The most general system (of the highest hierarchical level) is the “Man-Environment” (H-HA) system.

The most important subsystem that BJD considers is “Human-Environment” (H-E).

“Man-Machine-Production Environment”, etc.

The central element of all life safety systems is the person, so the person plays a threefold role:

object of protection,

security facility,

source of danger.

The high cost of operator error - up to 60% of accidents occur due to human fault.

The concept of habitat.

The human environment is divided into production and non-production (household).

The main element of the production environment is labor, which in turn consists of interrelated and interconnecting elements (Fig. 2) that make up the structure of labor: C - subjects of labor, M - “machines” - means and objects of labor; PT - labor processes, consisting of the actions of both subjects and machines, PT - labor products, both target and by-products in the form of harmful and dangerous impurities in the air, etc., PO production relations (organizational, economic , socio-psychological, legal at work: relations related to work culture, professional culture, aesthetic, etc.). Elements of the non-industrial environment: natural environment in the form of geographical-landscape (G-L), geophysical (G), climatic (C) elements, natural disasters (ND), including fires from lightning and other natural sources, natural processes (PP) in the form of gas emissions from rocks, etc. can manifest itself both in non-production form (sphere) and production, especially in such sectors of the national economy as construction, mining, geology, geodesy and others.

Man is in close connection with all elements of his environment in the process of his activities.

Interest in the environment of one's habitat has always been characteristic of man. And this is understandable, since not only the well-being of the family, clan, tribe, but also its very existence depended on the quality of this environment.

In the Middle Ages, the dominance of scholasticism and theology weakened interest in the study of nature. However, during the Renaissance, great geographical discoveries again revived the biological research of naturalists.

Human habitat.

The environment surrounding modern humans includes the natural environment, the built environment, the human-made environment, and the social environment.

Every day, living in the city, walking, working, studying, a person satisfies a wide range of needs. In the system of human needs (biological, psychological, ethnic, social, labor, economic), we can highlight needs related to the ecology of the living environment. Among them are the comfort and safety of the natural environment, environmentally friendly housing, the provision of sources of information (works of art, attractive landscapes) and others.

Natural or biological needs are a group of needs that provide the possibility of a person’s physical existence in a comfortable environment - this is the need for space, good air, water, etc., the presence of a suitable, familiar environment for a person. The greening of biological needs is associated with the need to create an eco-friendly, clean urban environment and maintain the good condition of natural and artificial nature in the city. But in modern big cities it is hardly possible to talk about the presence of a sufficient volume and quality of the environment that every person needs.

As industrial production grew, more and more diverse products and goods were produced, and at the same time, environmental pollution increased sharply. The urban environment surrounding a person did not correspond to the historically developed sensory influences that people needed: cities without any signs of beauty, slums, dirt, standard gray houses, polluted air, harsh noise, etc.

But still, we can confidently state that as a result of industrialization and spontaneous urbanization, the human environment has gradually become “aggressive” for the senses, which have been evolutionarily adapted over many millions of years to the natural environment. In essence, man has relatively recently found himself in an urban environment. Naturally, during this time, the basic mechanisms of perception were unable to adapt to the changed visual environment and changes in air, water, and soil. This has not passed without a trace: it is known that people living in polluted areas of the city are more prone to various diseases. The most common are cardiovascular and endocrine disorders, but there is a whole complex of various diseases, the cause of which is a general decrease in immunity.

In connection with drastic changes in the natural environment, many studies have arisen aimed at studying the state of the environment and the health of residents in a particular country, city, or region. But, as a rule, it is forgotten that a city dweller spends most of his time indoors (up to 90% of the time) and the quality of the environment inside various buildings and structures turns out to be more important for human health and well-being. The concentration of pollutants indoors is often significantly higher than in outdoor air.

A resident of a modern city sees most of all flat surfaces - building facades, squares, streets and right angles - the intersections of these planes. In nature, planes connected by right angles are very rare. In apartments and offices there is a continuation of such landscapes, which cannot but affect the mood and well-being of the people who are constantly there.

The habitat is inextricably linked with the concept of “biosphere”. This term was introduced by the Australian geologist Suess in 175. The biosphere is the natural area of ​​distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the upper layer of the lithosphere. The name of the Russian scientist V.I. Vernadsky is associated with the creation of the doctrine of the biosphere and its transition to the noosphere. The main thing in the doctrine of the noosphere is the unity of the biosphere and humanity. According to Vernadsky, in the era of the noosphere, a person can and should “think and act in a new aspect, not only in the aspect of an individual, family, state, but also in a planetary aspect.”

In the life cycle, a person and the environment surrounding him form a constantly operating system “man - environment”.

Habitat is the environment surrounding a person, currently determined by a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or remote impact on human activity, his health and offspring.

Acting in this system, a person continuously solves at least two main tasks:

Provides its needs for food, water and air;

Creates and uses protection from negative influences, both from the environment and from its own kind.

A habitat is a part of nature that surrounds a living organism and with which it directly interacts. The components and properties of the environment are diverse and changeable. Any living creature lives in a complex and changing world, constantly adapting to it and regulating its life activity in accordance with its changes.

Adaptations of organisms to the environment are called adaptations. The ability to adapt is one of the main properties of life in general, since it provides the very possibility of existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations manifest themselves at different levels: from the biochemistry of cells and the behavior of individual organisms to the structure and functioning of communities and ecological systems. Adaptations arise and change during the evolution of species.

Individual properties or elements of the environment are called environmental factors. Environmental factors are diverse. They can be necessary or, conversely, harmful to living beings, promote or hinder survival and reproduction. Environmental factors have different natures and specific actions. Environmental factors are divided into abiotic (all properties of inanimate nature that directly or indirectly affect living organisms) and biotic (these are forms of influence of living beings on each other).

Negative impacts inherent in the environment have existed as long as the World has existed. Sources of natural negative impacts are natural phenomena in the biosphere: climate change, thunderstorms, earthquakes, and the like.

The constant struggle for one's existence forced man to find and improve means of protection against the natural negative influences of the environment. Unfortunately, the emergence of housing, fire and other means of protection, improvement of methods of obtaining food - all this not only protected people from natural negative influences, but also influenced the living environment.

Over the course of many centuries, the human environment has slowly changed its appearance and, as a result, the types and levels of negative impacts have changed little. This continued until the middle of the 19th century - the beginning of the active growth of human impact on the environment. In the 20th century, zones of increased biosphere pollution arose on Earth, which led to partial, and in some cases, complete regional degradation. These changes were largely facilitated by:

High rates of population growth on Earth (demographic explosion) and its urbanization;

Increased consumption and concentration of energy resources;

Intensive development of industrial and agricultural production;

Massive use of means of transport;

Increased costs for military purposes and a number of other processes.

Man and his environment (natural, industrial, urban, household and others) constantly interact with each other in the process of life. At the same time, life can only exist in the process of movement of flows of matter, energy and information through a living body. Man and his environment interact harmoniously and develop only in conditions where the flows of energy, matter and information are within limits that are favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual flow levels is accompanied by negative impacts on humans or the natural environment. Under natural conditions, such impacts are observed during climate change and natural phenomena.

In the technosphere, negative impacts are caused by its elements (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, you can go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the “person - environment” system: comfortable (optimal), acceptable (leading to discomfort without a negative impact on human health), dangerous (causing with prolonged exposure degradation of the natural environment) and extremely dangerous (lethal outcome and destruction of the natural environment).

Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, while the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for human life processes, conservation and development of the natural environment.

Habitat refers to the space used by living organisms for existence. Thus, the topic is directly related to the question of the life activity of any creature. There are four types of habitats, in addition, there are various factors that transform external influences, so they also need to be considered.

Definition

So what is an animal habitat? The definition appeared back in the nineteenth century - in the works of the Russian physiologist Sechenov. Every living organism constantly interacts with surrounding phenomena, which it was decided to call the environment. Her role is of a dual nature. On the one hand, all life processes of organisms are directly related to it - this is how animals get food, they are influenced by climate. On the other hand, their existence has no less influence on the environment, largely determining it. Plants maintain oxygen balance and shade the soil, animals make it looser. Almost any change is caused by living organisms. The habitat needs a comprehensive study by anyone who wants to have an understanding of biology. It is also important to know that some creatures can live in different conditions. Amphibians are born in an aquatic environment, and often winter and feed on land. Airborne beetles often require soil or water to reproduce.

Water

The aquatic environment is the totality of all the oceans, seas, glaciers and continental waters of our planet, the so-called hydrosphere, in addition, sometimes it also includes the snow of the Antarctic, atmospheric fluids and those contained in organisms. It occupies more than seventy percent of the surface with the bulk in the oceans and seas. Water is an integral part of the biosphere, not only of reservoirs, but also of air and soil. Every organism needs it to survive. Moreover, it is water that distinguishes the Earth from neighboring planets. In addition, it played a key role in the development of life. It accumulates organic and inorganic substances, transfers heat, shapes the climate and is found in both animal and plant cells. That is why the aquatic environment is one of the most important.

Air

The mixture of gases that forms the Earth's atmosphere plays a vital role for all living organisms. The air habitat guided evolution, since oxygen forms a high metabolism, which determines the structure of the respiratory organs and the water-salt metabolism system. Density, composition, humidity - all this has serious implications for the planet. Oxygen was formed two billion years ago during volcanic activity, after which its share in the air has steadily increased. The modern human environment is characterized by a 21% content of this element. An important part of it is also the ozone layer, which prevents ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth's surface. Without it, life on the planet could be destroyed. Now the safe human habitat is under threat - the ozone layer is being destroyed due to negative environmental processes. This leads to the need for conscious behavior and constant choice of the best solutions not only for people, but also for the Earth.

The soil

Many living organisms live in the earth. The habitat is also used by plants, which provide food for most of the planet's living things. It is impossible to unambiguously determine whether soil is a nonliving formation, which is why it is called a bioinert body. According to the definition, this is a substance that is processed during the life of organisms. Soil habitat consists of solid matter including sand, clay, and silt particles; liquid component; gaseous - this is air; living - these are the creatures that inhabit it, all kinds of microorganisms, invertebrates, bacteria, fungi, insects. Each hectare of land is home to five tons of such forms. The soil habitat is intermediate between aquatic and ground-air, therefore the organisms living in it often have a combined type of respiration. You can meet such creatures even at impressive depths.

Interaction of organisms and environment

Each creature differs in the presence of metabolism and cellular organization. Interaction with the environment occurs constantly and must be studied comprehensively due to the complexity of the processes. Each organism directly depends on what is happening around it. The land-air environment of a person is influenced by precipitation, soil conditions and temperature range. Some of the processes are beneficial to the body, some are indifferent, and others are harmful. Each has a separate definition. For example, homeostasis is the constancy of the internal system that distinguishes living organisms. The habitat can change, which requires adaptation - movements, growth, development. Metabolism is the exchange of substances accompanied by chemical reactions, such as respiration. Chemosynthesis is the process of creating organic matter from sulfur or nitrogen compounds. Finally, it is worth remembering the definition of ontogeny. This is a set of transformations of the body that are influenced by all environmental factors over the entire period of its existence.

Environmental factors

To better understand biological processes, it is also necessary to study this definition. are a set of environmental conditions that affect a living organism. They are divided according to a complex classification into several types. The adaptation of an organism to them is called adaptation, and its external appearance, reflecting environmental factors, is called a life form.

Nutrients

This is one of the types of environmental factors that affect living organisms. The habitat contains salts and elements supplied with water and food. Biogenic ones are those that are necessary in large quantities for the body. For example, this is phosphorus, important for the formation of protoplasm, and nitrogen, the basis for protein molecules. The source of the first is dead organisms and rocks, and the second is atmospheric air. Lack of phosphorus affects existence almost as acutely as lack of water. Elements such as calcium, potassium, magnesium and sulfur are slightly inferior in importance. The first is necessary for shells and bones. Potassium ensures the functioning of the nervous system and plant growth. Magnesium is part of the molecules of chlorophyll and ribosomes, and sulfur is part of amino acids and vitamins.

Abiotic environmental factors

There are other processes that affect living organisms. Habitat includes factors such as light, climate and the like, which are by definition abiotic. Without them, the processes of respiration and photosynthesis, metabolism, seasonal flights, and the reproduction of many animals are impossible. First of all, light is important. Its length, intensity and duration of exposure are taken into account. In relation to it, a whole classification is distinguished, which is studied by biology. A habitat filled with light is needed by heliophytes - meadow and steppe grasses, weeds, and tundra plants. Sciophytes need shade; they prefer to live under the forest canopy - these are forest herbs. Facultative heliophytes can adapt to any conditions: trees, strawberries, and geraniums belong to this class. An equally important factor is temperature. Each organism has a certain range that is comfortable for life. Water, the presence of chemicals in the soil and even fires - all this also concerns the abiotic sphere.

Biotic factors

Anthropogenic factor

Aquatic, air or terrestrial habitats are always associated with human activities. People intensively change the world around them, greatly influencing its processes. Anthropogenic factors include any impact on organisms, the landscape or the biosphere. It can be direct if it is directed at living beings: for example, improper hunting and fishing undermine the numbers of some species. Another option is indirect impact, when a person changes the landscape, climate, air and water conditions, and soil structure. Consciously or unconsciously, man destroys many species of animals or plants, while cultivating others. This is how a new environment appears. There are also accidental impacts, such as the sudden introduction of alien organisms in cargo, improper drainage of swamps, the creation of dams, and the spread of pests. However, some creatures become extinct without any human intervention, so blaming people for all environmental problems is simply unfair.

Limiting factors

All kinds of influences exerted on organisms from all sides manifest themselves to varying degrees. Sometimes the key substances are those that are required in minimal quantities. Accordingly, it was developed. It assumes that the weakest link in the chain of needs of the body is its endurance as a whole. Thus, if the soil contains all the elements except one necessary for growth, the harvest will be poor. If you add only the missing one, leaving all the others in the same quantity, it will become better. If you add everything else without correcting the deficiency, no changes will occur. The missing element in such a situation will be the limiting factor. However, it is worth considering the maximum impact. It is described by Shelford's law of tolerance, which suggests that there is only a certain range in which a factor can remain beneficial to the body, but in excess it becomes harmful. Ideal conditions are called the optimum zone, and deviations from the norm are called oppression. The maximums and minimums of influences are called critical points, beyond which the existence of an organism is simply impossible. The degrees of tolerance to certain conditions are different for each living creature and allow them to be classified as more or less hardy varieties.

Lecture 7. The structure of the living environment of modern man.

Plan:

6.1 System of human needs.

6.2 Social evolution and transformation of initial biological needs.

6.3 The structure of the human environment and trends in its development and formation.

The nature of human needs.

Human needs are divided into two groups: biological and social. The division is conditional. The biological needs of humans include: the need for procreation, the need for food, the need for a certain regime of factors of inanimate nature, etc. The satisfaction of all these anatomical and physiological needs in humans and higher animals is associated not only with the physiological reactions of the body to changes in the external environment, but also with active behavior. Evolution towards increasing the efficiency of behavior aimed at satisfying anatomical and physiological needs has led to the formation of biological (fixed in heredity) behavioral needs, such as the need for physical activity, the need for orientation in space and time, the need for knowledge of the surrounding world, the need in psycho-emotional contact with individuals of the same species, etc. All these needs are common to both humans and all higher animals. In the process of social evolution of human society, behavioral needs have significantly transformed. The need for knowledge and orientation has developed into the need to obtain the most complete information about the world around us; the need for physical activity has largely transformed into a labor need. The need to join a group has turned into a need for a certain sociocultural climate. Such a transformation was due to the fact that the adaptive capabilities of humans to environmental conditions differ significantly from the abilities of animals. If the adaptive abilities of animal behavior mainly depend on genetically fixed instincts of behavior, then the adaptive behavior of a person, in turn, depends on his ability to learn and analyze life experience. Since the transition from the consumption of natural resources to the production of means of satisfying basic biological needs, the way to satisfy them depends on social relations. Social relations began to determine not only the method of satisfaction, but also the formation of new needs. In the process of biological evolution, man has lost natural thermal insulation in the form of wool. As people settled in temperate and northern latitudes, to satisfy one of the basic needs for optimal temperature, the need for artificial thermal insulation in the form of clothing developed. With the increasing complexity of social relations, clothing has become not only a means of thermal insulation, but also a way to declare one’s belonging to a certain social group or individuality. This is the origin of: 1. traditions in clothing; 2. desire to dress fashionably or expensively. That is, the anatomical and physiological need for thermal insulation, the behavioral need to create this insulation, have merged with the behavioral need to belong to a certain group and the need to stand out in this group. Hence the peculiarity of socio-cultural needs in clothing: not only to simply have thermal insulation properties, but to correspond to one’s social status and preserve individuality. Often, social needs that developed on the basis of biological needs in one ethnic group became an obstacle to the realization of existing needs in another ethnic group. Example: the environmental conditions of the Middle East made widespread consumption of pork hazardous to human health, since existing methods of natural preservation of this product in these climatic conditions did not ensure its infectious safety. The life experience of generations has resulted in a tradition that prohibits the people of this region from consuming pork. This tradition has become entrenched in Judaism and Islam as a religious dogma. The geographical spread of Islam brought this religion to the Caucasus, where the ancestors of the Circassians and Circassians, the Narts, like all Europeans, raised pigs, since oak forests and a mild climate made it possible for them to feed on pastures throughout almost the entire year. Pork consumption was correspondingly widespread. The adoption of Islam led to the abandonment of highly nutritious traditional food products.

The development of social relations and the associated division of labor led to the emergence of commodity exchange and made the satisfaction of basic human needs also a commodity, that is, not only food and clothing, but also services provided by members of society to each other became a commodity. As social relations developed, production increased. The growth of production created new goods, which stimulated the transformation of existing needs into new ones, and this continues to this day.
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The greater the production capabilities of a person, the more they stimulate the growth of human needs for new goods. The realization of a person’s needs for comfortable housing, clothing, transport, high-quality, varied, plentiful food, scientific, artistic and emotional information, while he personally observes the norms of the so-called healthy lifestyle, may not affect his own health, but the very development of production, which ensures the satisfaction of everything ex these needs, affects the health of many other people. The greater the apparent independence of human society from natural conditions, the stronger the retaliatory blow to humanity from the changes in nature themselves, but for a particular person this cause-and-effect part turns out to be quite distant. In this regard, the concepts of so-called sustainable development are put forward, when humanity will be able to consciously limit at least the quantitative growth of its needs for goods, that is, sustainable development is not a cessation of the development of production, science, social progress, but development, subordinate the single goal of maintaining a stable dynamic balance in the biosphere and thereby ensuring the existence of humanity as the survival of the species. Calls to return to the past, when, like hunters and gatherers, people were in complete harmony with nature, are essentially misanthropic, since the rejection of modern production technologies will doom the bulk of the modern six billion population to death from starvation.

At the root of the concept of sustainable development are the principles of rational environmental management. At the root of these principles are the following provisions:

· Any human intervention for production purposes in the natural environment should not be of a size that disrupts the dynamic balance of the ecosystem.

· If maintaining dynamic equilibrium naturally is impossible, simultaneously with the development of production, mechanisms must be developed to ensure this equilibrium artificially: a) obstacles to environmental pollution; b) processing of substances created industrially in the form of products or waste that are not characteristic of the corresponding nature, into components that can be included in the cycle of substances in the ecosystem; c) if the development of production is associated with the consumption of non-renewable natural resources, the scale of their withdrawal should, on the one hand, be limited, ensuring the existence of the ecosystem at the expense of other resources, and, on the other hand, a simultaneous search for resources that will satisfy the same needs of people.

FORMATION OF THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

However, the transition to a strategy for transforming the environment in favor of humans gives rise to new problems, the solution of which requires new transformations that are impossible without improving the organization of society. In turn, the higher the organization of society, the more opportunities it has for further transformations of nature. The deeper the transformation, the more acute and complex the problems that arise as a result.

By the end of the 20th century, the level of development of both agriculture and industrial production had reached such levels that there were practically no ecosystems left on the planet that had not experienced the influence of this production. The inclusion of various industrial wastes and pesticides in the cycle of ecosystem substances, the transformation of landscapes in areas actively used by humans, due to the global cycle of substances in the biosphere, cause changes in regions hundreds of thousands of kilometers distant, in which, as they say, no human has set foot.

However, human society has become as important a component of ecological systems as the components of inanimate and living nature. For this reason, modern ecosystems should be considered as socio-ecosystems, highlighting the independent role of humanity in the cycle of substances of living and inanimate nature.

The intervention of human communities in ecosystems has led to the fact that ecosystems have moved from a stationary state to a dynamic equilibrium, when the increasing needs for food, water resources, raw materials, and waste disposal are satisfied through the irreversible use of abiotic and biotic components.

The main consequences of this can be summarized as follows.

Changes in the original natural biocenoses as a result of agricultural and industrial production. Consequences: a) local increase in the number of existing and the emergence of new organisms living at the expense of those animals and plants that people grow for themselves; b) disruption of the circulation of substances in the ecosystem as a result of disruption of natural trophic chains, decreased fertility and soil erosion associated with its processing; c) changes in the landscape, the physical and chemical composition of soils as a result of extractive and simple production and disruption of the cycle of substances in nature, both due to the removal of certain components from it and the introduction of new ones.

Irreversible use of energy resources accumulated in individual ecosystems and their depletion.

Unprecedented pollution of the environment with waste from human activity, agriculture, animals and plants and new chemical compounds.

However, the original natural component of the human environment has undergone significant changes and, taking into account its replacement by an artificially created environment in the form of dwellings, gardens, lands, urban living conditions, we can talk about the creation of a “second nature”. Changes in the rhythm and quality of the circulation of substances in many ecosystems have led to its changes in the biosphere and, therefore, we can say that “second nature” has become ubiquitous and “virgin nature” as such no longer exists.

The habitat of modern man is perceived as an extremely complex structure, which includes 4 inextricably linked subsystems:

THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. These are components of living and inanimate nature, which, although they have undergone changes associated with human activity, are capable of self-reproduction without human participation.

QUASI-NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. These are components of living and inanimate nature, transformed by people so that they are not capable of self-reproduction without human participation, although they are elements characteristic of the natural environment. It includes agricultural land, park areas, etc.

ARTIFICIAL NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. This is the entire material world created by man and has no analogues in the first two subsystems (industrial enterprises, machines, buildings, etc.).

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT or cultural and psychological climate created for an individual by social groups or humanity as a whole.

All 4 subsystems are in close interaction. The increasing independence of humans from the natural environment is apparent, because the more people change the natural environment, the more they become dependent on these changes. The problem of the optimal relationship between 4 subsystems in the total human environment arises.

All this is an illustration of how man, generated by changes in nature, even at the dawn of his history, began to change nature himself, the changed nature caused new changes in human living conditions and determined the further evolution of human society and, as a result, its impact on the material environment expanded, forming what is now called "second nature".

Everything indicates that a person cannot get out of nature, while the “second nature”, formed under the determining influence of the existing material natural base, instead of making a person independent of the environment, further increases and diversifies both the environment itself and man and his dependence on it. And, therefore, the modern ecological situation is not the result of man’s confrontation with nature itself, but the result of the natural evolution of the global ecosystem of planet Earth from the Biosphere to the socio-ecosystem or Noosphere.

The division of the human environment into subsystems is very arbitrary. Thus, human life takes place in populated areas and industrial premises, which, as a habitat, have their own characteristics. At the same time, in this environment the same environmental factors (abiotic and biotic) operate as in nature, but in different quantitative and qualitative relationships, and the force of influence should be close to or even exceed the force of influence of the same factors in nature, subjecting adaptive capabilities to a severe test body.

Such features of the human environment include:

Features of the impact of basic climatic factors: a combination of extreme conditions of temperature, humidity, pressure, air movement; exposure to various types of radiation acting on the physiological and genetic apparatus; noise impacts; pollution of the environment with traditional and new xenobiotics.

Features of connections and relationships with other organisms. The lifestyle of people has changed. The basic forms of biotic relationships between humans and other species have also changed. Qualitative changes in the nature of trophic connections manifested themselves, first of all, in an increase in their energy intensity (increase in energy costs for obtaining food). Bilateral feeding relationships and competitive relationships with many species have lost their significance for humans. Most non-domesticated animals and plants have gone from being a source of food to being a source of entertainment or a component of culture. At the same time, high population density has increased the importance of pathogenic microorganisms. At the same time, if the results of the development of hygiene, medicine, drug production, immunization reduced and even eliminated the danger of many infectious diseases, then the introduction of man into new natural ecosystems led to the fact that man became the accidental “host” of many new infectious diseases. Paradoxically, the same advances in medicine led to the emergence, as a result of selection, of microorganisms resistant to the drugs and disinfectants used, which made the fight against a number of seemingly defeated infections again a pressing problem.

There was an expansion of factory connections unprecedented in nature, which led to the almost irrevocable withdrawal of significant quantities of plant and animal biomass from the cycle of substances.

Human production activity, combined with the growth in population size and density, leads to the accumulation of waste that changes the conditions of existence of many other species, which makes human topical connections almost universal.

Lecture 7. The structure of the living environment of modern man. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Lecture 7. The structure of the living environment of modern man." 2017, 2018.

Man, as a transitional stage from animal to angel, occupies a fairly large area, i.e. habitat . Human habitat:

Environmental, - industrial, - household.

Environment- a combination of pure nature and the environment created by man. The main components of nature are: air, water, climatic and acoustic environments, flora and fauna, soil. In order to exist, humanity is forced to enter into certain relationships with nature, i.e. engage in environmental management. As a result, changes occur in natural complexes under the influence of human activity, i.e. technogenesis occurs: arable lands, settlements, cities, factories, recreation centers, transport, new materials, nuclear weapons, ...

Work environment– a set of conditions in which work is performed. These conditions include physical, social, psychological and economic factors (temperature, recognition and reward systems, ergonomics, atmospheric composition). The work environment is part of the environment.

Domestic environment– a set of conditions in which a person relaxes, plays sports, absorbs culture, reproduces himself, and recovers for work.

In his environmental management activities, man, unfortunately, violates the laws of development of the biosphere, of which he himself is a child. Human production activities have led to the release of a huge amount of waste into the biosphere every year:

– up to 200 million tons of dust and carbon monoxide

– 150 million tons of sulfur dioxide

– 50 million tons of nitrogen oxides

– 20 million tons of carbon dioxide

– 700 billion cubic meters of contaminated industrial and domestic waters

– a very large amount of various solid waste.

Wherein emissions are growing year after year, and they don’t even grow linearly, but exponentially, that is, for each subsequent period (for example, a decade), the factor increases by as much as it reached before this period. This law is very insidious: at the beginning of the curve, the growth of the factor is practically not noticeable, then there is a significant increase and there comes a moment when a catastrophic increase in a factor when an environmental disaster is possible. According to the exponential law, the following factors develop:

– industrial production

– depletion of mineral resources

– industrial and household waste

– population of the Earth

– information.

The most massive damage to the OS applied to industries such as chemical and petrochemical; metallurgical, especially non-ferrous; pulp and paper; fuel and energy; transport

The anthropogenic impact of humans on nature exceeds its restoration potential, which entails irreversible changes in the natural environment not only on a local and regional scale, but also in the world as a whole.

Arises real threat of environmental crisis, those. disturbance of the ecological balance in the interaction of society and nature, expressed in the inability of the natural environment to perform its inherent functions of metabolism and energy, to maintain the conditions necessary for the existence and development of life.

General characteristics of the human environment. Biological factors

One of the most important concepts in ecology is habitat. The environment is a set of factors and elements that affect the organism in its habitat.

Any living creature lives in a complex, constantly changing world, constantly adapting to it and regulating its life activity in accordance with its changes. Living organisms exist as open, mobile systems, stable under the influx of energy and information from the environment. On our planet, living organisms have mastered four main habitats, each of which is distinguished by a set of specific factors and elements that affect the organism.

Life originated and spread in aquatic environments. Subsequently, with the advent of photosynthesis, and therefore free oxygen, first in water and then in the atmosphere, living organisms “came” to land, took possession of the air, and populated the soil. With the advent of the biosphere as part of the Earth’s shell inhabited by living organisms, it became another environment with a certain combination of specific biotic factors affecting the organism. The natural environment provides humans with living conditions and resources for life. The development of human economic activity improves the living conditions of people, but requires an increase in the consumption of natural, energy and material resources. During industrial and agricultural production, waste is generated, which, together with the production processes themselves, affects noobiogeocenoses and leads to disturbances and pollution that increasingly worsen human living conditions. Biological factors, or the driving forces of evolution, are common to all living nature, including humans. These include hereditary variability and natural selection. The role of biological factors in human evolution was revealed by Charles Darwin. These factors played a big role in human evolution, especially in the early stages of its formation. A person experiences hereditary changes that determine, for example, hair and eye color, height, and resistance to environmental factors. In the early stages of evolution, when man was heavily dependent on nature, individuals with hereditary changes that were useful in given environmental conditions (for example, individuals distinguished by endurance, physical strength, dexterity, and intelligence) predominantly survived and left offspring. Adaptation of organisms to environmental factors. environment is called adaptation. The ability to adapt is one of the most important properties of living things. Only adapted organisms survive, acquiring in the process of evolution traits useful for life. These characteristics are fixed over generations due to the ability of organisms to reproduce. Adaptation to environmental factors manifests itself at different levels: cellular, tissue, organ, organismal, population, population-species, biocenotic and global, i.e. at the level of the biosphere as a whole. Elements of the environment that affect living organisms are called environmental factors. To study the environment (habitat and human production activities), it is advisable to highlight the following main components: the air environment; aquatic environment (hydrosphere); fauna (humans, domestic and wild animals, including fish and birds); flora (cultivated and wild plants, including those growing in water); soil (vegetative layer); subsoil (the upper part of the earth's crust, within which mining is possible); climatic and acoustic environment. The most vulnerable components, without which human existence is impossible and to which the greatest damage is caused by human activities associated with the development of industry and urbanization, are the air and the hydrosphere. Their pollution also causes significant harm to nature (the totality of natural conditions for the existence of human society). The entirety of the interaction and interdependence of living organisms and elements of inanimate nature in the area of ​​distribution of life is reflected by the concept of biogeocenosis. Biogeocenosis is a dynamic, stable community of plants, animals and microorganisms that are in constant interaction and direct contact with the components of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Biogeocenosis consists of biotic (biocenosis) and abiotic (ecotope) parts, which are connected by continuous metabolism and represent an energetically and materially open system. The biogeocenosis receives solar energy, soil minerals, atmospheric gases, and water. Biogeocenosis produces heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients carried by water, and humus. The main functions of biogeocenosis are the one-way directional flow of energy and circulation of substances. In the structure of any biogeocenosis, the following mandatory components are distinguished:

Abiotic inorganic substances of the environment;

Autotrophic organisms are producers of biotic organic substances;

Heterotrophic organisms are consumers (consumers) of ready-made organic substances of the first (herbivorous animals) and subsequent (carnivorous animals) orders;

Detritivorous organisms are destroyers (destructors) that decompose organic matter. The listed components of biogeocenosis underlie food (trophic) connections, which are initially based on the presence of two types of nutrition in the biosphere - autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophs attract chemicals necessary for life from the environment and, using solar energy, convert them into organic matter. Heterotrophs - decompose organic matter to carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts and return them to the environment. This ensures the circulation of substances, which arose in the process of evolution as a necessary condition for the existence of life. In this case, the light energy of the sun is transformed by living organisms into other forms of energy - chemical, mechanical, thermal.