About libraries, books and reading. History of the library - Centralized library system of the city

Introduction

Library, cultural, educational and scientific auxiliary institution that organizes the public use of printed works. Libraries are engaged in collecting, storing and issuing printed works to readers, as well as information and bibliographic work. In a broad sense, libraries are the memory of humanity and the most accessible cultural institutions for all categories of the population. Therefore the topic test work is relevant and has great practical significance.

The object of research is the library.

The subject of the study is the emergence and development of the library, the main modern concepts libraries.

Purpose of the study: to determine the place and role of the library in the development of civilization and the cultural formation of society.

On the way to the goal, the following tasks were solved:

-selection, analysis and evaluation of literary sources;

-a selection of concepts reflecting the features of library development;

-formation of conclusions, conclusions, bibliographic list.

When studying the problem, the following methods were used: observation, comprehension, generalization, comparison. The work was based on the works of: Gorbachevsky B. “People, books, libraries”; Egorova A. “The Library of the City of Alexandria - the Eighth Wonder of the World” (New Library, 2001, No. 3); Tupchienko-Kadyrova L.G. “Library Informatization: Paths of Transformation” (Library Science, 2003, No. 1); “Regional libraries of Russia in the mirror of numbers and information 1998”, etc.

The structure of the test consists of an introduction, three sections, and four subsections.

The world history of libraries is shown using the example of the Library of Alexandria, the history of Russian libraries using the example of the Catherine Library.

Modern library concepts have been developed taking into account the peculiarities of the development of Russian libraries.

The third section is devoted to BGUNL and the Central Library of Gubkin, as typical representatives of modern municipal libraries.

Thus, the problem of library development, the main modern concepts of the library, are considered on the basis historical experience, theories and practices of modern library science.

1. Library: history of origin and development

History of ancient libraries using the example of the Library of Alexandria

Libraries arose in ancient times. In the middle of the 7th century. BC. At the palace of the Assyrian king Ashturbanipal in Nineveh there was a large collection of clay tables. Of the ancient libraries, the most famous are the Library of Alexandria, founded by Ptolemy, and the library in Pergamon, founded in the 3rd century. BC. The Library of Alexandria was replenished over several centuries and went down in history as the largest book depository.

Egyptian officials took all Greek parchments imported into the country to the library. Each ship that arrived in Alexandria, if it had literary works on it, had to either sell them to the library or provide them for copying. The library's keepers copied every book they could get their hands on, and hundreds of literate slaves worked every day, copying and sorting thousands of scrolls.

Already by the first century BC. The Library of Alexandria contained up to 700 thousand papyrus scrolls. Among them was a whole collection of works by philosophers and scientists from all over the world.

There are many legends about the destruction of the Library of Alexandria. Those treasures that survived served as the basis for the development of intellectual communities of the Islamic and Christian Middle Ages.

IN Western Europe During the early Middle Ages, libraries usually existed at large monasteries and churches.

During the Renaissance, the number of libraries increased. This is due to the development of culture and printing. At that time, libraries were places for storing rarities. Their activities were aimed at protecting books and manuscripts from visitors.

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. Libraries emerged in many countries, which subsequently acquired national and, in some cases, global significance.

The names of talented scientists who devoted a lot of effort to their development are associated with European libraries of the 16th-17th centuries. One of them is the Frenchman Gabriel Naudet (1600-1653). In 1627, Naudet published the book “Advice for Organizing Libraries,” which became widely distributed in Europe and has long served as a reference book for librarians.

The process of emergence of large national and university libraries continued in the 19th century. In the second half of the 19th century, the organization of mass libraries began. This is caused by an increase in the need for skilled labor.

Thus, the Library of Alexandria is a classic example of the development of ancient libraries.

Libraries in Russia

The first known library in Ancient Rus' was founded in 1037 by Yaroslav the Wise in Kyiv.

Basically, the collections of monastery libraries consisted of books of religious content.

At the beginning of the 18th century. In connection with Peter's reforms, libraries with collections of secular and scientific literature began to appear in Russia. In 1714, by order of Peter I, a large collection of books was created in St. Petersburg.

Later it was transferred to the Academy of Sciences. At the end of the 18th century. paid public libraries appear...

By decree of the Empress, the National Library was created. The 18th century developed the tradition of collecting books, resulting in the idea of creating a Public Library.

Private collections and book collections could not fully accelerate the formation of the Russian intelligentsia from “enlightened nobles” or contribute to building up a layer of educated “statesmen”, the need for whom was felt more and more strongly.

According to Catherine II, the national library was supposed to personify the power of the Russian state.

Like “the model of the most notable public libraries” in Europe, which stored the archives of the national press and written monuments, the new library was to become a collector of all Russian books and manuscripts.

The National Library of Russia - and in this, according to A.N., who stood at its source. Olenin, was its “originality” - it was conceived and organized not only as a book depository, but at the same time as a public library, accessible to all.

Its goal was to educate Russians publicly. With its appearance, a new chapter opened in the history of science, culture and education in Russia. The public library became the second Russian university.

The construction of the public library took almost twenty years.

The foundation was formed with the participation of Catherine II. On her orders, the book collection of the Zaluski brothers was delivered to St. Petersburg, which became the basis of the foreign collection of the Public Library. The public library was the first state library in Russia, which was given the goal of creating a “complete collection of Russian books.” This meant all books published from the very beginning of printing in Russia, as well as books published in Russian in foreign lands.

Thus, the need of ancient states for enlightenment and knowledge contributed to the accumulation of book collections at monasteries, church councils and religious educational institutions. In connection with the development of culture and book printing, the number of libraries is increasing. Due to the increasing need for qualified labor, the organization of mass libraries begins.

. Basic modern library concepts

library municipal methodological scientific

Today the library is a well-oiled mechanism with dozens of departments. The structure of the library can be divided into two divisions - technical services and reading services. Technical services are associated with the internal activities of the library and provide such functions as acquisition and development of collections, cataloging and storage. Reader services are engaged in reference activities and provide readers with access to funds.

The holdings of modern libraries include manuscripts, books and other printed publications, various audiovisual materials (movies, records) and numerous types of electronic storage media (computer floppy disks, CD-ROMs, video disks). In addition, a modern library connected to telecommunication networks has access to materials in other repositories.

Informatization of society puts forward new theoretical and practical problems for librarians. A library is a complex system of interaction between documentary, information, material and technical resources and people. We will try to consider the information environment of the library in connection with the introduction of new information technologies. One of the main tasks of informatization of society and libraries is the introduction of principles that would contribute to greater openness of information systems and the growth of the general cultural and spiritual potential of people. No less important is the problem of universal accessibility of information. It is becoming increasingly relevant due to the fact that “today even the largest libraries cannot satisfy the entire range of information needs with their own resources.”

The complex of objects that the library’s activities are aimed at today has not only expanded, but also connections with them have strengthened. These are connections between libraries of various levels and profiles and connections with other cultural institutions and organizations.

In the process of informatization, new requirements appear for both the librarian and the reader. A librarian must be able to handle the latest information carriers, databases, and remote resources.

In his last Address to the Federal Assembly from the entire sphere of culture, the President of Russia especially singled out libraries, saying that it was time “... to begin the modernization of Russian libraries.”

At the moment, people need reliable, promptly received information and new practical knowledge. Society's need for this can only be satisfied through state public libraries, since the library remains the only institution providing access to culture and information free of charge. Currently, there is a stratification of libraries into relatively rich and relatively poor. For those who managed to find their place in the new economic conditions, for those who are already actively engaged in modernizing their activities.

Rich, poor and even information-poor regions appeared on the map of the country. It turns out that the country is informationally divided. The gap in the level of service and access to information in different regions is growing. The time has come when libraries cannot exist without reliable information.

Although the libraries themselves need to improve their material and technical condition. In strengthening personnel, in replenishing information resources. The library remained the only institution providing access to culture and information free of charge.

. Libraries of the Belgorod region

Regional Scientific Universal Library as a methodological center for municipal libraries of the Belgorod region

The Belgorod region has a developed network of municipal public and specialized libraries. They are united into territorial centralized library systems. There are 24 such systems.

The work of municipal libraries is carried out in the conditions of regional library policy. A library development program has been approved at the regional and district levels:

-acquisition of book collections;

-computerization of libraries;

-creation of model libraries in rural areas;

-increasing the professional level of library specialists.

The local Law “On the Mandatory Deposit of Documents in the Belgorod Region” was adopted (1997)

In 2002, five model libraries were created. A model library is a library that has an optimal standard set of material and information resources and effectively uses them to provide high-quality services to the population.

Today, public libraries can be considered as public centers of municipal, legal and social information. Almost all central libraries have legal and social information centers equipped with “Consultant Plus” electronic databases.

Belgorod State Scientific Library provides methodological assistance region libraries. Methodological work focuses on organizing services, expanding the forms and methods of information and mass activities, introducing automated technologies in central regional libraries, etc. Employees of the methodological department provide practical and advisory assistance to regional libraries in the form of meetings and seminars, schools of excellence, and field trips on-site, preparation of teaching aids.

In 1991, a department of automated control systems was created in the library. Currently, on the basis of the AS “Library”, the following databases have been created: “Electronic Catalog”, “Local History”. The following databases are in use: “Consultant”, “Medicine”, English-language encyclopedias, etc. A laser disk with a database on the historical and artistic values of the Belgorod region has been created.

Thus, the library is a large information institution, a methodological center for libraries in the region. The basis for the development of innovative technologies.

Central Library System of Gubkin: cultural traditions and innovative solutions

The Gubkin Central Library System participates in the implementation of spiritual and moral education of the population. The Central Bank has developed and is implementing eight target programs, including: “Russia: a time of choice”, “Ecology: the XXI century”, “Book and culture”, “History of the Fatherland: about the past for the present”, “Reading is a family matter”, etc. There are ten interest clubs; schools of ethics, law, communication; creative associations “Inspiration” and “Test of the Pen”. The technical base of the Central Bank was replenished with a new set of computer equipment using funds allocated by OJSC LGOK.

An information sector on childhood issues has been opened on the basis of the central children's library. Of great importance is the study and preservation of the traditions of the region, which is the basis of local history work.

The Central Library System operates 43 thematic card indexes, and 128 bibliographic manuals have been published.

New information resources have been prepared. Work continued on the formation of its information resources.

The innovative activities of the Central Library have been embodied in projects aimed at providing practical assistance to readers in achieving aesthetic, educational, and information goals.

Thus, innovation formed the basis of educational methodological activities CBS; helped identify new areas of work.

Conclusion

After completing the test, we draw conclusions.

The Library of Alexandria is a classic example of the development of ancient libraries.

The need of ancient states for education and knowledge contributed to the accumulation of book collections. In connection with the development of culture and printing, the number of libraries is increasing. The organization of mass libraries begins, this is due to the increasing need for qualified labor.

Although libraries need to improve their material and technical condition. It remains the only institution providing access to culture and information free of charge.

BGUNB is a large information institution and a methodological center for regional libraries.

The Central Library of Gubkin is an information, cultural and educational center. Innovation formed the basis of the educational and methodological activities of the Central Bank; helped identify new areas of work.

Bibliography

1.Library of the city of Alexandria - the eighth wonder of the world // New Library. - 2001. - No. 3. - pp. 12-13.

2.Gorbachevsky, B. People, books, libraries / B. Gorbachevsky. - M., 1963. - 208 p.

.Municipal libraries of the Belgorod region in 2003: Analytical review/BGUNB. - Belgorod, 2004. - 99 p.

.Tupchienko-Kadyrova, L.G. Informatization of the library: ways of transformation / L.G. Tupchienko-Kadyrova // Library Science. - 2003. - No. 1. - P. 40-46.

.By decree of the Empress, the Russian National Library was created, which is rightfully considered the second university in Russia // New Library. - 2001. - No. 2. - P. 6-9.

The entire history of the development of the human mind is connected with books and libraries. Today's library seems to be the epitome of peace, quiet and order. As at all times, she serves people.

Translated from Greek, “biblio” means “book,” “teka” means “storage,” and “library” means “storehouse of books.”

The very first libraries appeared in Ancient Egypt. During excavations above the entrance to one of the rooms of the palace of Ramesses II, archaeologists discovered the inscription: “Pharmacy for the soul.” According to the ancient Egyptians, books can be compared to a medicine that makes a person’s mind strong and ennobles his soul. In ancient Egypt there were libraries called "houses of papyrus" and "houses of life." They were created at palaces and temples. Egyptian pharaohs gave great importance education.

The collection of the famous Library of Alexandria, one of the seven wonders of the Ancient World, amounted to up to 800 thousand texts in many languages. The library was actively replenished by the rulers of Egypt. According to legend, during a famine in Athens, Ptolemy III agreed to sell bread to the Greeks only on one condition - he would be given rare books to copy. The Greeks agreed to give the books on a very large deposit in gold, but Ptolemy decided to keep the books for himself, having lost the deposit. After all, he understood that knowledge is much more valuable than noble metal. A fire in 273 destroyed rare publications.

In the history of books, there were also clay tablets. On a damp soft clay tablet slightly larger than a notebook - 32 by 22 centimeters - and 2.5 centimeters thick, the scribes extruded signs that looked like wedges with sharp triangular sticks; it was simpler and easier than carving written signs on stone. Clay tablets, sun-dried or fired, are well preserved in the ground. That is why their finds are very common.

People also created wooden books. They appeared back in the 1st century AD. The book was made like this: melted wax was poured onto the tablet pages and, while it was soft, they smoothed it out. They wrote on the frozen wax with a sharp stick, then several tablets were connected with a cord to form a book.

Books on palm leaves existed in the countries of the East, and on papyrus - in the countries of the Mediterranean. More four thousand years, until approximately the middle of the 7th century AD, papyrus served as the main material for writing by the Egyptians. The records on papyrus reflected the state and social life of the people; works of art, components of pride ancient world. If you happen to visit the St. Petersburg Hermitage, you will be able to see behind the glass display cases papyri with pictured letters inscribed by the hand of a man who lived in the 13th century before our chronology.

Books have always been the greatest value, which was accessible to very few people before printing. The ancient Roman philosopher Seneca described a certain Roman who constantly kept slaves with him, each of whom knew by heart all the works of some famous poet. A living “library” cost the owner less than a real one.

Introduction

Library, cultural, educational and scientific auxiliary institution that organizes the public use of printed works. Libraries are engaged in collecting, storing and issuing printed works to readers, as well as information and bibliographic work. In a broad sense, libraries are the memory of humanity and the most accessible cultural institutions for all categories of the population. Therefore, the topic of the test is relevant and has great practical importance.

The object of research is the library.

The subject of the study is the emergence and development of the library, the basic modern concepts of the library.

Purpose of the study: to determine the place and role of the library in the development of civilization and the cultural formation of society.

On the way to the goal, the following tasks were solved:

Selection, analysis and evaluation of literary sources;

A selection of concepts reflecting the features of library development;

Formation of findings, conclusions, bibliographic list.

The structure of the test consists of an introduction, three sections, and four subsections.

The world history of libraries is shown using the example of the Library of Alexandria, the history of Russian libraries using the example of the Catherine Library.

Modern library concepts have been developed taking into account the peculiarities of the development of Russian libraries.

The third section is devoted to BGUNL and the Central Library of Gubkin, as typical representatives of modern municipal libraries.

Thus, the problem of library development, the main modern concepts of the library, are considered on the basis of historical experience, theory and practice of modern library science.

Library: history of origin and development

History of ancient libraries using the example of the Library of Alexandria

The library contained works on different languages. It was believed that there was not a single valuable work in the world, a copy of which would not be in the Alexandria Library. The library was open to everyone; it was considered a holy place. Before entering its vault, a purification ritual was performed.

In Western Europe during the early Middle Ages, libraries usually existed in large monasteries and churches.

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. Libraries emerged in many countries, which subsequently acquired national and, in some cases, global significance.

Thus, the Library of Alexandria is a classic example of the development of ancient libraries.

Origin of libraries.

The entire history of the development of the human mind is connected with books and libraries. This is not a calm story at all! They fought for books, burned them, lost them, found them, tore them from the depths of cities buried by time, saved them from enemy invasion as the most precious thing. Today's library seems to be the epitome of peace, quiet and order. As at all times, she serves people. What does the word “library” mean?

Translated from Greek, “biblio” means “book,” “teka” means “storage,” and “library” means “storehouse of books.”

The very first libraries appeared in Ancient Egypt. During excavations above the entrance to one of the rooms of the palace of Ramses II, archaeologists discovered the inscription: “Pharmacy for the soul.” According to the ancient Egyptians, books can be compared to a medicine that makes a person’s mind strong and ennobles his soul. In ancient Egypt there were libraries called "houses of papyrus" and "houses of life." They were created at palaces and temples. Egyptian pharaohs attached great importance to education. As you already understand, the Egyptians wrote their books on papyrus.

Papyrus is a plant that in ancient times grew in abundance along the banks of the Nile. The Egyptians learned to make thin, fragile, light brown writing material from it. They wrote on it with wooden sticks in black or red ink. The process of making papyrus was complex and lengthy. The finished material was glued into a long narrow tape, to the ends of which slats were attached. The ribbon was rolled into a scroll. Each scroll was kept in a leather case, with wooden labels with the name of the manuscript attached to it. The Romans, who also wrote on papyrus, called these labels titles. This is where the name “title page” comes from - a sheet with a title.

Only the library in the state of Pergamon, which was located on the territory of modern Turkey, could compete with the Alexandria library. Its ruler Eumenes II 3 decided to surpass the famous miracle. When they found out about this in Egypt, they banned the export of papyrus outside the state. Papyrus did not grow in Pergamon. That's when it was invented new material for writing - parchment.

Parchment or charter - bovine leather, which was soaked for a long time, tanned, dried and used as writing material.

Parchment was obtained from finely tanned bull skins; it was more convenient, and most importantly, much more durable than papyrus. At first, books from parchment were made according to tradition in the form of scrolls, and then they began to bend a large sheet of parchment in four, in the form of a notebook. Word "notebook" just comes from Greek "tetradion" what does it mean "folded in four". Several notebooks were sewn together to create a book very similar to a modern one. And this book was called “code”. The pages of the finished book were bound in a strong binding made of wooden boards covered with leather. This is where the expression “read a book from board to board” comes from. The binding of especially valuable books was decorated with gold and precious stones, and gold clasps were made. Parchment was actively used until the invention of paper and competed with it for a long time. After all, it has a huge advantage over paper - it is stronger and more durable. But, on the other hand, parchment is a very expensive material. For a 700-page manuscript, an entire herd of animals had to be slaughtered. Paper was much cheaper. In ancient times, books were copied by hand, and scribes did this. The role of the pen was played by a quill pen. The first letter of a paragraph was painted with red paint - this is where the expression “writing from the red line” came from. It took many years to create such a book.

In the history of books there were also clay tablets. On a damp soft clay tablet slightly larger than a notebook - 32 by 22 centimeters - and 2.5 centimeters thick, the scribes extruded signs that looked like wedges with sharp triangular sticks; it was simpler and easier than carving written signs on stone. Clay tablets, sun-dried or fired, are well preserved in the ground. That is why their finds are very common. In 1849, the English traveler O.G. Layard, while excavating a hill on the banks of the Tigris River, discovered under a layer of earth the ruins of the palace of King Ashurbanipal, the ruler of the ancient state of Assyria. The entrance to the palace was guarded by huge statues, and the walls of the rooms were decorated with reliefs depicting scenes of military campaigns. Among other finds in the palace were about 30 thousand small clay tablets covered with small wedge-shaped icons. At first, Layard’s find was not given any significance: cuneiform was not yet readable. The tablets remained for about 20 years in the British Museum in London. When scientists managed to decipher cuneiform. It became clear that this was a whole library of clay books. Each such “book” consisted of “sheets” - tablets of the same size. Each plaque bore the title of a book ( initial words the first plate), and also the number of the “sheet”. The books were placed in strict order, there were catalogs - lists indicating the names of the books and the number of lines in each tablet. There was also a library stamp: “Palace of Ashurbannipal, King of the Universe, King of Assyria.” One clay book consisted of dozens of clay tablets; they were stored in special boxes. It is clear that it was customary not to go to such libraries, but to ride on carts in order to take at least one box of books. It is no coincidence that strong men were hired as librarians, assisted by slave loaders. The laws of Hammurabi 4 were written 2000 BC. in close cuneiform writing on a basalt pillar, which was more than 2 meters in circumference. Now this text can be contained on 50 pages of a medium format book.

Books on palm leaves existed in the countries of the East, and on papyrus - in the countries of the Mediterranean. For more than four thousand years, until approximately the middle of the 7th century AD, papyrus served as the main writing material for the Egyptians. The records on papyrus reflected the state and social life of the people; works of art were written that constituted the pride of the ancient world. If you happen to visit the St. Petersburg Hermitage, you will be able to see behind the glass display cases papyri with pictured letters inscribed by the hand of a man who lived in the 13th century before our chronology.

What is papyrus? This is a perennial aquatic plant. It can be compared with our reeds, but such a comparison will be approximate. The stem of papyrus is smooth, with a triangular cross-section and reaches a height of five meters in diameter. It is crowned with an umbrella flower in the shape of a tassel. The shores of Athenian lakes and rivers, including the sacred Nile, are hidden by dense thickets of papyrus. This grass is more like palm trees and resembles a dense flooded forest. Truly the king is the grass, which is why the Egyptians came up with the appropriate name for it - papyrus, which means “royal”. True, it was not the size of papyrus that the Egyptians admired, but the “royal” gifts that this plant gave. The main gift of papyrus is writing material, the ancestor of paper, which is called “papyrus”. They made it like this: blanks are made from the lower, thickest part of the papyrus stem. They are peeled from the outer shell, and then the core is cut vertically with a knife into thin strips of equal thickness, 30 and 40 cm long.

To make the strips elastic and acquire a translucent creamy tint, they are soaked in water many times, and in between these operations they are rolled by hand with a heavy wooden gurney. The finished strips, those that are longer, are laid out on the table over white cotton fabric, overlapping, and those that are shorter are placed perpendicularly with a second layer, also overlapping. Then they are placed under a press to remove water.

This is how a sheet of papyrus is formed. Several such sheets, separated by cloth pads, are stacked and dewatered in presses. As moisture is removed, the strips are firmly bonded to each other by the fibers on their surface and become dry. This papyrus is suitable for writing.

Writing material is not the only gift of papyrus. They wove mats and mats from papyrus stems, made ropes, made fabrics and shoes, and built light and durable boats. The rhizomes and lower parts of the stems of younger plants were used for food. In addition, in deforested Egypt, rhizomes were used as fuel and for making household utensils.

For centuries, papyrus was the most important practical writing material until it was replaced by paper invented in China.

In different historical eras they wrote on metal mirrors (Etruscans in Rome), lead, copper, silver and even gold plates. One of the original texts of Homer's Iliad was inscribed on lead plates. The Yasa of Chinggis Khan, a collection of Mongol customary law compiled by Chinggis Khan after his election as Great Khan in 1206, was carved on metal boards. The book, whose pages are cast in silver and whose letters are in gold, is kept in the State Library in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. This book weighs 512 kg, of which 460 kg are silver and 52 kg are gold.

History of Russian books.

The history of Russian writing and book literature is closely connected with the history of the Russian people. From Kyiv to Novgorod, from the Danube and Dnieper to the Volga, oral legends about heroes thundered. Tales were told in towers and huts. Historical legends were told and songs were sung. In quiet cells, chronicles and lives, stories and walks were diligently copied. People valued book teaching, “for a mind without books is like a bird taken aback. Just as it cannot fly, the mind cannot imagine a mind without books.”

The book has always been held in high esteem in Rus'. The people preserved the memory of their heroes. Their names were preserved in the memory of the people as a symbol of valor and glory. Epics, chronicles, eloquent sermons of the Kievite Hilarion and the “Russian Chrysostom” Cyril, the Smolensk Clement, who “was a scribe and philosopher,” the instructive “Teaching” of Vladimir Monomoh, the bitter “Prayer” of Danil Zatochnik 5. The epic about Sadko, telling about the adventures of a Novgorod guest in the underwater kingdom, and the epic about the Novgorod warrior-hero Vasily Buslaev 6 have reached us.

In 988, Prince Vladimir of Kiev “sent to collect children from noble people and send them to book education.” The first library in Rus' was created in 1030 by the Novgorod prince Yaroslav the Wise.

Birch bark letters.

Birch bark letters became a “window into a vanished world” for us. In Rus' in the 13th – 14th centuries, a common material for writing was birch bark - birch bark. It was used especially widely in the north. In Novgorod, during excavations, more than 600 so-called birch bark letters were discovered, written with sharpened bone rods. Birch bark as a writing material does not tolerate storage in the air at all. Any birch bark scroll begins to dry out very quickly, cracks along the veins, and then falls apart. In order for a birch bark letter to be preserved for a long time, you need to keep it under pressure, not allowing it to curl. In the ground, birch bark letters retain the shape of a scroll and are quite durable. This means that they fell into it immediately upon reading, i.e. the text was temporary in nature, these were various records of feudal duties and economic orders.

Each birch bark document can be compared with a small fragment of a mirror, forever capturing a tiny particle of a long-vanished world that was accidentally reflected in it. Thanks to archnological research, the broken mirror will be collected, and the whole of medieval Novgorod will be visible to us, in vivid detail. One can envy future historians who will draw information about the history of Novgorod, its economy, politics, and culture not from hundreds, but from thousands of birch bark

Handwritten Rus'.

Until the middle of the 16th century, Russian literature was handwritten.

Until the middle of the 14th century, parchment was the material for writing in Rus'. A sheet of parchment is lined with a special device - a kerak line - so that the line is even. The scribes' handwriting is large, clear, and such handwriting is called the “charter”. Each letter stands separately from the other, and the capital letters are written in red paint - cinnabar. Many centuries later, the expression “write from the red line” will remain in the Russian language.

Ink for manuscripts was made from ink nuts, cherry glue and variegated honey. In a 15th-century manuscript from the library of the Trinity-Sergei Lavra, it is recommended “...finely crush the ink nuts and sift them through a sieve, then pour in sour and unleavened honey and mix with cherry glue, then lower 12 iron plates into the solution and place the vessel in a warm place on three days. In this case, the mixture should be stirred three times a day, testing its sweetness with the tongue and filtering.”

The color of the ink was so stable that it did not change for centuries.

The copying of books was carried out by monks, priests, deacons and “lay people”. In rich monasteries or at princely courts, workshops were created in which books were copied, translated and illustrated.

The following people worked on the handwritten book: a black-letter scribe who wrote the main text; article scribe - he reproduced the ligature with cinnabar; head scribe - his duty was to draw head letters and initial letters; icon painter - he painted miniatures; gold painter - this one covered headpieces and individual parts of miniatures with gold; three craftsmen prepared the salary.

In the capital letters (initials) of handwritten books of the 14th-15th centuries there are images of guslars, hunters with falcons, fishermen with nets, and buffoons.

The bindings of handwritten books were made from boards covered with embossed leather, silk and velvet. Rich owners of books “dressed” them in precious silver frames and encrusted them with precious stones.

Sometimes book writers made notes. For example, one of them wrote in 1407: “Help, Lord, your servant Kuzma: give him a strong hand, a quick heart, a keen eye, and a sober mind.”

In the XIV-XV centuries, the Russian people fought for the unity of Rus', for liberation from the Tatar yoke. At this time, epics appeared, sincere sad songs that reflected the longing of the Russian people for freedom, sadness about the Russian fate.

During this period, chronicles became widespread. Chronicle vaults appear. The glorious victory of Russian soldiers on the Kulikovo field is sung in “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamaev” 6 and in the poem “Zadonshchina” 7.

Notes from some Russian travelers have been preserved, including the impressions of Novgorodian Stefan 8 about his trip to Constantinople. Of particular interest is the book of the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin 9 “Walking across Three Seas”. In it, the author talks about his adventures and observations during a three-year journey through the Caspian, Indian and Black Seas. Nikitin was the first European (30 years earlier than Vasco da Gama 10) to travel around India and describe its cities, nature, life and customs of the people. He likes India, but, like a true patriot, he exclaims: “May the Russian land be preserved by God! There is no country like it in this world!”

One of the literary genres in the 14th-15th centuries was hagiography 11. From them we learn about the life of princes, metropolitans, and founders of monasteries. The “Word of the Life of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich” 12 and “The Life of Sergei of Radonezh” 13 became especially famous. Historical and literary stories about the struggle of appanage princes, about the campaign of Ivan III to Novgorod and others have been preserved.

But the era of the chronicle was ending... In the 16th century, culture and education rapidly developed, and schools were created. Wealthy landowners and townspeople hired home teachers to educate their children. Schools emerged to train the clergy. There weren't enough books. They were very expensive. Copying one book took several months. In addition, the process of making parchment itself was not easy; it required a certain skill, patience and, of course, physical strength. To obtain a thin and durable material from leather, it was necessary to perform a number of operations - wash the leather, remove hair, dry it, smooth it, sand it. Dry again, smooth again, etc. In Russia, parchment began to be made in the 15th century, and before that it was bought abroad. The code of laws of ancient Novgorod “Russian Truth” was written on parchment in 1036.

Invention of paper .

At a time when the era of papyrus and parchment flourished in the countries of the Mediterranean, Asia Minor and Europe, paper was already known at the other end of the world - China. It replaced thin bamboo planks and double-glued fabric, which the Chinese had previously used as writing material.

The craft of paper making in China has been known since time immemorial. Historical chronicles speak about this, and recent finds confirm this. In 1957, and then later, small pieces of ancient primitive paper were found in Shanxi province. She was examined modern methods and found that it was made from plant materials (bamboo, mulberry, hemp, etc.) much earlier than was commonly believed.

105 AD has been cited as the date of the invention of paper in China. New finds push it back 150-200 years deeper. Consequently, the age of paper is more than two thousand years.

The inventor of paper was considered to be the prominent Chinese government official Cai Lun. However, there is a legend according to which paper was not invented by Tsai Lun, but by a certain slave from East Turkestan. The Chinese emperor ordered that the name of the inventor be kept secret and he himself be executed. An honorable execution was prepared for the inventor. He was forced to swallow a gold plate with the emperor's gratitude engraved on it.

Archaeological finds shed light on the fact that paper existed before the history of Cai Lun. In this situation, he cannot be called a pioneer. Most likely, he was a capable rationalizer who managed to enrich the experience of many unknown masters.

The primitive method of making paper was that the dough-like mass for it was obtained by rubbing the inner fibrous part of the branches of a mulberry tree or young bamboo, soaked in rainwater, between stones. Cai Lun suggested performing this operation using a stone mortar and a wooden pestle, which is simpler and easier. For the next operation - forming a paper sheet - he used a sieve, refusing to pour the mass onto any smooth surface. He also found some new fibrous plants that were easy to process.

Later, new improvements were made to paper manufacturing technology. Fibrous materials with the addition of ash or slaked lime were cooked in cauldrons over an open fire. A lever was attached to a heavy wooden pestle, which, by pressing the foot, raised and lowered the pestle. A press for squeezing water out of stacks of paper appeared in paper workshops. Another innovation was that additives in the form of animal glue began to be introduced into the paper pulp. This made it possible to strengthen the fiber bonds in the paper sheet.

Thus, the development of paper production rose from one step to another. But this process was slow. A lot of time passed before this or that innovation was introduced into practice.

At the turn of the 2nd and 3rd centuries and in the subsequent period, paper in China was not considered a rare material. In addition to writing, it was also used for domestic purposes and in trade. But all this was only within China.

The Chinese's closest neighbors, the Koreans, learned the art of papermaking in the 2nd century, and the Japanese - in the 6th century. In the 7th century, paper penetrated into Persia, then to Arabia, where the Arabs adopted this skill. In the eleventh century, the Arabs brought paper to Europe. Its production was primarily established in Spain, in the cities of Valencia and Taledo; paper production began here in 1150. Almost simultaneously - in 1154 - paper appeared in Italy. In 1189, the French began to make it, in 1300 - the Hungarians, in 1390 - the Germans, in 1494 - the British, in 1565 - the Russians, in 1586 - the Dutch, in 1690 - the Americans. The history of paper production is divided into two periods: the production of rough, soft, friable and shaggy paper, the so-called bombicides, and the production of smooth, hard, thick paper from linen rags, actually writing paper.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, paper production in Europe reached significant proportions. In Venice, France and other countries, decrees were issued prohibiting the export of rags and old paper. The cost of rags, the main raw material for paper production, rose rapidly. It especially increased during the Seven Years' War (1756-1762), when a huge amount of rags was required for hospitals. Therefore, an intensive search began for substitutes for rags.

One of the first substitutes was straw of rye, wheat, and oats. It was widely used in many factories in Belgium, France, and Germany. Straw produced durable, shiny paper, characterized by density, transparency and so-called sonority. Esparto (steppe feather grass) was used quite widely for paper production, especially in England. For this purpose they tried to use reeds, sedge, and hay. In Italy, hemp straw was used in one of the factories, and in Budapest it was processed into large quantities premium paper made exclusively from nettle fibers. It was proposed to use beet pulp, matting, bark, peat, leaves, moss, algae, pine, spruce, cedar and much more as raw materials for paper production. Eventually everything was replaced by wood pulp and cellulose.

The appearance of writing paper in Russia dates back to the reign of the first collector of the Russian land Ivan Danilovich Kalita. The first paper mill was built in Russia in the 16th century in the village of Ivanteevka near Moscow. It was then called the “Paper Mill”, because... The main machine for paper production was water Mill. Peter I in 1716 founded a large paper mill near the new capital. In 1720, already in St. Petersburg itself, “behind the galley yard” a new paper mill was built. This is what the decree said about this: “the paper mill, which is being built by decree of His Tsar’s Majesty behind the galley yard, comes already completed, but there are no materials for the paper business: for this purpose, His Tsar’s Majesty ordered it to be published in St. Petersburg decree so that people of all ranks who have thin worn linen. The same, although not very thin, ones that are called Ivan’s canvases, and other similar and such non-rags were brought and announced to the Office of the Chief of Police, for which, by definition, they would be paid money from the Cabinet of His Tsar’s Majesty.”

In the second half of the 18th century, in addition to Moscow and St. Petersburg, the cities of Yaroslavl and Kaluga were famous for making paper. In Russia, as in Western Europe, straw initially became widely used as a raw material. Pulp was made from it by enterprises in St. Petersburg, in the Vilna province. Some factories also produced paper from hay. At a paper mill in Odessa, white pulp was produced from reeds. One issue of the local newspaper “Odessa Herald” was even printed on reed paper.

Nowadays, most paper is made from wood pulp and cellulose.

Almost all of us, one way or another, have to deal with the collection of waste paper. They came up with a good idea to preserve our green wealth - the forest. Scientists are not complacent either. So that our descendants can experience the joy of communicating with a book, special types of paper are created that can convey the Word through the centuries. They are looking for wood pulp substitutes using past experience. If they once wrote on palm leaves, why can’t they be used to make paper? Iranian engineers have solved this problem and are producing paper from date palm leaves. Italian experts offer books made of plastic. There are individual copies of books whose pages are made of... sea sand. Truly, there is no limit to human thought.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution

higher professional education

Far Eastern Federal University

School of Economics and Management

Department of Business Informatics and Economic and Mathematical Methods

ABSTRACT

in the discipline "Fundamentals of Library and Information Science"

on the topic “Library: its emergence, development and social functions»

Completed by: student of group B1108L

Charkina E. YU

Checked by: Curly N.V.

Vladivostok 2013

Introduction

1 History of libraries

2 Characteristics of social functions of libraries

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The cultural history of librarianship is part of the history and culture of society. The most ancient libraries in the world were the first clay catalogs of Sumerian literature, the library of Ashurbanipal, and the library of the Temple of Edfu in Egypt. In Athens, Euripides, Plato, Aristotle, Demosthenes, Euclid, and Euthydemus owned large private libraries. The first public Greek library was founded in Athens by Pasistratus. The eighth wonder of the world - the Library of Alexandria - included more than 700 thousand scrolls of handwritten books.

The library, as one of the elements of society, performs certain functions in it that are external to it. At the same time, it forms a system consisting of several elements with its own functions, which act as internal ones in relation to it.

Despite the key position of the concept of “function” in the apparatus of science, in modern library science there is no generally accepted understanding of it, and the composition of library functions is defined differently. As a rule, the function is seen as a means of adapting the library to existing social conditions and, in connection with this, different groups of functions are distinguished: main, basic, general, essential, immanent, ontological, genetic, initial, system-forming, external, specific, type-forming, historical, derivative, applied, additional, auxiliary, private, technological and others.

The main distinguishing characteristic of social and technological functions is the scope of their distribution. Social are external functions that go beyond the library. They are formed under the influence of the needs of society and directly affect it and its individual members. Technological ones are internal functions that do not go beyond the library. They are a means for the library to carry out its social functions, are formed under their influence and ensure the implementation of the library’s activities in accordance with current standards. Technological functions act as secondary in relation to social ones and serve for their implementation.

The purpose of this essay is to describe the history of the formation and development of the institute of libraries, as well as the social functions of the library.

1. History of libraries

Institutions such as libraries appeared in antiquity. The first library found was the library at the temple in Nippur; it existed around 2500. It contained a huge collection of clay tablets.

The first libraries existed directly as repositories of books, but also as community centers whose main purpose was education. During the early Middle Ages, libraries were often founded at cathedrals and monasteries. In the XIII - XIV centuries. University culture is actively being formed, which subsequently had a significant impact on books and libraries in general. The monastic book was perceived as a treasury of spirituality and intellectuality; it became an instrument of knowledge.

The oldest library is known, which existed in the 18th - 17th centuries. BC. - This is a box of papyri. The oldest library is the library that existed in the palace of the king of Assyria around the 7th century. BC e. It contained a rich collection of tablets with cuneiform writing. These were mainly signs with legal information.

The Library of Alexandria, which had the status of a center of ancient literature and education, was created by Ptolemy, who founded it in the 3rd century. BC e. The Alexandria Book Depository was part of the museum complex. In addition to the library, it also included dining rooms, living rooms, zoological and botany gardens, rooms for reading books, and an observatory. Later, objects of medicine, astronomy, stuffed animals, as well as statues and busts used for teaching were added to the premises of the complex. The Temple had approximately 200,000 papyri, and the School had about 700 thousand documents. Alexandria book depositories in 270 AD. e. ceased to exist - they were destroyed.

At the monastery of St. Florian had approximately 30,000 editions of books. During the Middle Ages, such libraries at monasteries were centers of book learning. The works of the Church Fathers, sacred scriptures, and works of antiquity were copied here.

During the Age of Enlightenment, many libraries appeared at universities in cities such as Paris, Bologna, Padua, and Oxford. They contain a huge amount of literature on history, natural science, and art. In the 18th century, books became accessible and open to society.

During the Renaissance, many figures searched for Latin and Greek texts preserved in monasteries. The manuscripts were worth a lot of money, and in order to protect them, these books were tied to the shelves with chains.

The advent of printing had a significant impact on libraries. Library collections have expanded significantly.

In the 20th century, the public library became the most accessible and popular type of library. In the USSR, the priority task of the library was the promotion of books, regulation and formation of the interests of readers. For the people, the library has become an important cultural component of life, along with theaters and museums.

Currently, library collections number 130 million book titles.

2. Characteristics of the social functions of libraries

The library has always existed and does not exist on its own; it is an element of society with its own range of responsibilities. The external functions of a library are its response to the needs of society, determined by the way it interacts with the external environment. As an artificially created system, the library realizes its social purpose through external functions, which is why they are most often called social.

With this in mind, the social functions of a library can be defined as the social role it performs as a social institution in relation to society.

Most researchers divide the social functions of libraries into several groups. The first attempt to classify social functions in 1977 was made by I.M. Frumin, naming general and specific ones. Following him, Yu. N. Stolyarov identified immanent, essential and others, V.R. Firsov - basic and subordinate, A. V. Sokolov - essential and applied, etc. E. T. Seliverstova even identified four groups of social functions: main, type-forming, derivative and additional.

When studying the activities of any social institution, including libraries, it is legitimate to highlight two interrelated aspects that characterize its essence and variability. In accordance with the first aspect, each social institution has an internal, unchanging essence that allows it to perform a clearly defined role in society, regardless of the historical period, the socio-demographic structure of society and the specific current tasks facing it. With this in mind, the essence of the library is manifested in the collection and storage of socially significant documents in order to satisfy the information needs of users. This was and is the main goal of libraries, regardless of what country they are located in, what user groups they serve, and what tasks their founders set for them. This allows us to consider that these social functions reflect the essence of the library and call them essential.

Consequently, the essential social functions of libraries are functions determined by the essence of the library as a social institution. The library began to perform these functions from the moment of its inception. Noting this, A.V. Sokolov emphasizes that these functions are primary, original and necessary. A change in the essential social functions would lead to the transformation of the library into another social institution, so they are stable, unchangeable and limited in composition.

The second aspect is characterized by variability, since in the process of development society is constantly transformed: its ideology, morality, religion, political and social structure, the value system of society and its individual social groups is clarified. All this makes adjustments to the activities of libraries, puts forward new tasks for them, which, in turn, require changes to the internal organization of their work and clarification of the features of interaction with the external environment. The fulfillment of a social role related to changes in the external environment is carried out by libraries through derived social functions. These functions are associated with the desire of society to use the essential capabilities of libraries to solve current problems. Some of the derived functions appeared simultaneously with the essential ones, some arose in the process historical development. Due to their derivation from essential ones, they are considered secondary.

We indicated above that essential functions should include those that define the essence of the library as a special social institution, indicate the purpose for which it was created and exists, what distinguishes it from other institutions or unites it with related ones.

In the approach to the formation of a list of essential social functions of libraries, two trends are observed - some authors (I.M. Frumin, L.A. Shilov, A.N. Khropach and others) name as essential:

1) educational,

2) educational,

3) production function,

others (Yu. N. Stolyarov, A. V. Sokolov, V. R. Firsov, E. T. Seliverstova, I. K. Dzherelievskaya, N. V. Zhadko):

1) cumulative,

2) memorial,

3) communicative.

Recently, library scientists have been actively searching for the only function that defines the essence of the library as a social institution. Main methodological principle This approach lies in the assertion that all social institutions, spheres of human activity, cultural products, including libraries, are characterized by a strict and unambiguous specific function.

In the early 1990s, information was put forward as the only essential social function. Proponents of this point of view argue that “the unity of most current concepts of the social role of the library lies in the fact that explicitly or implicitly, to a greater or lesser extent, attention is focused on the library’s information function” and that “despite the internal contradictions of the information approach to the analysis of prospects library development, it was he who became dominant.” Proponents of the information approach associate the revision of the attitude towards the information function with the search for “the place and role of the library in the information sphere”, the prospects for integrating “the library with other information institutions in the information infrastructure of society”, “the transition from restrained confrontation between the library community and the information sphere to recognition of the importance of informatization libraries”, creative understanding of the experience of foreign colleagues, which “could help us gradually prepare for transformation into an information society with the least economic costs.” library book communicative educational

In 1990, the information function was recognized by V.V. Skvortsov as the only essence for the library, since “the essence of the substance with which the library operates is not a document, not a publication, but information.” The same point of view was shared by N.I. Tyulina, according to whom the information function “is initially inherent in the library as a social institution”: it “comes out of the general list of library functions, no matter what criterion it is built by.”

Despite the widespread view of the information function as the main and only one, its content is interpreted in different ways: as informing the user about documents available in the library or outside it; as an activity for analytical and synthetic processing of information; as providing users with conceptual and factual information. There is also a broader understanding when all processes associated with the movement of information in the library are presented as a single information function.

Along with the information approach, the communication approach has also become widespread in recent times. Its founder is Yu. N. Stolyarov, who in the early 1980s, based on the fact that “the social purpose of the library... is to ensure a spatio-temporal act of communication,” came to the conclusion that “the immanent social function of the library is communicative." Subsequently, this function, along with other essential social ones, was called by V. R. Firsov, A. V. Sokolov, E. T. Seliverstova, I. K. Dzherelievskaya, M. S. Slobodyanik, N. V. Zhadko.

From our proposed definition of the “social function of a library,” taking into account the positions of scientists, it follows that the essential social functions are determined by the social purpose of the library. Consequently, the essential functions should be those that ensure the collection, storage of documents and satisfaction of user needs, that is, communication, cumulative and memorial.

The main goal of libraries - meeting the information needs of users - is realized through communication between the document and the user, therefore it is reasonable to call this function communication. In carrying out this task, the library acts as an organizer of the place and time of meeting of documents produced in different time, by different authors and dispersed at different points in space, with users located in a specific spatial time continuum. The main form of implementation of this function is to directly provide the user with the documents he needs for a certain time, both in the library and outside it. The communication function ensures access to documents and their prompt receipt by all interested users.

The library's performance of a communication function is also associated with providing users with information about the document array. In accordance with the user’s request, they can be limited by one or another framework: place and time of document production, authorship, subject, purpose, storage location and other parameters. This activity is carried out through the use of various types of documents created both in the library and outside it: catalogues, card files, bibliographic indexes, existing on both paper and electronic media. The information obtained in this way is used in the future as auxiliary for continuing the search for necessary documents and as the basis for conducting bibliographic examination.

In accordance with the communication function, the library provides the user not only with the document itself or information about it, but also with the information directly necessary for him. The implementation of this type of activity is associated with more high level library service. In this case, the library takes upon itself the responsibility to provide the user not with documents containing the information he needs, as is the case in most cases, but, based on the study and analysis of their content, the end result - the information he is interested in. This work can be performed in the traditional mode, when the user receives the appropriate certificate orally or in writing, or electronically, when a search in the information array is carried out using certain technical and software tools, and the user becomes the owner of the information he needs, often without even visiting libraries and without meeting a librarian.

The library also performs a communication function when it organizes the process of communication directly between users, bypassing the process of creating documents. In this case, some of the users who are carriers of socially significant information also act as real or potential authors of documents.

This type of communication is carried out during various events (meetings, discussions, “ round tables", conferences and others) with the participation of scientists, writers, poets, politicians and other owners of information of interest to library users. These activities, as a rule, combine oral communication with the use of various types of documents. They are typical for libraries different types, however, the forms of their implementation are diverse and specific. Thus, in public libraries, these events are often associated with familiarization with literary works and other types of art, meetings with writers, directors, composers, discussions of current social issues with politicians, economists, lawyers, and the organization of free time for users.

In special, for example, scientific and technical libraries, such events are characterized by a highly specialized focus and most often take place in the form of presentations, meetings, round tables and discussions with the participation of scientists and specialists of a certain profile, carriers of scientific and technological ideas. Thanks to this activity, libraries are able to significantly shorten the path for users to access new ideas, that is, bypass the documentary stage.

Thus, the library carries out the communication function by providing the user with a document, information about it, the information contained in it, organizing oral communication between users and real or potential authors of documents or carriers of socially significant information. A criterion for the effectiveness of a library’s communication function should be the organization of the most complete and prompt access of users to the documents they need. The ideal option for performing this function is to instantly provide the user with a comprehensive list of all the documents he needs.

To ensure communication between users and the documents they need, these documents must first be collected, which is the content of the cumulative function. Thanks to its implementation, the library collects in one place documents of different form and content, created at different times and in different points of space by different authors. To implement this function, information about documents being prepared for release and distributed, as well as the absence of various barriers, primarily political, to their free acquisition and the availability of the required resources at the library to replenish the collection are of decisive importance. The ideal option for performing the cumulative function is to consider a collection in one place of all documents produced by humanity.

However, to fulfill its mission, it is not enough for a library to collect documents at one point in space; it is also necessary to ensure their dissemination over time, which is achieved through the performance of a memorial function. Its essence lies in preserving the totality of collected documents for the purpose of transmitting them to subsequent generations. The main difficulty in performing this function is associated with natural and social shocks: floods, fires, earthquakes, revolutions, wars, as a result of which a number of documents are destroyed, which sometimes even leads to a break in continuity between eras and generations.

The implementation of the memorial function allows us to consider the library a memory of humanity. Its ideal implementation means “memorizing” everything that has been created by humanity, i.e. eternal storage of all documents collected in the library.

Communication, cumulative and memorial functions are in a dialectical relationship (Fig. 1).

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Fig.1. The relationship between the essential social functions of a library

If the cumulative and communication functions ensure the movement of documents in space, that is, their concentration at one point in space and then dispersal among various categories of users, then the memorial function determines their movement in time, from the present to the future.

All three named functions arose simultaneously with the emergence of the library, and without the fulfillment of any one of them, it cannot exist as a social institution. At the same time, the simultaneous performance of essential functions leads to the emergence of objective contradictions in the activities of libraries. These contradictions are clearly manifested, for example, between cumulative and memorial functions. As already noted, the essence of the cumulative function is to collect different types of documents at one point in space, that is, the more documents are collected in the library, the more successfully it fulfills its cumulative function. The essence of the memorial function comes down to ensuring the safety of all collected documents for as long as possible, preferably forever. The fewer documents there are in the library, the easier it is to achieve safety. The constant increase in the volume of library collections as a result of their performing a cumulative function leads to a shortage of storage space.

These contradictions can be resolved by reducing the volume of the fund or increasing the area of storage facilities. Reducing the physical volume of the collection is achieved by reducing the number of documents located in the library's repositories, or reducing the volume of the documents themselves.

The traditional, centuries-tested method of resolving the contradictions under consideration is to increase the volume of storage facilities through the construction and rental of new buildings and premises. At the same time, this is an extensive way to solve the problem, since the increasing volume of documents requires more and more new premises, the acquisition and operation of which requires large financial expenses.

A more effective and promising way is to reduce the volume of the documents themselves. Reducing the number of documents is achieved by determining the optimal completeness of the library collection, clearly recording the topics and types of documents to be acquired, their number, and storage periods. A significant reduction in volume is also achieved through coordination and cooperation in the field of collection formation with other libraries in the region or industry. Achieving the absolute completeness of the collection, that is, the ideal performance of a cumulative function by a library as a social institution, is possible only through the coordinated actions of libraries around the world, when each of them, collecting its own, strictly defined part of documents, thus forms the whole - the information resource of the world library.

In order to reduce the physical volume of collections, libraries have also always sought to minimize the volume of documents. This is achieved both by the creation of new types of thin and at the same time durable types of paper, and by reducing the font. The best example in this aspect can be small books. In the second half of the 20th century. This direction received active development thanks to the creation of new compact types of documents, first microfilms and microfiches, and somewhat later - electronic ones. Libraries strive both to acquire these documents instead of or in parallel with paper ones, and to transfer documents from traditional ones to new, more compact media. For example, the RNTB fund, which mainly includes patents, standards, descriptions of inventions and other materials, consists of 80% microforms. Despite financial difficulties, the number of electronic media in the collections of the largest libraries has increased sharply over the past decade, and the volume of information contained in them in some cases already exceeds that of paper media. The implementation of programs such as “Memory of the World” is also aimed at eliminating this contradiction.

No less complex are the contradictions between memorial and communication functions. A high degree of document security is ensured not only necessary conditions storage (appropriate temperature, humidity, light conditions, etc.), but also the degree of use of documents. For the ideal performance of the memorial function, the use of the fund, that is, the issuance of documents to users, should be stopped altogether. Indeed, during use, documents are subject to additional stress, their storage regime is violated, in addition, the document can be damaged or even lost, which reduces the memorial function to zero. In accordance with the communication function, on the contrary, it is important to achieve the most frequent use of documents.

In order to eliminate this contradiction, large libraries, primarily national ones, form insurance funds that are not subject to active use. One common option is for public libraries to purchase large quantities of documents that are in high demand. In a number of libraries, especially special ones, copying of documents is actively used with the aim of subsequently issuing copies rather than originals. An important step towards solving this problem is the acquisition of modern electronic documents, since they are compact in storage, easily archived to create insurance copies, and the activity of their use has virtually no effect on long-term storage.

The interaction between communication and cumulative functions is not without contradictions. As already noted, the essence of the cumulative function is the concentration of documents at one point in space, and their repeated dispersal, that is, issuance, is extremely undesirable, since at this time the document may be needed by other users. In the interests of fulfilling the communication function, documents should be as close as possible geographically to users who have the right to have the required number of them on hand. This contradiction is resolved by creating an extensive network of libraries of various profiles, organizing both direct and indirect user access to information resources, formulating requirements for the conditions of use of documents. To eliminate the contradiction, large collections are created, different in form and content of documents collected at one point in space, which can be accessed by users regardless of their location at the time an information need arises. National, regional, and leading university libraries usually have such collections. Their services can be used by all residents, both directly and indirectly. Library services are usually used directly by users who are geographically closest to their location. The rest use them at a distance with the help of the IBA, bibliographic aids published by the library, including printed catalogs, bibliographic indexes, lists of new acquisitions, abstracts, reviews and other publications that reveal both the library’s collection and the information flow according to a certain parameter.

In addition, to remove the contradiction between the communication and cumulative functions, libraries strive to bring collections of documents as close as possible to the place of residence, work and leisure of readers. Library collections are formed in accordance with the information needs of potential users - residents of a certain locality or part thereof, employees of an enterprise or organization, teachers and students of certain educational institutions etc. The collections include several copies of one document title, which makes it possible for many users to use the same document at the same time. Libraries acquire modern electronic documents, which, if certain technical means are available, can be used by several visitors at the same time. This creates favorable conditions for communication between the user and the document.

In order to eliminate contradictions between cumulative and memorial functions, a network of libraries is being formed in each state that meets the needs and capabilities of society.

To summarize what has been said, we note that the essential functions of libraries - communication, cumulative, memorial - cannot be subject to transformation, they are stable, even a change in social economic formation cannot influence them. Remaining unchanged, they only deepen their content and improve under the influence of changes occurring in society.

Essential functions are inherent in libraries of all types and types, but are implemented in different ways, which is manifested in the completeness of the collection, the storage period of documents, the range of users and the conditions for their service. Thus, national libraries strive to form a collection of national documents as completely as possible and ensure their storage for as long as possible. Direct service to users in the mode of issuing documents for temporary use is given much less attention than the creation of a national bibliography, databases and data banks, and remote service. Small public libraries, on the other hand, focus their activities on direct service to users. Libraries of educational institutions in many countries, when forming their collections, do not seek to acquire a wide range of diverse documents, but, on the contrary, limit themselves to a narrow range of educational publications, but acquire them in large quantities. After losing relevance for the purposes of the educational process, these benefits are excluded from the fund and replaced by others.

Organizing the work of libraries, taking into account their specificity and the characteristics of essential functions, as well as methods for removing objectively arising contradictions between them, allows us to achieve a balance between their implementation and avoid the emergence of conflict situations. Understanding the objective nature of the contradictions that arise between the essential functions of libraries and knowing how to minimize their negative consequences will contribute to the creation of a balanced system that takes into account the characteristics of all these functions and the formation of an optimal unified network of libraries in the country.

As noted above, the essential functions are specified in a large number of derivatives, determined by specific socio-political and economic conditions, and current tasks that society sets for libraries. The list of derived social functions of libraries is not precisely defined. Most often, among them, experts name the functions: to help education, self-education, upbringing, development of science and production, educational, hedonistic, ideological, cultural and educational, compensatory, therapeutic, scientific and production, educational, pedagogical, cognitive, educational, recreational, educational

Based on the main areas of activity of modern libraries, in the process of implementing essential functions, in our opinion, the following main derived social functions can be identified:

1) promoting education and upbringing,

2) information support for scientific and production activities,

3) sociocultural.

Each of them can act as dominant compared to the others in a particular library.

The most studied is the group of functions that can conditionally be called pedagogical. Among them, the most often mentioned are educational, training, educational, educational, to help education and self-education, and others

The area of activity related to self-education has been further developed in public libraries and now consists of providing users with documents that help further development their general educational and professional knowledge. This manifestation educational function libraries are largely related to leisure activities, which are aimed at promoting the development of individual inclinations of users not related to their profession (study foreign languages, technical modeling and design, cooking, cutting and sewing, gardening, vegetable gardening, etc.).

The educational function is implemented through the formation of a fund of necessary documents and making them available to students and teachers, through various public events aimed at achieving educational goals.

A number of specialists have devoted their work to studying the functions of libraries in this group. Thus, A. Ya. Aizenberg classifies educational and educational functions, along with production and auxiliary ones, as among the main social ones. He sees the meaning of the educational function in the fact that “libraries, by promoting various types of education of readers, contribute to raising their cultural level, spiritual enrichment of a person, nurturing a scientific worldview, and strengthening cognitive interest.” A. N. Khropach believes that the educational function lies in a comprehensive educational impact on subscribers.

N. E. Dobrynina includes among the main functions educational, “the essence of which is the dissemination of knowledge.” The object of the library's educational activities, according to N. E. Dobrynina, is “the most diverse categories of readers, and in the center is the individual with his free, and unrestricted, interests.” In her opinion, it is impossible to equate the educational and educational functions, “because the second implies the formation of a certain type of personality, instilling in it certain ideas, instilling the qualities necessary, from the point of view of the educator,” and is associated with “discredited in our country the concept of “reading guidance”.

While studying the interaction of library science with pedagogy, V. I. Tereshin repeatedly spoke out for the need to form library pedagogy as a scientific and practical discipline. In his opinion, the library is a pedagogical system, and therefore the pedagogical function is one of the fundamental ones for libraries. “The library, leading readers into the world of information (and information always acts as knowledge), to the heights of culture, to the socialization of the individual, performs a pedagogical function that covers almost all of its activities.” The understanding of the pedagogical function of libraries as “guiding” children and adults was formed in Soviet library science into the theory of reading guidance.

The essence of the activities of a modern library, with rare exceptions, is not in the direct implementation of the process of education and upbringing, but in promoting it as an auxiliary structure. Therefore, in our opinion, it is more appropriate to call this function the function of promoting education and upbringing. It is inherent in libraries of different types and types, but they are implemented taking into account their own goals and objectives.

The next most often called by specialists is the function of promoting the development of science and production. In the specialized literature, it is sometimes referred to as the following: scientific information, scientific production, production, information support for science and production, ensuring scientific and technological progress, to help scientific and technological progress, to help professional production and scientific work, production auxiliary.

The task of promoting the development of science and individual branches of production was set before Soviet libraries during the period of industrialization and extended to libraries of all types. The meaning of this direction is information support scientific research, as well as various types of activities for the production of industrial goods, agricultural products, and various services using documents containing the information necessary for this. Libraries do not directly produce any goods or services (except for library services), so it is advisable to call this function the function of information support for scientific and production activities. Libraries implement it by forming collections of documents that correspond to the goals and objectives of a particular type of activity, and making them available to certain categories of readers. This function is typical for all special scientific and technical libraries, the collections of which are usually very highly specialized, taking into account the needs of the field of activity of the enterprise and organization of which they are structural divisions. University libraries perform this function by promoting the development of science, self-education and advanced training of certain categories of users.

For public libraries it is typical to a lesser extent and is implemented along with others. Libraries of this type currently carry out this function by promoting the development of small and medium-sized businesses, the activities of small enterprises and organizations for which it is not practical to maintain their own libraries.

Often, including in official documents, a library is called a cultural institution and its main functions include cultural, cultural-educational, leisure, recreational and others. Since the library is part of universal human culture and at the same time represents one of the most important factors in its development, dissemination, renewal and increase in cultural heritage, this function can be defined as sociocultural. V.V. Skvortsov compares the library to a two-way street: “...in one direction, through the efforts of librarians, information about existing cultural achievements reaches readers, and in the other direction, information about its newly created values moves.” However, it should be noted that this movement is based on the library performing essential functions that ensure the collection, storage and distribution of documents containing information about the cultural achievements of different peoples.

In this context, culture is understood in a narrow sense as a branch of activity for the creation and use of certain values; the library’s implementation of this function is carried out in two directions. The first of them is to ensure the development of culture with the necessary documents and is typical for public and certain types of special libraries. Libraries of educational institutions, research and production institutions in the cultural sphere, as well as cultural institutions themselves (theaters, philharmonic societies, museums, etc.) serve relevant specialists. The information obtained is the basis for their professional activity aimed at creating new cultural values, as well as training personnel, conducting scientific research, and producing material and technical means of culture. Public libraries, serving a wide range of users, provide them with materials about achievements in various areas of culture, especially fiction different countries and peoples, thereby promoting the education and self-education of various categories of users, amateur creativity, broadening their horizons, and the formation of a certain system of cultural values.

During the Soviet period, the main function of libraries was the ideological function. All library activities were subordinated to its implementation, which was aimed primarily at promoting “Marxism-Leninism, politics and the history of the Communist Party Soviet Union and the Soviet state, the advantages of the socialist system and the Soviet way of life; promoting the ideological and political... education of Soviet citizens, the formation in them... of a Marxist-Leninist worldview and ideological conviction.”

After the liquidation of the CPSU as the only ruling party and with the beginning of the formation of a multi-party system in the republics of the former Soviet Union and the construction of a democratic rule of law state, in which all parties not prohibited by law have equal rights to propagate their views, libraries abandoned their ideological function. This played a positive role in the life of society and contributed to the democratization of library science in the country.

At the same time, one cannot but agree with the arguments of supporters of the ideological function that it was inherent in libraries of all eras. Libraries are part of society and reflect their era through the flow of documents. Library employees, as members of society, also occupy certain ideological positions. However, while fulfilling its essential functions, the library cannot give preference to one ideology or another, even if it is recognized as the most correct in a certain period of time, and on this basis promote documents containing some ideological views and prohibit access to others, thereby limiting rights readers who do not share the dominant point of view. A librarian does not have the right to use his official position to form a collection and organize services for users in accordance with personal ideological preferences. Therefore, modern libraries must build work in this direction in accordance with constitutional norms and serve users with documents reflecting different party and ideological positions.

Depending on its type and type, a library, as a rule, simultaneously implements several derived functions, but one of them acts as the dominant one. Thus, the libraries of educational institutions, to a much greater extent than others, have the function of promoting education and upbringing. Scientific and technical libraries of industrial enterprises and scientific institutions implement in their activities the function of information support for science and production. Public libraries are more likely to have a cultural function.

Derived functions are transformed in accordance with current tasks. Their implementation is based on the foundation created in the process of executing essential functions by the library.

Conclusion

Library scientists and practicing librarians have often designated the social functions of libraries, and in some cases continue to designate them, using concepts such as “the social role of the library,” “the social role of the library,” “the social mission of the library,” “the purpose of the library,” “the objectives of the library.”

In Soviet library science, these functions were traditionally studied from the point of view of the influence of specific social tasks on the principles of its existence. Scientists sought to establish a measure of the dependence of library activities on social processes and, conversely, the possibility of the library influencing the state of society. In the 1970s - 1980s, the ideological, cultural-educational and scientific-informational functions received official recognition and became most widespread. At the same time, during the same period, Yu. N. Stolyarov and A. V. Sokolov began studying social functions primarily from scientific rather than ideological positions, which allowed them to formulate a fundamentally new list of them. At the present stage, library scientists have engaged in an active search for the only essential, ontological function of the library, which is called either information (V.V. Skvortsov, N.I. Tyulina, M.I. Akilina), or document-communication (Yu. N. Stolyarov ).

Social functions refer to the role that the library plays in relation to society. They are differentiated into essential and derivative. Essential social functions are those that are determined by the essence of the library as a social institution, which consists in distributing socially significant documents in space and time in order to satisfy the information needs of society. Derived social functions reflect the desire of society to use the essential capabilities of libraries to solve current problems.

Based on the public purpose of the library as a social institution, its essential functions are communication, cumulative and memorial. Essential social functions appeared simultaneously with the emergence of the library, and without the fulfillment of any one of them, it cannot exist as a social institution. At the same time, the simultaneous performance of essential functions leads to the emergence of objective contradictions in the activities of libraries.

Based on the main directions of activity of modern libraries in the process of implementing essential functions, the following main derived social functions can be identified: promoting education and upbringing, information support for scientific and production activities, and sociocultural ones. Depending on the type and type of library, it usually implements several derived functions simultaneously, one of which acts as the dominant one.

Correct definition of the list and content of library functions in information society will help establish the basic content, directions, forms and methods of activities of libraries, free them from duties that are not typical for them, differentiate their activities from other related institutions, which will ultimately increase the efficiency and quality of their work

Bibliography

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About libraries, books and reading. History of the library - Centralized library system of the city

Introduction

Library: history of origin and development

History of ancient libraries using the example of the Library of Alexandria

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Vladivostok 2013

Introduction

1. History of libraries

2. Characteristics of the social functions of libraries

Conclusion

Bibliography

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