Instructions

Very often a person is able to express his thoughts beautifully and coherently, but he cannot demonstrate his oratory skills due to the fear of public speaking. To overcome this phobia you need to follow several recommendations. To feel more confident during a speech, prepare for it. Make a plan to follow during your speech. Or, for example, if you are going to give a report at a conference, then compose a text that you will recite during your speech and memorize it. This will help you feel more confident.

If you're lost because large quantity people, then you can choose one person and address him, rather than trying to cover the entire audience with your gaze. It’s just better to choose a person who sits in the middle or at the end of the hall, then you will get the feeling that you are talking with the whole hall, and not with just one person.

Help yourself in your speech with gestures and facial expressions. Of course, you don’t need to swing too much, but you shouldn’t stand like a statue either. Natural movements will help you feel freer and more at ease.

Many people begin to stammer during a conversation, mutter something incoherently, because they feel constrained and are afraid of making a mistake. This can be avoided if you think through all your fears in advance and give yourself the right to make mistakes. For example, you are afraid that you will forget your speech. Think about what you can do to improve this situation. Imagine how you get out of this awkward situation. If you experience all this mentally, then in real life it will be easier for you to navigate if you suddenly find yourself in a similar position.

To have good public speaking skills, self-confidence alone is not enough. You also need to be able to speak correctly and beautifully. A person with a wide vocabulary can express the same thought in different ways. To do this, you should expand your horizons, read more books, be interested in the world around you, etc.

Clear and understandable speech also helps improve public speaking skills. If you speak unclearly, people around you ask you again several times, then you need to correct this. Record your speech on a voice recorder and then listen to it. Remember all the shortcomings that you found. Then record yourself again, listen to it again. Do this until you are satisfied with your speech. Or you can recite tongue twisters. Do it slowly at first, learn to pronounce all the words well. After this, you can try to speak at a faster pace, with different intonations, etc. Regular practice will help you quickly make your speech clearer and more beautiful.

Related article

Sources:

• How to overcome the fear of public speaking?

Instructions

You can learn to speak if you master the technique of speech. This is a separate section of rhetoric and an integral part of oratory. Speech technique is a set of skills and abilities used to produce speech effectively.

Speech technique includes several stages of mastering the skill, such as staging speech breathing, staging the voice, improving diction, working on the intonation component of speech, and developing hearing.

When mastering the skills of good speech, it is necessary to observe systematic training and perseverance in performing the appropriate exercises. Particularly long work remains on pronunciation.

It is advisable to work on improving speech technique under the guidance of an experienced specialist. Only in this case will you be able to receive feedback and correct your speech shortcomings.

A typical initial course in mastering speech techniques includes the following sections and exercises: - warm-up exercises, including massage and gymnastics;
- development of controlled breathing;
- learning and pronouncing tongue twisters;
- exercises to develop vocal abilities;
- exercises to develop intonation skills depending on the content of the statement;
- reading text with expression;
- special exercises to control volume, rate of speech, pitch of voice depending on the communication situation, etc.

Correctly formed speech skills are in demand in many professions. Today neither politicians, nor journalists, nor teachers, nor workers of social institutions can do without them. High level Speech techniques can be the key to professional success for every person working with people.

Video on the topic

Sources:

• Speech technique in 2018

Tip 3: Say the right words to the right people at the right time: how to master the art

Have you noticed that luck is passing you by? Major deals fall through, friends grow apart, and problems sometimes arise in your personal life. It happens that people spoil important moments with words. Not knowing what, how and when to say, a person destroys everything he has built for a long time. It's time to learn to speak!

You will need

• Books on rhetoric and psychology

Instructions

Keep an eye on the three components of successful communication. The perception of information is influenced by 3 factors: what, where to say and how to say. Each of them can lead to failure. Imagine the following situation. You decided what you needed, you thought about how to do it, but you chose the wrong time: he was very busy. What will be the result of your congratulations? At best - none, and at worst - negative.

Start by thinking about what exactly you want to say. When in a conversation you begin to explain yourself vaguely and get confused yourself, then the interlocutor may not understand your thought. Think about what you will say, what you will keep silent about, what you will touch on. At this same stage, you should try to decide for yourself what you don’t know. What could be wrong with the meaning of your words? This point needs to be given special attention, because often people hear something completely different from what you say.

Imagine what words the person expects from you. Anticipate his reaction. What would he like to hear, and does your information match what he wants? If not, then the task becomes more difficult. Reporting unpleasant news has always been inconvenient and even dangerous. So, before, the messenger who brought the sad news was killed, and the one who pleased the recipient was treated to a variety of dishes.

Once you have decided on the subject of your conversation, decide how you will speak. Be sure to pay attention not only to the spoken words, but also to gestures and facial expressions. People have less control over them. Therefore, by such nonverbal signs you can easily recognize that a person is worried or lying. Try to speak at the same speed as the other person. Choose clear and unambiguous words.

note

If your interlocutor speaks slowly and quietly, then your fast and confused speech will greatly irritate him.

Helpful advice

Read books on psychology and rhetoric. This will help you better understand and communicate with other people.

Sources:

• how to say the right words

A good speaker is one who skillfully presents and reveals the topic of his speech. He freely expresses thoughts and skillfully captures the attention of listeners. Not everyone has these innate abilities, but they are not difficult to acquire.

Instructions

Practice good diction. Then your listeners will understand you and take what you say seriously. Make sure that you pronounce them correctly and clearly, and that your speech is smooth and not abrupt.

Think about your listeners. When preparing your speech, think about the people who will listen to you, what might be interesting to them, and how to attract their attention. Using comparisons, visual examples, and other rhetorical techniques, talk about something that is familiar to your listeners, will be understandable to them, and will affect them.

Take breaks. They are necessary to emphasize and highlight the main ideas, and also to give the listeners the opportunity to reflect on what you say.

Watch your appearance. Although it does not directly affect your speaking abilities, neat appearance will make you feel more confident. Dressing in neat, appropriate, and clean clothing will show respect to your audience and help them tune into the importance of your words.

What is public speaking? This is the art of public speaking with the goal of convincing the listener of a particular idea using a combination of various techniques. The art of rhetoric itself originated in Ancient Greece And Ancient Rome and has undergone many changes under the pressure of changing eras.

The importance of rhetoric for human life remains unchanged. Public speaking, first and foremost, teaches you how to be confident and how to instill that confidence in your audience. Good speakers achieve their desired heights in any field, be it their own business or a teaching career.

Rhetoric opens many doors to new opportunities, but becoming a speaker does not happen overnight. In order to master this art, rhetoric training is necessary, which can be completed independently or in specialized classes. This article examines the main pillars of the art of rhetoric.

The first training is dedicated to writing. Preparation of an oratorical speech before a speech is the basis on which the art of oratory is built. A carefully crafted speech is already half a step towards a successful speech. So, work on speech is usually carried out in several stages.

• First you need to collect information and study it thoroughly. It is very important to consult several sources in order to consider the issue from different angles. The speaker should be well-versed not only in all current news, but also in the main trends in all areas of human life. Take sufficient time to study the information. At the end of this stage, you need to structure the collected information.
• Next, when working on a speech, the speaker must think about how to attract his audience. The speaker's speech always has as its goal one or another effect on the listener. When preparing for a performance, it is necessary to study the audience, their interests, communication style, etc. The success of a speech is measured by whether the desired effect was achieved or not. To achieve it, you need to speak in a language that the public understands about what interests them.
• Learning rhetoric is also about building the purpose of your speech. Aimless ranting in front of the public is the lot of a demagogue. Such speeches do not attract the necessary audience. That is why you need to learn to put at the forefront of your speech this or that pressing problem that needs to be solved. Its solution is the purpose of the speech, uniting the audience and the speaker.
• The public trusts the speaker who reveals himself to them as a person. Therefore, it is very important to include your own thoughts on the issue under discussion. Few people will listen to a speaker who does not have a clear position. To do this, it is necessary to pass through all the collected information through your experience and your worldview and form your own position.

Oratory is, first of all, the ability to prepare a speech so that it captures the attention of the target audience.

It is equally important to properly prepare for the performance itself.

Preparing for the performance

The rules of public speaking state that any speech must be well planned.

Although the speaker must also be prepared for spontaneous speech. To prepare a speech, the following scheme is usually used.

• First of all, you need to give up speaking on paper. You can leave on paper only a plan and short notes about important points that need to be mentioned. Thus, it is better to learn the main part of the speech. This is why public speaking skills include an excellent memory that needs to be trained regularly.
• Teaching public speaking also involves following the structure of a speech. This gives the speech logic and integrity. It is necessary to clearly limit the introduction, main part and conclusion. It is advisable to devote Special attention namely the introduction, since at this moment the public’s attitude towards the speaker begins to form.
• It is recommended to think through the organizational issues of the performance in advance, that is, if possible, familiarize yourself with the performance area, discuss with the organizers technical issues regarding the operation of microphones, prepare water, etc.
• Public speaking skills not only include various speaking abilities, but also the ability to look good. A speaker should always look neat, as appearance is the first thing the public notices.

Oratory teaches you to attract people and lead them, which is practically necessary for many professions. However, one is not born an excellent speaker, so teaching rhetoric has been relevant since ancient times to this day.

Techniques of a good speaker

Oratory techniques - what are they? These are well-known tricks that a speaker uses to make a speech accessible to the audience and to increase the digestibility of information. There are a huge number of such techniques. Below are two basic public speaking techniques.

1. Comparison. Often the speaker's speech is replete with abstract descriptions that are difficult to imagine in the mind. Since information is better perceived when it receives a figurative projection in the mind, the speaker resorts to comparisons that make the abstract more material. To convey a certain mood, the speaker sometimes uses hidden comparisons - metaphors.
2. Repeat. Everyone knows the expression “Repetition is the mother of learning.” The art of public speaking often refers to this saying, because the more often a person receives the same information, the more firmly it is fixed in his mind. It is very important for a speaker to convey to the listener main idea his speech, which is helped by appropriate repetition of the key idea.

In addition to comparison and repetition, the rules of oratory also advise resorting to allegories, rhetorical questions, appeals, hyperboles, irony and other means of speech expression.

Speech technique

Speaking in front of an audience is a kind of physical work. Speakers know that this is often difficult. Oratory and the art of speech requires the speaker to work on the technique of delivering a speech, which includes the following aspects.

Breath

During active speech, the pace of a person’s breathing changes: inhalation becomes shorter and exhalation becomes longer. The rules of oratory require special exercises to establish speech breathing. During inhalation, the speaker requires a larger volume of air, as well as more economical consumption of it during speech. In addition, the evenness of breathing is affected by anxiety, which you need to learn to get rid of.

Volume

Oratory and the art of speech lies in the ability to control one’s own voice. A speaker should be equally good at speaking loudly and softly depending on the situation. Also, within one speech, it is necessary to highlight the main information using changes in the tone of voice.

Diction

Intelligible speech is clear and clear. To achieve the correct pronunciation of sounds and syllables, speakers carefully monitor the work of their articulatory apparatus and regularly train their diction using tongue twisters.

Pace

Rhetoric oratory tends to average the pace of speech delivery. The speaker should not shoot words like a machine gun, nor should he drawl out his words. As a rule, in the process of learning and gaining experience, the speaker manages to find the most comfortable speech rate for himself and for the listener.

Intonation

Intonation changes make speech bright, lively and more accessible to perception. Expressive reading of fiction aloud helps to train intonation.

Any undertaking, at first glance, seems difficult, but do not be afraid. With the right approach and diligent study, any craft or art can be mastered—even one as demanding as rhetoric.

Eloquence is a quality that these days is useful to have not only for representatives of certain professions: politicians, teachers, TV presenters. Some people are endowed with it from birth, others are forced to strive long and hard to develop it. How to develop eloquence for those who do not yet master the art of speaking beautifully? The exercises collected in the article will help with this.

How to develop eloquence: an effective exercise

The exercise, which is often recommended in public speaking courses, may seem funny, but gives excellent results. How to develop eloquence without attending special trainings? You need to select an object, say, a saucepan, and then describe it in as much detail as possible, using beautiful literary language.

People who have difficulty with this task can start with a three-minute description. The time gradually increases until a person learns to talk about the same subject for half an hour, without repeating his thoughts and without resorting to the same characteristics.

Working with a dictionary

How to develop eloquence using a Russian language dictionary (any)? Research has shown that the average person in Everyday life uses about 4 thousand words. As a result, people are unable to express the thoughts that arise in them due to lack of vocabulary. The problem has a simple solution - learning new words by heart.

You need to purchase a small dictionary that is easy to carry with you, and study with it every day in your free moments. You can set yourself the task of remembering the meaning of at least 10 unfamiliar words every day. Exercise has a positive effect not only on eloquence, but also on intelligence and memory.

How to develop eloquence without resorting to using a dictionary? Reading helps expand your vocabulary. Moreover, you need to study not only fiction, but also scientific, reference, technical.

Replacing words

How to develop eloquence to speak fluently different topics? An exercise involving replacing words shows excellent results. Let's say you need to take a short text, and then replace all the verbs present in it with synonyms that correspond in meaning. Similar operations can be done with all words: adjectives, nouns, participles. This exercise leads to the activation of passive vocabulary that a person possesses, but is not used to using.

A similar exercise is composing phrases with words that have opposite meanings. Let's say a little giant, bitter sugar, a fast turtle, and so on. This has a positive effect not only on eloquence, but also on creative thinking.

Another fun exercise is “deciphering” words. You need to choose a word and then imagine that it is an abbreviation that needs to be deciphered. The best way to start is to use short words, then you can move on to more complex ones. Let's say summer - “a gentle raccoon tramples sawdust.” At first, you can ignore common sense, and gradually the “translation” will turn out more and more successful.

Retelling

How to develop eloquence? Exercises related to retelling texts will definitely help. You need to take a newspaper article, read it carefully, and then present the content of the article in a conversational style. The retelling is repeated several times, the story is supplemented and expanded, enriched with new details, including fictitious ones. Be sure to speak out about the article you read. You can choose a mirror as a listener.

It is important that at least the first ten sentences are coherent, smooth, and without artificial pauses. You also need to learn how to convey the content of the text in a single sentence. Instead of a newspaper article, you can take paragraphs from textbooks and chapters from books. In addition, it is useful to describe the paintings you see, supplementing the description with an assessment of the artist’s skill.

The most difficult task is retelling a text whose topic the narrator has absolutely no understanding of. However, constant training with in simple texts will help you gradually master this art.

Controlling facial expressions

Eloquence: how to develop this gift that many people dream of? Enriching your vocabulary and retelling texts will definitely help, but you also need to pay attention to exercises that allow you to learn to control your facial expressions.

Standing in front of a mirror, you need to retell any text (artistic, scientific, technical) without emotion, and then repeat it, using facial expressions and gestures. It is also useful to pronounce the same phrase repeatedly, constantly changing the intonation and tempo of speech.

How to develop eloquence? This cannot be achieved by just studying theory, because a future skilled speaker needs constant practice. It is necessary to communicate as much as possible, systematically expanding and meeting new interesting people. It is also useful to watch the presentations of presenters on TV, attend trainings and evaluate the speeches of speakers. Finally, attention must be paid to the development own feelings humor, since a good joke will decorate any story. This can be easily achieved by memorizing funny jokes and watching humorous programs.

How to develop eloquence in a child? To achieve this, as in the case of adults, simple exercises will help. You need to ask your son or daughter to pick up this or that object, and then describe it in as much detail as possible: shape, material, color, and so on. Leading questions will help make the task easier for your child.

Adults should also more often ask children questions that do not require a monosyllabic answer. For example, you can simply ask your child what he did in kindergarten today, and then listen carefully to the answer, encouraging the little storyteller to provide details.

The main thing is to exercise regularly, and then the result will not keep you waiting.

Introduction

Relevance course work: It has long been known that the most successful people, good workers, excellent leaders are those who are fluent in such a powerful weapon as public speaking and know how to use it in a competitive field. For a human resource manager, obviously, you need to be able to speak well, prepare speeches, use various technical means, as well as be able to plan and develop the purity and literacy of your speech. Indeed, in his work, undoubtedly, one of the foundations is communication with people, a certain audience, which can be different, pursuing different goals and objectives. You need to be able to find an approach to everyone. This is, to some extent, oratory. Also, a speaker is not a profession, but certain skills and abilities that need to be developed in order to master this art. Traits of a speaker different time were inherent in various professions: philosophers, preachers, various barkers, politicians, and now managers and leaders. But no matter who these traits were, the importance of speakers was never questioned.

Can people who are capable of “kindling a fire in the hearts of the audience” be underestimated? Of course not. A good speaker has always been held in high esteem. It was precisely in order to become familiar with the basic skills and abilities of a speaker that this course work was done. The knowledge gained while writing the work can and will be applied in practice.

Purpose of the course work: To analyze the basic skills and abilities of a modern speaker.

Coursework objectives:

· Understand the basic terms and definitions, possible theses. Fully understand the essence of the issue.

· Familiarize yourself with and learn all about the basic skills and abilities of a speaker.

· Analyze each skill and skill of the speaker in detail.

· Learn how to become a good speaker.

· Draw conclusions and summarize.

Object of study: oratory, speaker.

Subject of study: basic skills and abilities of a speaker.

Practical significance: It should be noted that at all times there were not so many speakers who were fluent in the art of speech and capable of leading people, but when they appeared, they often changed the course of history.

It is difficult to find that person who will not speak in public even once in his life. And therefore, familiarization with the basic skills and abilities of a speaker is very important, both for general development, and for future activities that every person will sooner or later encounter on his life path.

speaker oratory manager

The essence of the content of oratory

In order to accurately and most fully determine the basic skills and abilities of a speaker, it is necessary to determine the essence of the issue being studied, namely, to find out what skills and abilities are, who speakers are and how they appeared in the first place. To begin with, we will analyze such concepts as skill and ability, and also try to figure out what follows from what.

Skill ( automated action, secondary automatism) - an action formed through multiple repetitions, characterized by a high degree of mastery and without element-by-element control and regulation. Skills are:

· motor - an influence brought to the point of automatism on an external object with the help of movements with the aim of transforming it, which have already been carried out repeatedly before;

· intellectual - techniques brought to the point of automatism, methods of solving previously encountered intellectual problems and assignments;

· perceptual - sensual, brought to the point of automatism, reflection of properties and any characteristics of previously well-known, many times perceived objects.

They also distinguish such skills as “initially automated, formed without awareness of their components” and “automated, but secondarily, formed with prior awareness of the components of the action; easier to consciously control, better rebuilt and improved.” “Dictionary of a practical psychologist” by S.Yu. Golovin.

Another definition skills it sounds like this - actions brought to automatism through multiple repetitions; the criterion for achieving skills is the temporary performance indicators and the fact that completion of the action does not require constant and intensive control (focusing on the action of attention).

Differing from a habit, a skill is not associated with a stable tendency to actualize in certain conditions and circumstances. "Big psychological dictionary".

The formation of skills is influenced by:

· Motivation, ability to learn, progress in learning, any exercises, reinforcement, formed as a whole or in parts.

· To understand the content of the operation - the level of personal development, the presence of certain knowledge, any specific skills, feedback.

· To master an operation - complete understanding of the content of the entire operation, the transition from one level of mastery to another is gradual in terms of such indicators as: automation, internalization, speed and others.

Skill- a certain automated action, one of the constituent elements of a skill, brought to a high degree of perfection. “Definitions of the basic terms of higher didactics military school"Ustinov I.Yu.

Skill same - a certain level of mastering a certain action, sequence of actions, or activity in general, allowing the individual to do it consciously and with the highest quality. This is a certain opportunity to effectively perform an action in accordance with some goals or conditions in which actions have to be implemented. O.A. Abdulina also claims that skill is one of the “personal qualities.”

In order to most accurately understand the essence of skills, let us consider the process of acquiring skills by an individual as he grows up:

· Infancy - 1-3 years - the individual acquires skills such as: looking, making any sounds, performing movements, moving around.

· Kindergarten age - 3-5 years - skills of drawing, playing, as a type of activity are acquired; the ability to eat, dress independently and other everyday and most simple skills.

· School age- 6-17 years old - growing up, transition to puberty occurs. The teenager is socialized, learns writing, communication, the basics of many types of sciences, acquires responsibility for his actions, the basics of physical education, the formation of hobbies, a place in some group (classmates, sports team, etc.).

· In adulthood - from 18-25 years old - an adult deepens his skills, abilities, knowledge by studying in any higher educational institution, serving in the Army. Works, thereby learning to perform various practical activities, is already fully responsible for his actions.

In psychology, the concepts of “skill” and “ability” are often confused, and the psychological differences between these concepts are also very often ignored. A skill is an operational level phenomenon; it is not associated with goal setting, so they can be brought to completely automatic and reflexive execution. Actions and activities take their existence only after active goal setting, therefore their implementation is always controlled by consciousness. The presence of operational skills to perform any operations included in the action is the most important condition for performing actions and activities, that is, skills. The skill is formed by performing any exercises, and also creates the opportunity to perform actions not only in familiar, ordinary ones, but also in changed, extreme conditions. They assume exteriorization - the process of transition of internal mental action into external mental action.

From any acquired skills, skills in one or another area are ultimately formed, i.e. Without skills there are no abilities.

If we talk about the skills and abilities of public speaking, then these are skills acquired through repeated repetition of speech, intellectual and other actions, performed largely automatically, without much memory strain. Skills are a person’s ability to consciously and effectively perform any actions based on acquired knowledge and acquired skills, as well as on the basis of existing experience.

Now that we have roughly figured out what skills and abilities are and how they are generally connected, we can move on to the second part of this chapter: who are speakers and what is oratory in general.

Perhaps, let's start with the definition and properties of oratory, so that later we can understand exactly who speakers are:

Oratory- Sometimes: eloquence or art of eloquence- the art of public speaking with the aim of persuading the listening audience. Extremely high degree of skill in public speaking.

Requirements for public speaking: correct structure of the speech, the ability to attract and hold the attention of the audience, a confident speaker, creativity of speech, well-trained voice and diction, the ability to improvise, the ability to use speech memorization techniques. This is how Cicero spoke about it: “The first and most important condition for an orator is natural talent... after all, eloquence requires a special kind of liveliness of mind and feeling, which makes the discovery of any subject in speech quick, development and decoration - abundant, memorization - faithful and lasting.” .

The main components of oratory: a harmonious combination of rhetoric, acting techniques (i.e. presentation) and psychological techniques, understanding of the goals and objectives of preparing for a performance, deep knowledge and fluency in the material, high general culture.

Methodology for the formation of oratory art: Voice production, correct pronunciation of vowels and consonants, letters and sounds; logical-compositional structure of speech - i.e. correct speech construction; choosing a topic, creating plans for a speech; self-control during public speaking, working with the audience. The properties of oratory are that:

· implies a special structure of speech, the relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic means of persuasion (gestures, facial expressions) means of persuading the public;

· the direction of the attack, the speaker expects to receive a response from the listeners, since his goal is not just to convey information to the listeners, but to convince them of his point of view;

· effectiveness, depending on the psychological mood and state of the speaker, his authority among the public and audience.

Algorithm for the formation of oratory art: during a speech there is one general, main idea; all the arguments, statements and remarks of the rhetorician must be directed towards it, be part of it. If this is the case, then the performance turns out to be logical and consistent. You need to discard everything that is not relevant. general theme conversation.

Oratorical speech - a type of monologue speech (speech addressed to listeners), in a situation where the speaker addresses the audience with the goal of convincing it of something. Oratorical speech // Big Soviet encyclopedia. 3rd ed.

In the modern classification, there are many types of oratory, we will not consider them in detail, but we will list them: socio-political oratory, academic oratory, judicial oratory, social and everyday oratory, and the last - theological and church oratory.

Having dealt with oratory and speech, let's move on to the definition of the speaker himself:

Term Speaker ( from lat. the word orare - to speak) is polysemantic and has several definitions in explanatory dictionaries:

· In antiquity, an orator is a person who professionally engages in the art of eloquence. In some cases, the head of Ochlocracy - a degenerate form of democracy, the basis of which is the changing whims of the crowd, under the constant influence of demagogues, was characteristic of periods of transition and crisis. Vodovozov V.V., Ochlocracy // encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. 1890-1907.

· This is a person who publicly makes a speech, performs, speaks at any meeting.

· Just an eloquent guy with the gift of making speeches publicly, in front of many people.

· In the theory of oratory, the word “orator” is a term, so its definition is as follows: An orator is any person who publicly delivers a speech. The word speaker does not have a qualitative assessment or characteristic, so a speaker can be: good, bad, boring, brilliant, successful and much more.

· In Russian languages, the word “orator” appeared at the beginning of the 18th century, and began to spread widely in the first half of the 19th century. Vladimir Ivanovich Dal in " Explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language" analyzing the essence of the word "orator" selects such synonyms and phrases for it as: eloquent, vita, eloquent person, master of speech. All of them quite clearly explain that an orator is a person who knows how to speak eloquently, that is, beautifully, figuratively, expressively and consistently.

Each speaker, speaking person, of course, has his own individual characteristics, which directly affect the style of speech, manifested in the manner of speaking, the general behavior of the speaker. Different theorists of oratory have identified different types of speakers. Thus, Marcus Tullius Cicero, in his work “De oratore” (“On the Orator”), dating back to 55 BC, named three types of speakers:

· The first type of speaker is “eloquent, with sublime power of thought and solemnity of expression.” Such speakers, according to Cicero, are “decisive, varied, inexhaustible, omnipotent, ready to touch and lead the hearts of people.”

· The second type of speaker characterizes a person as “restrained and insightful, ready to teach everything, explain everything, not exalting, honed in their transparent and, so to speak, concise speech.”

· The third type, which Cicero distinguished, is an average between the first two. They are not as “finely prudent” as the latter, but also not so endlessly persistent, they do not show such a “stormy onslaught” as the former.

Also, Cicero, speaking about orators, accurately noted: “The greatest achievement of an orator is not only to say what is necessary, but also not to say what is not necessary.”

In modern literature on oratory, they also distinguish different kinds speakers:

· Speakers for whom the main means of oratory is logic of reasoning;

· Speakers who can influence the audience through their high emotionality.

The division of speakers into types is somewhat arbitrary, because even a very logical speaker can, in his speech to a certain audience, give vent to his feelings and emotions in order to further affect the audience itself. But, however, this division into types has a scientific basis, identified in psychology by Academician I.P. Pavlov. In his works, he identified two extreme types of higher nervous activity: artistic, as well as mental. Depending on what nervous activity an individual belongs to, he pronounces speech and speaks in different ways and methods, the same thing with perception. If we talk about different types speakers, then it is worth considering which side of the speaker’s speech predominates - emotional or logical.

But it is also worth understanding, as I already noted above, that every speech should be moderately emotional and logical. You cannot be a highly emotional person, but not prepare the logic of reasoning in your speech, and not present any arguments. If such a speaker speaks pathetically, enthusiastically, but his speech is not supported by any arguments and is meaningless, then, most likely, such a speaker will only cause irritation, protest and censure among the public. Just as bad are those speakers who speak dispassionately, unemotionally, and do not interact with the audience of their listeners during their speech.

Now that we have understood the terms: skill, ability, oratory and speaker, we can move on to studying the basic skills and abilities of a speaker.

Oratory is one of the most valuable skills that helps you beautifully and competently convey your position to a wide range of listeners. Few people have the innate ability to perform such performances. Those who have mastered the secrets of public speaking have every chance become interesting personality and achieve stunning success in almost any field, be it business, politics, art, etc.

A real speaker must have a number of qualities that make him an ace in public speaking. Firstly, he needs to be erudite and well-read in order to choose the right words to express your thoughts. Secondly, the speaker’s speech must be literate and clear, understandable to the target audience of listeners. Thirdly, a professional must control his anxiety and remain calm during the presentation process.

GENERAL CRITERIA THAT A SKILLED ORATOR MUST MEET

First of all, you need to have clear pronunciation and a well-trained voice, since they are the key to beautiful and intelligible speech. This can be achieved by correctly pronouncing consonants and clear vowels. To make your speech enjoyable for you and your listeners, practice voice development exercises.

In addition, to ensure that slang doesn't accidentally slip into your speech, you should eliminate many low-grade slang words from your vocabulary.

Make sure your voice is smooth as it builds favor with your listeners. The tempo and volume should be chosen based on the location and number of listeners. Loud and slow speech is ideal for large audiences. Also watch your intonation.

In order to be listened to, you need to have a good understanding of the topic being reported and talk about it in the context of the issues that interest your viewers. If you structure your speech as a dialogue with the audience, you will have interested people looking at you from the audience.

During a presentation, always talk only about the main thing, omitting unnecessary unnecessary facts of secondary importance.

Remember that a good speaker must maintain neutrality regarding various controversial issues. Be a diplomat, not an aggressor - sometimes it's better to remain silent.

If suddenly, speaking in front of the public, you were included in the discussion, then you need to be as objective as possible. When conducting a public dialogue, you may encounter opinions that contradict yours. Don’t try to argue, but simply accept a person’s right to their own position. The goal of any discussion should be to reconcile several parties.

Remember that during the dialogue you need to behave correctly and balanced. Don't give in to your emotions. The art of oratory lies in the harmony of calm and confidence.

Try to speak to the point, since avoiding specific statements and the main topic will irritate both opponents and observers. On the contrary, clear and clear thoughts will help convince a person to believe to you and what you say.

Start speaking only after you are sure your colleague has finished his thought. Ability to listen to your interlocutor- a very valuable quality.

assumes that the speaker has some personal qualities. These include calmness and inner composure, penchant for self-development, good memory and imagination. In addition, it will not be superfluous and insight. Also, do not forget about eloquence, since the ability to formulate your thoughts in an attractive form is a great gift. Confidence is an important component good speaker, because this quality infects the audience, and it begins to subconsciously trust every word of the speaker. Communication skills will help you find the “key” to any listener or interlocutor, so try in every possible way to develop this skill.

Watch your body. Smooth movements will work to your advantage. Good posture will make you look better. There is no need to slouch, or vice versa, to lie back on the chair. Remember that all eyes are on you, so stay focused.

When you speak, always look at the person you are speaking to. Oratory speech should exclude any negligence. Try to ensure that your facial expression matches what you are saying, otherwise you may be caught in insincerity.

The basics of public speaking are that during a speech you are promoting one main idea, and all your statements and remarks should be aimed at or leading up to it. Try to remove from your consciousness all thoughts that are not related to the main goal. If you organize the information you want to convey in your head, then your speech will be as logical and consistent as possible. Always try to keep in front of your eyes what you want to say. Remember, the more interest you show in the subject of discussion, the better your speech will be.

It should also be noted that constructive criticism- This is an integral attribute of any dialogue with an opponent or the public. If you are accused of something, take it calmly and confidently promote your idea. It is better to criticize opponents carefully and condescendingly. This is how you show your positive attitude, and you won’t look like an enemy in the eyes of your interlocutor.

KEY ASPECTS OF WORKING WITH THE AUDIENCE

Firstly, you need to take into account that listeners are divided according to many criteria: gender, age, education, etc. Therefore, you should consider with whom and what you are going to talk about, otherwise you may encounter indifference or, even worse, aggression.

Secondly, public speaking involves the ability to win the attention of the public, so before your speech, try to think as much as possible about what will be interesting for your audience to hear.

Thirdly, the speaker must perfectly understand what the audience wants from him and give it to them. Understanding the needs of each individual listener will make the presentation engaging.

Fourthly, the art of oratory is based on positive attitude to people, even if the purpose of the speech is to criticize.

Remember that a positive person will evoke the same feelings in the audience, which means that the speaker will be able to achieve without any problems during the speech. set goals.

THE MOST TYPICAL MISTAKES THAT MANY WORD MASTERS MAKE

Very often, when speaking in front of an audience, people build too much complex sentences and use long words. Firstly, it can confuse the speaker himself, and secondly, it confuses the listeners. So it is better to avoid this format of speech construction.

In addition, novice speakers often make the mistake of using impersonal sentences. This format of communication with the audience can cause mistrust, so use more definite personal pronouns.

One should not be indecisive. Make more affirmations and be self-sufficient.

Judge your audience correctly, and don't use slang expressions that your listeners may not understand. Think through every sentence, every thesis, every joke, etc.

Find the perfect balance between affirmative and interrogative sentences. Dilute your speech with soft inserts like “also”, “among other things”, etc.

Moreover, very often inept speakers fail without knowing how to ask questions audience. Remember that if you want to bring your listeners into an active dialogue, then only open-ended questions will help you with this.

And finally, never take your eyes off the audience. Maintain eye contact and your speech will be more vivid and convincing.

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