are published in scientific journals for a certain small fee. Today, education in China has become available to foreign citizens. The Chinese government allocates thousands of scholarships each year to free education of foreign students in their country.

In this way, educational process begins with kindergarten, where children receive their first knowledge of Chinese writing. This is followed by a nine-year free school education. This allows all children to gain general knowledge, regardless of the well-being of the family. Further, the training takes place according to the profiles, depending on the choice of the student's direction: either an orientation towards a university education, or a professional one. The state educational policy is thus aimed at early diagnosis vocational guidance students. The presence of vocational schools makes it possible to solve the problem of professional workers. Paid university education, on the one hand, limits access to it, on the other hand, the possibility of obtaining scholarships (subsidies) for good studies encourages students to be the best in the university. The Bologna system allows Chinese students with knowledge of the Russian language to continue their studies in a master's program in Russia. Thus, the Chinese education system makes high demands on students, but also provides them with decent conditions for learning and development.

Bibliographic link

Azitova G.Sh., Krasnova M.N. FEATURES OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN CHINA // Contemporary Issues science and education. - 2017. - No. 5.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=26953 (date of access: 03/05/2020). We bring to your attention the magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History" (3 Votes)

The education system in China has a number of specific features.

Unlike other developing countries, China is a country with a high and rapidly growing level of literacy among the population, including the peasant population. Only 1517% of the adult population remains illiterate in China (47% in India, 61% in Bangladesh, 59% in Pakistan, 27% in Iran, 17% in Turkey). The PRC also has a better gender indicator - the proportion of illiterate women in the age group of 15-24 years: only 4% (44% in India, 63% in Bangladesh, 61% in Pakistan, 10% in Iran, 8% in Turkey).

As early as 1986, the Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China introduced compulsory primary education in most parts of the country. In large cities and some economically developed regions, compulsory secondary education of the first stage was introduced.

Today in China there are about a million educational institutions of various levels and profiles, in which more than 200 million people study. According to the Chinese Constitution, 9-year education is compulsory, the laws of China give the right to education to every person, including representatives of national minorities, children, women and the disabled. Over half of children with developmental difficulties can be educated in kindergartens and schools for the deaf and dumb, mentally retarded and children with other developmental disabilities.

The education system in the PRC includes primary and secondary schools, as well as secondary specialized and higher education. The term of study in elementary school is 6 years and 3 years in secondary school. About 99% of 6-year-old children enter primary school in China.

Approximately 73% of teenagers enter the first stage of secondary school, and 44.1% of its graduates continue their further education. The fundamental difference between Chinese school education is its paid nature. It was only in 2007 that rural children were exempted from paying tuition fees (previously such measures were taken in relation to the poor rural areas of Western China). The price for the state of such a solution is more than 10 billion yuan.

In 2001, about 12 million students were studying in the universities of the PRC. The term of study is 3-6 years. The number of higher education institutions and universities is slightly more than 1,000. Since 1981, a system of degrees has been introduced - bachelor's, master's and doctor of sciences. The term of study at the university at the 1st stage is 3 years, and for complete higher education from 4 to 6 years. About 300 thousand people study in the master's program. The most famous universities include Peking, Tsinghua, Fudan, Nankai, Nankian, Wuhan, Jimin universities. In 2005, the total number of university graduates was 4.4 million, while in all EU countries combined 2.5 million. It is also important that prevails in China technical education- release per year about 650 thousand people. (220 thousand in the US and 100 thousand in the EU).

Over the past 20 years, more than 20,000 doctors of sciences have received academic degrees in the country. Doctoral dissertations are currently being prepared by 160,000 graduate students.

Surpassing most Asian countries in population coverage basic education, China is noticeably inferior to them in terms of the relative number of students. This partly explains the relatively low (albeit growing) share of spending on education in the country's GDP (2.6%). It is necessary to mention two more circumstances. Firstly, in China there is a network of vocational, pedagogical and medical schools (over 4 million students, the term of study is 2-4 years), and secondly, various forms of continuation are widespread. general education and professional development of adults (more than 12 million people are covered by such forms of education). Only 10% of Chinese of the appropriate age have the opportunity to receive systematic vocational training. There is a system professional retraining for people who lost their jobs in state-owned enterprises. Beginning in the fall semester of 2007, all rural vocational school students, as well as needy students from urban families, will receive a scholarship of 1,500 yuan per year.

Every year, 12.5 million school graduates miss out on further education, and most enter the workforce without the necessary vocational education and training. Mass media, including numerous educational programs television.

During the reform years, 380,000 Chinese students were sent abroad, including about 1,000 at state expense. In 1978, more than 400,000 people left China to study abroad, and more than 10,000 returned that year. Over the past 10 years, more than 50% of PhD holders technical sciences studied abroad. Over 100,000 students who studied abroad have already returned to their homeland. China ranked first in the world in terms of the number of students studying abroad, today more than 25 thousand people go abroad every year, the largest number of Chinese study in the USA, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, Germany, France, and Japan. In US and Australian universities they joke that the university is a place where Russian teachers teach Chinese students. While abroad, Chinese students invariably attract attention with their diligence and relatively high basic training in such subjects as mathematics, physics, and biology. According to US statistics, one in five PhD students in the US is Chinese. The geography of foreign education is exceptionally wide: over 100 countries accept students from China.

In the past five years, the dynamic development of the country has begun to attract educated ethnic Chinese to return from abroad. The number of "returned from across the sea", as they are called in China, is constantly growing, and there is someone to return: according to the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the USA, out of 276,000 foreigners with doctoral degrees currently working (2007, ) in the US, 22% are from China. China is actively attracting foreign specialists and teachers to universities and technology parks. Considerable attention is paid to attracting talent from the United States.

The education system in China is often described as pragmatic and selective. The chances of reaching higher levels of education are low for the average Chinese - as a result, this opportunity is realized, as a rule, only by capable students. Admission to a university is a real holiday for a high school graduate: competitions for individual universities reach up to 200-300 people per place. Gifted young people in China, as a rule, enjoy various benefits when moving up the educational "ladder" - state scholarships, subsidies from enterprises, organizations, etc. are at their service. The higher education reform began in 1993 with the abolition of state distribution and the gradual education. Since 1997, higher education has become paid for everyone: the fee is 15-20% of the cost of education, often the enterprise where the student worked or will work pays for the studies. The selectivity of the higher education system is manifested in one more way: the country's universities are divided into several categories. Depending on the number of points obtained in the final school exam (held in China and Belarus simultaneously throughout the country), a future applicant may qualify for admission to entrance exams only in the category (or lower category) of the university corresponding to the points scored.

The Chinese tradition is characterized by the highest prestige of education, as well as the special position of the so-called nine leading universities and universities in the country.

The basic salaries of professors at nine leading universities in the country (Beijing, Qinhua, Nanjing, Fudan, Zhongshan, etc.) are about $500 per month (against $250,300 at other universities and institutions of higher education), teachers and researchers have benefits when purchasing housing, in a number of provinces, various exemptions are granted to persons with scientific degrees, such as permission to have a second child.

Another feature of Chinese universities is a significant predominance of natural-technical and applied specialties (about 60% of student places versus 14% in the USA, 18% in the Netherlands, 22% in Thailand, 26% in Japan, 30% in Malaysia). Thus, the humanities (with the possible exception of sociologists) are a relatively small part of the student body, if we compare China with developed countries or Asian neighbors. Some see this as the CCP's unwillingness to increase the stratum of humanitarians, who often pose a threat to socio-political stability. The fact is that many of China's neighbors have long faced this problem due to the overproduction of political scientists, lawyers, journalists, etc. - many graduates with "prestigious" professions find themselves without work, joining the ranks of the active opposition and provoking youth and student riots . Maintaining the existing structure of higher education specialties in China is also dictated by considerations of economy, as well as by the desire to get engineers, technologists, and natural scientists in the first place.

Both the maintenance of the existing proportions between educational institutions of various levels, and the content of training programs are under strict state control in the PRC.

In 2007, a decision was made to restore free education in pedagogical universities of the Ministry of Education of China, provided that after graduation, graduates will work for two years in rural schools or 10 years in urban ones.

Non-state educational institutions(NOE) in China are educational institutions created at the expense of public organizations, scientific associations of citizens, enterprises, as well as schools and universities organized by the collective contributions of the population (in particular, the parents of students). Chinese LEU policy has been shaped by the following factors:

The traditionally paternalistic role of the state, according to Confucian ideology;

The prohibition on making a profit as the purpose of the creation and operation of the NOU;

Active involvement of the public in the management and financing of the NOU;

NOU students enjoy the same rights as state students.

By 1997, all secondary and primary non-state schools in China had passed accreditation. The situation is different with universities: out of 1,200, only 21 received the right to issue state-recognized diplomas.

Thus, the main feature of the state policy towards NOUs is that, while guaranteeing them political support and control: “active encouragement, all-round support, proper orientation and enhanced management”, the state does not provide them with financial support. Although there are real state privileges that stimulate the creation of NOUs, these are tax benefits provided by the government, rental of premises, transport, and land plots. There is also an additional incentive: school collective enterprises enjoy a system of benefits, which includes, in particular, “perpetual exemption from income and certain other taxes for enterprises established by secondary educational institutions, and the permanent abolition of all tax payments for enterprises managed by primary schools". That is why it is beneficial for enterprises to open NOUs and their branches on their territories. All property and income was allowed to be used exclusively for the development of the school. Investments of enterprises in individual elite educational institutions amounted to a very impressive amount during the period of the birth of NOU. This was explained not only by prestige and tax benefits, the ability to create branches of enterprises, clubs, etc. on land bought at preferential prices, but also by the benefit of ties with the parents of students. Schools created by enterprises gradually turned together with them into a single holding center. However, few LEUs in China were based on such solid foundation. To open a small school, 20 thousand yuan was enough, which several people could contribute on shares.

Schools organized by private entrepreneurs or companies bear their names and names, which increases the social prestige of the company, creating good advertising for it. There are many foreign Chinese among the founders of the NOU, who, in addition to business considerations, are driven by nostalgic motives.

The legal forms for setting up an NOU in China are five main models:

The creation of a school with the support of the government, that is, at the initial stage, it provides material and technical assistance until the school itself accumulates funds. An example of such a model is Yuying Junior High School in Nashsin, established by the Retired Educators' Association. They rented the premises and some of the equipment of the public school, and since they enrolled more students than expected, the city government allocated 300,000 yuan to transfer the primary classes of the school from which the founders rented the premises to another building, and also helped with the inventory;

Independent creation of schools by a citizen or a group of persons (often on the basis of already existing educational institutions);

Establishment of schools through capital investment by individuals or organizations becoming co-founders of the NOU together with a state enterprise or institution;

Shareholder form;

Joint creation of LOU by Chinese and foreign partners.

The structure of the initial capital of the founders could include the owners' own funds, attracted capital in a share (stock) form, as well as bank loans, loans and loans from individuals.

1) The effect of LEU was quite pronounced: they lightened the financial burden of the state and by the mid-1990s. accumulated more than 10 billion yuan (over 100 million dollars) of non-state funds. Tuition fees remain the main source of cost coverage for most Chinese PEIs. Since 90% of NEIs in China are boarding schools, students' accommodation is included in the fee. The total amount of tuition fees consists of several types of contributions for school development, tuition fees, dormitory fees, etc. Contributions depend on many factors and fluctuate widely by province. Some schools vary tuition fees depending on the performance of students, reducing it for excellent students and increasing it for underachievers. Forms of collection of tuition fees are varied. Mostly across the country, this is done once a semester.

Most private and "folk" schools in China are small in size, with enrollment ranging from 100 to 200 students. There are few large schools that are not inferior to the state ones, or even surpass them in terms of the number of students (500-1000 or more students) - no more than 10% of all non-governmental educational institutions.

This article is from the section- China's innovation policy which is dedicated to the topic china education system. Hope you appreciate it!

An interesting video about the development of China

The grandiose pace of the formation of the PRC over the past decades has generated a lot of discussion among modern society, there are more and more hypotheses and assumptions about the origins of China's unprecedented economic progress. Of course, this could not happen spontaneously and without the participation of real professionals in their field. We have to understand how the best employees appear who lead their country to prosperity.

Since childhood, the Chinese have worked hard and worked hard to achieve success, because it is in their blood. They believe that nothing comes without hard work and permanent job above oneself. The Chinese never stop halfway, for them the main thing is the result, and not just the result, but the best. For example, during the Olympics, the Chinese always strive to get gold, if they don’t get gold, they lose.

But of course, the state played an important role in shaping the country's economy. It set the right priorities: most of the state budget was invested in education in China. As you know, in the early nineties, only four percent of the population had a college education, only 12 percent received a high school diploma, and as many as eleven percent had no education at all. Outstanding researchers could be counted on the fingers, and about prestigious universities, victories in various olympiads and competitions could only be dreamed of.

Benefits of Chinese Education

What happened that turned China into the fastest growing country that surpassed the United States in the number of launches into space, which began to produce original and high-quality products on its own, and which turned into a world center for advanced research and innovative projects? In 1998, the PRC Higher Education Law was signed, which turned China's universities into world-class universities, with the best professors and unique laboratories, thanks to which China can now rightfully be called an innovative miracle.

At present, every citizen of the PRC understands that the lack of a diploma is the impossibility of a normal and happy life, the impossibility of realizing oneself in the future. As a result, from early childhood, the cherished dream of every child is a quality education. Taking into account the incredible diligence and diligence, schoolchildren, and then students, study insanely a lot and perceive huge layers of information every day.

It is not easy for the parents of the student. Budget education is paid for only nine years, all other years of study are completely on the shoulders of relatives. Many take out student loans just to get their child into a decent university.

Features of education in China

The concept of education in China is that every student should become significant person in society and achieved everything in life. Therefore, every little Chinese already knows what intensive study is, nine lessons every day, “free time” in the library and a million tutors. And all this is accompanied by iron discipline: for only 12 passes - expulsion, for drinking alcohol within the walls of the university they are also expelled with a strict reprimand. Studying for the Chinese, as well as sports, is an invariable part of a difficult life.

Quite young Chinese schoolchildren, after 7 years of painstaking study, take exams, on which their future depends. In case of failure, the student will not be able to enter the university and get a good job in the future. More than two hundred applicants apply for one place in Chinese universities. A very large number of students cannot withstand such pressure and cannot achieve the required score. For such situations, there is only one way out - the education of the child abroad. However, according to statistics, more than half of the guys who go to study abroad are going to return to their native lands after training, and forty percent think to work in a foreign country for some time, and only then return to China.

Study in China for foreigners

For foreigners, studying in China looks completely different. Over 400,000 students from different countries(Russia, USA, South Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan, etc.) study in China, but on completely different conditions. The PRC annually provides study grants for foreign students. Why? Because the more students from other countries, the higher the ranking of the university, because it is important for developing business with other countries, as well as maintaining friendly international relations and spreading Chinese culture.

The differences don't end there. Unlike the Chinese, foreign students live in rooms for 2-4 people in more comfortable conditions, while the Chinese live in rooms designed for six people.

But in teaching foreign students have no privileges. Chinese teachers do not give indulgence to lazy students, and the students themselves treat such individuals with misunderstanding. Studying is a serious process where knowledge and discipline are important. In addition, poor academic performance can be expelled.

Undoubtedly, China strives every day to improve the quality of education of the population and grow the country's intellectual elite. The whole planet can only be fascinated to follow the progress and learn the best in this inimitable and advanced state.

China and Russia: a comparison of modern higher education

Modern higher education in Russia and China cannot be compared with each other, so different approach to the educational process in countries today. Perhaps the Chinese version is more similar to the version that was in our camp in Soviet times. These are strictness in relation to compulsory attendance of classes, exactingness in relation to the precise fulfillment of tasks on time, and careful observance of disciplinary norms.

But one should not think that modern education in China is only a leap backwards. Along with all of the above, there are all signs of innovation and technology used in the advanced countries of the world. These are modern laboratories, high-tech training programs and the latest equipment.

In addition, students are given the opportunity to live on campuses at universities, equipped with gyms, cafes and everything you need. In fact, there is no need for resident students to go beyond their borders. All this can become closer with China campus network.

Leading Universities

More than fifty universities in China are members of the world TOP-500, which annually summarizes its results, choosing the best educational institutions in all respects. Moreover, two Beijing ones are in the first five dozen of the list. This is an indicator of how higher education is valued in China at the level of world communities.

If you want to get a diploma for the first time or already a second higher education in China, you can choose any of hundreds of universities, giving preference to certain areas and locations. It will be of the same quality in prestigious metropolitan establishments located in metropolitan areas, or in budget cities.